| dbo:abstract |
يُعتبر القرن السادس عشر، إلى حد كبير، بداية تاريخ وجود اليهود في هولندا، حينما بدأ الاستيطان اليهودي في أمستردام ومدنٍ أخرى. استمر الوجود اليهودي في هولندا حتى هذا اليوم. عقب احتلال هولندا على يد ألمانيا النازية في شهر مايو عام 1940، تعرض المجتمع اليهودي إلى قمع شديد. قُتل نحو 70% من اليهود على يد النازيين في الهولوكوست خلال الحرب العالمية الثانية. كانت المنطقة التي تُعرف اليوم باسم هولندا جزءًا من الإمبراطورية الإسبانية، لكن في عام 1581، أعلنت المقاطعات الهولندية الشمالية استقلالها. كان الدافع الرئيس وراء الاستقلال هو رغبة السكان باتباع المذهب البروتستانتي، والذي كان محظورًا تحت الحكم الإسباني. كان التسامح الديني عنصرًا مهمًا من دستور الدولة المستقلة حديثًا. لذا جذب هذا التسامح اهتمام اليهود المضطهدين دينيًا في مختلف أنحاء العالم. هاجر الكثير من اليهود إلى هولندا سعيًا عن الحريات الدينية، وازدهرت مجتمعاتهم هناك. خلال فترة الاحتلال النازي لهولندا في الحرب العالمية الثانية، قُتل 70% من تعداد اليهود في هولندا خلال الهولوكوست، والتي شملت ترحيل اليهود إلى معسكرات الاعتقال والإبادة. (ar) Židé v Nizozemsku patří k nejvíce postiženým holocaustem. Navzdory památnému odporu bylo vyhlazování úspěšné. Z předválečného počtu více než 150 000 osob přežilo deportace 25 000 Židů. Mnoho lidí zemi po válce opustilo pro pocit nemožnosti komunitu obnovit. Ti, kteří zůstali, byli podporováni jak státem, tak nežidovským obyvatelstvem. V současné době žije v Nizozemsku přibližně 30 000 osob židovského vyznání, z toho zhruba polovina žije v Amsterodamu. Historickou zajímavostí je, že v 17. století se stal vrchním rabínem amsterdamské židovské obce Cvi Aškenázi z Velkého Meziříčí. (cs) Die Geschichte der Juden in den Niederlanden beschreibt die Entwicklung des Judentums auf dem Gebiet der heutigen Niederlande. Sie kann bis in die Zeit um Christi Geburt zurückverfolgt werden und war häufig geprägt von Verfolgung und Unterdrückung. In moderner Zeit stellte insbesondere der auch in den Niederlanden stattfindende Holocaust eine Zäsur für die jüdische Gemeinschaft dar. (de) Plej el la historio de judoj en Nederlando okazis inter la fino de la 16-a jarcento kaj la Dua Mondmilito. La areo nune konata kiel Nederlando estis iam parto de la Hispana Imperio sed en 1581, la nordaj nederlandaj provincoj deklaris sendependecon. Ĉefa tialo estis deziro praktiki la Protestantan Kristanismon, tiam malpermestia laŭ la hispana regado, kaj tiele religia toleremo estis efektive grava konstitucia elemento de la ĵus sendependa ŝtato. Tio neeviteble altiris la atenton de judoj kiuj estis kulture kaj religie subpremitaj en multaj partoj de la mondo. (eo) The history of the Jews in the Netherlands began largely in the 16th century when they began to settle in Amsterdam and other cities. It has continued to the present. During the occupation of the Netherlands by Nazi Germany in May 1940, the Jewish community was severely persecuted. The area now known as the Netherlands was once part of the Spanish Empire but in 1581, the Northern Dutch provinces declared independence. A principal motive was the wish to practice Protestant Christianity, then forbidden under Spanish rule. Religious tolerance was effectively an important constitutional element of the newly independent state. This inevitably attracted the attention of Jews who were religiously oppressed in different parts of the world. In pursuit of religious freedoms, many Jews migrated to the Netherlands where they flourished. During the Nazi occupation of the Netherlands in World War II, approximately 75 percent of the Jewish population of the Netherlands was murdered in the Holocaust through deportation to concentration and extermination camps. (en) L'histoire des Juifs aux Pays-Bas commence après l'expulsion des Juifs d'Espagne en 1482, quand les premiers Marranes arrivent aux Pays-Bas en 1593 et qu'une importante communauté juive se développe dans ce pays. Elle participe grandement à la prospérité du pays jusqu'au XXe siècle quand elle est exterminée lors de l'occupation nazie du pays. Aujourd'hui, il subsiste une communauté juive d'environ 29 900 personnes. (fr) De geschiedenis van de Joden in Nederland begint in de tweede helft van de middeleeuwen. (nl) Gran parte della storia degli ebrei nei Paesi Bassi è compresa tra la fine del XVI secolo e la seconda guerra mondiale. L'area oggi nota col nome di Paesi Bassi era un tempo parte dell'Impero spagnolo ma nel 1581, le province olandesi del nord dichiararono la loro indipendenza. Uno dei motivi principali fu la volontà di aderire al protestantesimo che gli spagnoli proibivano con ogni mezzo e pertanto la tolleranza religiosa fu effettivamente un elemento costituzionale importante nel nuovo stato proclamatosi indipendente. Questo inevitabilmente attrasse l'attenzione degli ebrei che erano oppressi a livello religioso in molte parti del mondo. (it) Большая часть истории евреев в Нидерландах охватывает период между концом XVI века и Второй мировой войной. (ru) |
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Židé v Nizozemsku patří k nejvíce postiženým holocaustem. Navzdory památnému odporu bylo vyhlazování úspěšné. Z předválečného počtu více než 150 000 osob přežilo deportace 25 000 Židů. Mnoho lidí zemi po válce opustilo pro pocit nemožnosti komunitu obnovit. Ti, kteří zůstali, byli podporováni jak státem, tak nežidovským obyvatelstvem. V současné době žije v Nizozemsku přibližně 30 000 osob židovského vyznání, z toho zhruba polovina žije v Amsterodamu. Historickou zajímavostí je, že v 17. století se stal vrchním rabínem amsterdamské židovské obce Cvi Aškenázi z Velkého Meziříčí. (cs) Die Geschichte der Juden in den Niederlanden beschreibt die Entwicklung des Judentums auf dem Gebiet der heutigen Niederlande. Sie kann bis in die Zeit um Christi Geburt zurückverfolgt werden und war häufig geprägt von Verfolgung und Unterdrückung. In moderner Zeit stellte insbesondere der auch in den Niederlanden stattfindende Holocaust eine Zäsur für die jüdische Gemeinschaft dar. (de) Plej el la historio de judoj en Nederlando okazis inter la fino de la 16-a jarcento kaj la Dua Mondmilito. La areo nune konata kiel Nederlando estis iam parto de la Hispana Imperio sed en 1581, la nordaj nederlandaj provincoj deklaris sendependecon. Ĉefa tialo estis deziro praktiki la Protestantan Kristanismon, tiam malpermestia laŭ la hispana regado, kaj tiele religia toleremo estis efektive grava konstitucia elemento de la ĵus sendependa ŝtato. Tio neeviteble altiris la atenton de judoj kiuj estis kulture kaj religie subpremitaj en multaj partoj de la mondo. (eo) L'histoire des Juifs aux Pays-Bas commence après l'expulsion des Juifs d'Espagne en 1482, quand les premiers Marranes arrivent aux Pays-Bas en 1593 et qu'une importante communauté juive se développe dans ce pays. Elle participe grandement à la prospérité du pays jusqu'au XXe siècle quand elle est exterminée lors de l'occupation nazie du pays. Aujourd'hui, il subsiste une communauté juive d'environ 29 900 personnes. (fr) De geschiedenis van de Joden in Nederland begint in de tweede helft van de middeleeuwen. (nl) Gran parte della storia degli ebrei nei Paesi Bassi è compresa tra la fine del XVI secolo e la seconda guerra mondiale. L'area oggi nota col nome di Paesi Bassi era un tempo parte dell'Impero spagnolo ma nel 1581, le province olandesi del nord dichiararono la loro indipendenza. Uno dei motivi principali fu la volontà di aderire al protestantesimo che gli spagnoli proibivano con ogni mezzo e pertanto la tolleranza religiosa fu effettivamente un elemento costituzionale importante nel nuovo stato proclamatosi indipendente. Questo inevitabilmente attrasse l'attenzione degli ebrei che erano oppressi a livello religioso in molte parti del mondo. (it) Большая часть истории евреев в Нидерландах охватывает период между концом XVI века и Второй мировой войной. (ru) يُعتبر القرن السادس عشر، إلى حد كبير، بداية تاريخ وجود اليهود في هولندا، حينما بدأ الاستيطان اليهودي في أمستردام ومدنٍ أخرى. استمر الوجود اليهودي في هولندا حتى هذا اليوم. عقب احتلال هولندا على يد ألمانيا النازية في شهر مايو عام 1940، تعرض المجتمع اليهودي إلى قمع شديد. قُتل نحو 70% من اليهود على يد النازيين في الهولوكوست خلال الحرب العالمية الثانية. خلال فترة الاحتلال النازي لهولندا في الحرب العالمية الثانية، قُتل 70% من تعداد اليهود في هولندا خلال الهولوكوست، والتي شملت ترحيل اليهود إلى معسكرات الاعتقال والإبادة. (ar) The history of the Jews in the Netherlands began largely in the 16th century when they began to settle in Amsterdam and other cities. It has continued to the present. During the occupation of the Netherlands by Nazi Germany in May 1940, the Jewish community was severely persecuted. During the Nazi occupation of the Netherlands in World War II, approximately 75 percent of the Jewish population of the Netherlands was murdered in the Holocaust through deportation to concentration and extermination camps. (en) |
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تاريخ اليهود في هولندا (ar) Židé v Nizozemsku (cs) Geschichte der Juden in den Niederlanden (de) Historio de judoj en Nederlando (eo) History of the Jews in the Netherlands (en) Histoire des Juifs aux Pays-Bas (fr) Storia degli ebrei nei Paesi Bassi (it) Geschiedenis van de Joden in Nederland (nl) Евреи в Нидерландах (ru) |
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