Great Famine (Ireland) (original) (raw)

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مجاعة أيرلندا الكبرى أو مجاعة البطاطس الإيرلندية حدثت بين 1845م و 1852م. وسببت وفاةَ مليون إنسان وهجرة مليون آخر من أيرلندا فانخفضت نسبة السكان بحوالي 20%-25% في الجزيرة ، كان ثلث سكان أيرلندا يعتمد على أكل البطاطس في التغذية بسبب الفقر، وفي أربعينيات القرن التاسع عشر أتلفت آفة زراعية تُسمى باللفحة المتأخرة محاصيل البطاطس في أنحاء أوروبا وكذلك تضررت أيرلندا ولكن بشكل كبير فتفاقمت فيها الخسائر البشرية ويرجع ذلك إلى عدد من الأسباب الاقتصادية والسياسية والثقافية التي تظل محل جدل تاريخي، وفي أثناء هذه المجاعة استمر دفع الإيجارات والضرائب والتصدير، لقد غيرت هذه المجاعة المشهد السكاني والسياسي والثقافي في أيرلندا إلى الأبد وأصبحت نقطة تاريخية فاصلة في تاريخها.

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dbo:abstract مجاعة أيرلندا الكبرى أو مجاعة البطاطس الإيرلندية حدثت بين 1845م و 1852م. وسببت وفاةَ مليون إنسان وهجرة مليون آخر من أيرلندا فانخفضت نسبة السكان بحوالي 20%-25% في الجزيرة ، كان ثلث سكان أيرلندا يعتمد على أكل البطاطس في التغذية بسبب الفقر، وفي أربعينيات القرن التاسع عشر أتلفت آفة زراعية تُسمى باللفحة المتأخرة محاصيل البطاطس في أنحاء أوروبا وكذلك تضررت أيرلندا ولكن بشكل كبير فتفاقمت فيها الخسائر البشرية ويرجع ذلك إلى عدد من الأسباب الاقتصادية والسياسية والثقافية التي تظل محل جدل تاريخي، وفي أثناء هذه المجاعة استمر دفع الإيجارات والضرائب والتصدير، لقد غيرت هذه المجاعة المشهد السكاني والسياسي والثقافي في أيرلندا إلى الأبد وأصبحت نقطة تاريخية فاصلة في تاريخها. (ar) La Gran Fam (en anglès Great Famine o Great Hunger, en irlandès An Gorta Mór, [ənˠ ˈɡɔɾˠt̪ˠə ˈmˠoːɾˠ]) o fam irlandesa de la patata (sobretot fora d'Irlanda) fou un període de fam i malalties massives a Irlanda del 1845 al 1852. En ser les zones més greument afectades l'oest i el sud d'Irlanda, on la llengua irlandesa era dominant, el període fou conegut contemporàniament en irlandès com a Drochshaol,traduït lliurement com "els temps difícils" (o literalment "la mala vida"). El pitjor any del període va ser el 1847, conegut com a "47 negre". Durant la Gran Fam, al voltant d'1 milió de persones van morir i més d'un milió , fet que causà que la població del país caigués entre un 20 i un 25%; en algunes ciutats va caure fins a un 67% entre 1841 i 1851. Entre 1845 i 1855, no menys de 2,1 milions de persones van sortir d'Irlanda, principalment en paquebots, però també en vaixells de vapor i bricbarques, un dels èxodes massius més grans d'una sola illa de la història. La causa immediata de la fam fou una plaga de la patata que va infectar els cultius de patates durant la dècada del 1840, que provocà 100.000 morts addicionals fora d'Irlanda i va influir en bona part dels disturbis de les generalitzades revolucions europees de 1848.A partir de 1846, l'impacte de la plaga va ser agreujat per la política econòmica del govern britànic Whig de capitalisme laissez-faire.Les causes llunyanes inclouen el sistema d' dels propietaris i la dependència d'un sol cultiu. La fam fou un moment d'inflexió en la història d'Irlanda, que va formar part del Regne Unit de la Gran Bretanya i Irlanda, la capital del qual era Londres, des del 1801 al 1922. La fam i els seus efectes van canviar permanentment el paisatge demogràfic, polític i cultural de l'illa; produí uns 2 milions de refugiats i provocà un descens de la població durant un segle.Tant per als irlandesos nadius com per als de la diàspora resultant, la fam va entrar a la memòria popular. Les tenses relacions entre molts irlandesos i el seu govern britànic van empitjorar encara més a causa de la fam, augmentaren les tensions ètniques i sectàries i impulsaren el nacionalisme i el republicanisme tant a Irlanda com entre els emigrants irlandesos d'arreu del món. El documentalista anglès va dir que la fam "es va convertir en part de la llarga història de traïció i explotació que va provocar el creixent moviment per la independència a Irlanda". L'estudiós Kirby Miller assenyala el mateix punt. En anglès, existeix un debat pel que fa a la nomenclatura de l'esdeveniment, si s'utilitza el terme "Famine" (Fam), "Potato Famine" (Fam de la patata) o "Great Hunger" (Gran Fam), l'últim dels quals alguns creuen que recull amb més precisió la complicada història de l'època. La plaga de la patata va tornar a Europa el 1879, però, en aquest moment, la (un dels moviments agraris més grans que es va produir a l'Europa del segle xix) havia començat a Irlanda. El moviment, organitzat per la , va continuar la campanya política a favor de les Tres F.que va ser dictada el 1850 per la Tenant Right League durant la Gran Fam. Quan la plaga de les patates va tornar a Irlanda durant la , la Lliga va boicotejar "els propietaris notoris" i els seus membres van bloquejar físicament els desnonaments dels agricultors; la consegüent reducció del nombre de persones sense llar i l'enderroc d'habitatges va provocar una reducció dràstica del nombre de morts. (ca) Velký hladomor nebo Velký hlad (angl. Great Famine, Great Potato Famine či Great Hunger, irsky An Gorta Mór či An Drochshaol) je označení pro katastrofální hladomor, který postihl Irsko v letech 1845–1849. Jeho příčinou byla brambor, které tvořily primární zdroj potravy pro Iry, pokračující pro Irsko zničující britská ekonomická politika a neschopnost nebo neochota Velké Británie Irsku pomoci. Příčinou neúrody bylo velmi vlhké počasí, které podpořilo masivní rozšíření houbových chorob brambor; hlavní roli zde sehrála plíseň bramborová (Phytophthora infestans) původem z Ameriky. Jelikož oproti starším plodinám byly nově dovezené irské brambory vzájemně nepříliš geneticky odlišné, plíseň se rozšířila tak rapidně, že zničila většinu irských zdrojů obživy. Analýza ostatků (zubů) ale ukázala, že vysoká úmrtnost mnohdy nebyla způsobena nedostatkem potravy jako takové (například z USA proudily do Irska dodávky kukuřice), ale nedostatkem přístupu k jídlu, respektive velmi malými porcemi, které chudí lidé dostávali za práci. (cs) Die als Große Hungersnot (irisch An Gorta Mór; englisch Great Famine oder Irish potato famine) in die Geschichte eingegangene Hungersnot zwischen 1845 und 1849 war die Folge mehrerer durch die damals neuartige Kartoffelfäule ausgelöster Missernten, durch die das damalige Hauptnahrungsmittel der Bevölkerung Irlands, die Kartoffel, vernichtet wurde. Die Folgen der Missernten wurden durch die Laissez-faire-Ideologie und die wirtschaftsliberale Politik der Whig-Regierung unter Lord John Russell noch erheblich verschärft. Infolge der Hungersnot starben eine Million Menschen, etwa zwölf Prozent der irischen Bevölkerung. Weitere zwei Millionen wanderten aus. Von dem massiven Bevölkerungsverlust hat sich Irland bis in die Gegenwart nicht erholt. (de) La granda malsatego (irlande An Gorta Mór, angle Great Famine aŭ Irish potato famine) estis malsatego en Irlando inter 1846 kaj 1851. Tio estis sekvo de plurjara malbona rikolto de terpomo inter 1846 kaj 1849. La kaŭzo de terpoma elfalo estis la fungo (Phytophtora infestans), kiu neniigis la tutan terpoman rikolton de postsekvaj jaroj. Ĉar la terpomo estis antaŭ ĉio la baza nutraĵo por la malriĉa loĝantaro en la 19-a jarcento (disvastiĝis inter 1650-1780-aj) , tiu rikoltomanko kaŭzis malsatmorton de 1846 ĝis 1851 de ĉ. 500.000 ĝis 1.000.000 gaeloj kaj devigis elmigri plian unu milionon, ĉefe al Kanado, Aŭstralio kaj al Usono. Tiutempe regis en Grand-Britio la ekonomia politiko de laissez-faire, kio instigis la registaron fari apenaŭ ion kontraŭ la amasa malsato. Tiutempe oni eksportis, liveris grenojn preter la malsategantoj. La loĝantaro de Irlando neniam estis akironta la nombron, antaŭan de la granda malsatego. Tiu malsatego inspiris verki divestipajn poemojn, kantojn kiel ekz. . vidu ankaŭ: fitoftoro, Granda malsatego en Ukrainio (Holodomoro 1931?-1933?) * * * (eo) Irlandako Gosete Handia (ingelesez: Great Famine edo Great Hunger eta irlanderaz: An Gorta Mór edo An Drochshaol) 1845 eta 1849 urteen artean Irlandan hainbat baldintza kaskarren elkarketarengatik gertaturiko gosetea izan zen. Baldintza horien artean garrantzitsuena izan zen garai hartan herrialde hartako jaki nagusia zenaren eskasia: patatarena, alegia. Horrenbestez, Irlandar Patataren Gosetea (Irish Potato Famine) izenaz ere ezaguna da. Gosete Handiaren ondorioz milioi bat pertsona hil ziren, eta beste milioi batek migrazioaren bidea hartu zuen, uhartearen biztanleria % 20 - % 25 bitartean jaisteraino. Gosetearen arrazoi nagusia Phytophthora infestans izeneko Chromalveolataren izurritea izan zen, eta patataren ekoizpenari sekulako kaltea eragin zion. Pataten uzta oso urria izan zen arren, herrialdean oraindik ere biztanle guztiak elikatzeko eta esportatzeko nahikoa sortzen zen. Erregistroetan idatzita dagoenez, garai hartan egunero 30-50 itsasontzi kargatzen zituzten patataz, atzerrian saltzeko. Lurraren banaketak, lur-jabeak Irlandan ez bizitzeak eta 1690eko zigor legeak oraindik indarrean izateak zeharkako genozidio bat izan zela pentsarazten du. Goseteak Irlandako historia zeharo markatu zuen. Uhartearen demografia, politika eta kultura aldatu zituen. Irlandarrentzat eta irlandar diasporarentzat gosetea folk kulturaren ezaugarri handia da, eta United Ireland eta gisa bereko mugimenduak sortzea ekarri zuen, garai hartan Britainia Handia eta Irlandako Erresuma Batuaren esku baitzegoen herrialdea. Garai hartan indartu zen Irlandar errepublikanismoa, gero Irlandaren independentzia ekarriko zuena. Irlandar historialariek gosetearen aurreko garaiari aurregosete deitzen diote, uneak izan zuen garrantzia nabarmentzeko. (eu) The Great Famine (Irish: an Gorta Mór [ənˠ ˈɡɔɾˠt̪ˠə ˈmˠoːɾˠ]), also known as the Great Hunger, the Famine (mostly within Ireland) or the Irish Potato Famine (mostly outside Ireland) was a period of starvation and disease in Ireland from 1845 to 1849, which constituted a historical social crisis which had a major impact on Irish society and history as a whole. With the most severely affected areas in the west and south of Ireland, where the Irish language was dominant, the period was contemporaneously known in Irish as an Drochshaol, loosely translated as "the hard times" (or literally "the bad life"). The worst year of the period was 1847, known as "Black '47". During the Great Hunger, roughly a million people died and more than a million fled the country, causing the country's population to fall by 20–25%, in some towns falling as much as 67% between 1841 and 1871. Between 1845 and 1855, no fewer than 2.1 million people left Ireland, primarily on packet ships but also steamboats and barque—one of the greatest exoduses from a single island in history. The proximate cause of the famine was a potato blight that infected potato crops throughout Europe during the 1840s, causing an additional 100,000 deaths outside Ireland and influencing much of the unrest in the widespread European Revolutions of 1848. Longer-term causes include the system of absentee landlordism[[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|page needed]]]_15-0" class="reference">[[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources
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dbp:caption Scene at Skibbereen during the Great Famine by Cork artist James Mahony, The Illustrated London News, 1847 (en)
dbp:consequences Permanent change in the country's demographic, political, and cultural landscape (en)
dbp:date August 2020 (en)
dbp:demographics Population fell by 20–25% due to death and emigration (en)
dbp:foodSituation Cattle exported, cash crops used to pay rent (en)
dbp:location dbr:Ireland
dbp:memorial See list of memorials to the Great Famine (en)
dbp:observations Policy failure, potato blight (en)
dbp:period 1845 (xsd:integer)
dbp:preceded Irish Famine (1740–1741) (en)
dbp:reason 4.73364E9 (dbd:second) 4.418064E9 (dbd:second)
dbp:relief [[#Charity (en)
dbp:succeeded Irish Famine, 1879 (en)
dbp:theory Corn Laws, Gregory clause, Encumbered Estates' Court, Crime and Outrage Bill (Ireland) 1847, Young Irelander Rebellion of 1848, Three Fs, Poor Law Amendment Act (en)
dbp:totalDeaths 1000000 (xsd:integer)
dbp:wikiPageUsesTemplate dbt:Young_Ireland dbt:Infobox_famine dbt:SeeAlso dbt:Anchor dbt:Authority_control dbt:Better_source_needed dbt:Blockquote dbt:Circa dbt:Citation dbt:Citation_needed dbt:Cite_book dbt:Commons_category dbt:Convert dbt:Efn dbt:Further dbt:IPA-ga dbt:Inflation dbt:Inflation/year dbt:Main dbt:Notelist dbt:Page_needed dbt:Redirect dbt:Refbegin dbt:Refend dbt:Reflist dbt:Refn dbt:Rp dbt:See_also dbt:Sfn dbt:Short_description dbt:Use_Hiberno-English dbt:Use_dmy_dates dbt:Great_Hunger dbt:Gaels dbt:Financial_crises dbt:Crossref dbt:Irish_famines
dct:subject dbc:Famines_in_Europe dbc:19th-century_famines dbc:Great_Famine_(Ireland) dbc:1840s_disasters_in_Ireland dbc:1845_disasters_in_Ireland dbc:1850s_disasters_in_Ireland dbc:1852_disasters_in_Ireland dbc:19th-century_disasters_in_Ireland
gold:hypernym dbr:Period
rdf:type owl:Thing yago:Abstraction100002137 yago:Attribute100024264 yago:Calamity107314838 yago:Condition113920835 yago:Dearth114449865 yago:Event100029378 yago:Happening107283608 yago:Lack114449405 yago:Misfortune107304852 yago:Need114449126 yago:PsychologicalFeature100023100 yago:YagoPermanentlyLocatedEntity dbo:Country yago:State100024720 yago:Trouble107289014 yago:Wikicat1846Disasters yago:Wikicat1847Disasters yago:Wikicat1848Disasters yago:WikicatFamines
rdfs:comment مجاعة أيرلندا الكبرى أو مجاعة البطاطس الإيرلندية حدثت بين 1845م و 1852م. وسببت وفاةَ مليون إنسان وهجرة مليون آخر من أيرلندا فانخفضت نسبة السكان بحوالي 20%-25% في الجزيرة ، كان ثلث سكان أيرلندا يعتمد على أكل البطاطس في التغذية بسبب الفقر، وفي أربعينيات القرن التاسع عشر أتلفت آفة زراعية تُسمى باللفحة المتأخرة محاصيل البطاطس في أنحاء أوروبا وكذلك تضررت أيرلندا ولكن بشكل كبير فتفاقمت فيها الخسائر البشرية ويرجع ذلك إلى عدد من الأسباب الاقتصادية والسياسية والثقافية التي تظل محل جدل تاريخي، وفي أثناء هذه المجاعة استمر دفع الإيجارات والضرائب والتصدير، لقد غيرت هذه المجاعة المشهد السكاني والسياسي والثقافي في أيرلندا إلى الأبد وأصبحت نقطة تاريخية فاصلة في تاريخها. (ar) Wielki głód (ang. Great Hunger, Great Famine, irl. An Gorta Mór, An Drochshaol) – klęska głodu, która dotknęła Irlandię w latach 1845−1849. Głód został spowodowany przez pierwotniaka grzybopodobnego – Phytophthora infestans, który gwałtownie rozprzestrzeniał się w Europie w połowie XIX wieku i spowodował masowe straty w uprawach ziemniaków. Populacja Irlandii zmniejszyła się wówczas o 20%, doszło również do wielkiej fali emigracji – Irlandię opuściły 2 miliony ludzi. (pl) ジャガイモ飢饉(ジャガイモききん、英語: Potato Famine、アイルランド語: An Gorta Mór あるいは An Drochshaol)は、19世紀のアイルランド島で主要食物のジャガイモが疫病により枯死したことで起こった大飢饉のことである。アイルランドにおいては歴史を飢餓前と飢餓後に分けるほど決定的な影響を与えたため、「Great Famine(大飢饉)」と呼ばれている。特に1847年の状況は最も酷かったため、ブラック47(Black '47)とも呼ばれる。 (ja) De Ierse hongersnood (Engels: Great Famine, ook wel: Potato Famine, Iers: An Gorta Mór) is de periode van voedselschaarste die Ierland tussen 1845 en 1850 trof. Voor hun voedselvoorziening waren de Ieren grotendeels afhankelijk van de aardappeloogst. Negentig procent daarvan was echter mislukt als gevolg van de aardappelziekte. Deze plaag werd veroorzaakt door de pseudo-schimmel Phytophthora infestans en bracht door de monocultuur een ware ravage teweeg. Als gevolg van de voedselschaarste stierven meer dan een miljoen Ieren. Miljoenen anderen vluchtten al dan niet gedwongen naar Noord-Amerika, Australië, Nieuw-Zeeland en Groot-Brittannië. (nl) La Gran Fam (en anglès Great Famine o Great Hunger, en irlandès An Gorta Mór, [ənˠ ˈɡɔɾˠt̪ˠə ˈmˠoːɾˠ]) o fam irlandesa de la patata (sobretot fora d'Irlanda) fou un període de fam i malalties massives a Irlanda del 1845 al 1852. En ser les zones més greument afectades l'oest i el sud d'Irlanda, on la llengua irlandesa era dominant, el període fou conegut contemporàniament en irlandès com a Drochshaol,traduït lliurement com "els temps difícils" (o literalment "la mala vida"). El pitjor any del període va ser el 1847, conegut com a "47 negre". Durant la Gran Fam, al voltant d'1 milió de persones van morir i més d'un milió , fet que causà que la població del país caigués entre un 20 i un 25%; en algunes ciutats va caure fins a un 67% entre 1841 i 1851. Entre 1845 i 1855, no menys de 2,1 milio (ca) Velký hladomor nebo Velký hlad (angl. Great Famine, Great Potato Famine či Great Hunger, irsky An Gorta Mór či An Drochshaol) je označení pro katastrofální hladomor, který postihl Irsko v letech 1845–1849. Jeho příčinou byla brambor, které tvořily primární zdroj potravy pro Iry, pokračující pro Irsko zničující britská ekonomická politika a neschopnost nebo neochota Velké Británie Irsku pomoci. Příčinou neúrody bylo velmi vlhké počasí, které podpořilo masivní rozšíření houbových chorob brambor; hlavní roli zde sehrála plíseň bramborová (Phytophthora infestans) původem z Ameriky. Jelikož oproti starším plodinám byly nově dovezené irské brambory vzájemně nepříliš geneticky odlišné, plíseň se rozšířila tak rapidně, že zničila většinu irských zdrojů obživy. Analýza ostatků (zubů) ale ukázala, (cs) Die als Große Hungersnot (irisch An Gorta Mór; englisch Great Famine oder Irish potato famine) in die Geschichte eingegangene Hungersnot zwischen 1845 und 1849 war die Folge mehrerer durch die damals neuartige Kartoffelfäule ausgelöster Missernten, durch die das damalige Hauptnahrungsmittel der Bevölkerung Irlands, die Kartoffel, vernichtet wurde. Die Folgen der Missernten wurden durch die Laissez-faire-Ideologie und die wirtschaftsliberale Politik der Whig-Regierung unter Lord John Russell noch erheblich verschärft. (de) La granda malsatego (irlande An Gorta Mór, angle Great Famine aŭ Irish potato famine) estis malsatego en Irlando inter 1846 kaj 1851. Tio estis sekvo de plurjara malbona rikolto de terpomo inter 1846 kaj 1849. La kaŭzo de terpoma elfalo estis la fungo (Phytophtora infestans), kiu neniigis la tutan terpoman rikolton de postsekvaj jaroj. Ĉar la terpomo estis antaŭ ĉio la baza nutraĵo por la malriĉa loĝantaro en la 19-a jarcento (disvastiĝis inter 1650-1780-aj) , tiu rikoltomanko kaŭzis malsatmorton de 1846 ĝis 1851 de ĉ. 500.000 ĝis 1.000.000 gaeloj kaj devigis elmigri plian unu milionon, ĉefe al Kanado, Aŭstralio kaj al Usono. (eo) La Gran Hambruna (en inglés Great Famine o Great Hunger y en irlandés An Gorta Mór o An Drochshaol) fue un período de inanición, enfermedad y emigraciones masivas en Irlanda entre 1845 y 1849. A veces se la conoce, en su mayoría fuera de Irlanda, como la hambruna de la patata o la hambruna irlandesa de la patata (en inglés, Irish Potato Famine), porque aproximadamente dos quintas partes de la población dependía exclusivamente de esta cosecha barata por una serie de razones históricas.​​ Durante la hambruna, alrededor de un millón de personas murieron y un millón más emigró de Irlanda,​ causando que la población de la isla cayera entre un 20% y un 25%.​ (es) The Great Famine (Irish: an Gorta Mór [ənˠ ˈɡɔɾˠt̪ˠə ˈmˠoːɾˠ]), also known as the Great Hunger, the Famine (mostly within Ireland) or the Irish Potato Famine (mostly outside Ireland) was a period of starvation and disease in Ireland from 1845 to 1849, which constituted a historical social crisis which had a major impact on Irish society and history as a whole. With the most severely affected areas in the west and south of Ireland, where the Irish language was dominant, the period was contemporaneously known in Irish as an Drochshaol, loosely translated as "the hard times" (or literally "the bad life"). The worst year of the period was 1847, known as "Black '47". During the Great Hunger, roughly a million people died and more than a million fled the country, causing the country's population (en) Irlandako Gosete Handia (ingelesez: Great Famine edo Great Hunger eta irlanderaz: An Gorta Mór edo An Drochshaol) 1845 eta 1849 urteen artean Irlandan hainbat baldintza kaskarren elkarketarengatik gertaturiko gosetea izan zen. Baldintza horien artean garrantzitsuena izan zen garai hartan herrialde hartako jaki nagusia zenaren eskasia: patatarena, alegia. Horrenbestez, Irlandar Patataren Gosetea (Irish Potato Famine) izenaz ere ezaguna da. Gosete Handiaren ondorioz milioi bat pertsona hil ziren, eta beste milioi batek migrazioaren bidea hartu zuen, uhartearen biztanleria % 20 - % 25 bitartean jaisteraino. (eu) Is é an Drochshaol nó Gorta Mór na hÉireann an gorta a bhuail Éire ón mbliain 1845 ar aghaidh agus a mharaigh is a ruaig as an tír cúpla milliún Éireannach. Tháinig galar dubh – an fungas úd Phytophora infestans – ar na prátaí ar fud na hÉireann, agus bhí formhór na ndaoine bochta i dtuilleamaí an phráta mar bhia, fuair na sluaite acu bás. An t-éag mór seo agus an imirce millteanach a lean é, scrios siad na struchtúir shóisialta a bhí ina gcrann taca don Ghaeilge go dtí sin, agus dá thoradh sin, thosaigh an teanga ag cúlú go dtí nach raibh ach iarsmaí beaga fágtha di sna Gaeltachtaí ar chósta thiar na tíre. Ní raibh na húdaráis fonnmhar bia a sholáthar do lucht an ocrais, rud a mhéadaigh ar an ngéarchéim. (ga) Wabah Kelaparan Besar (bahasa Inggris: The Great Famine atau mengacu pada kejadian dramatis di Irlandia: Irish Potato Famine, bahasa Irlandia: an Gorta Mór, IPA: ) mengacu pada kejadian meluasnya kelaparan di Eropa pada rentang waktu antara tahun 1845–1852. Walaupun melanda banyak negara Eropa saat itu, dampak terparah terjadi di Irlandia dan Skotlandia. Dalam sejarah Irlandia bahkan wabah kelaparan ini menjadi tonggak ikhtisar waktu karena berdampak luas berupa berkurangnya penduduk wilayah ini sebesar 20% sampai 25% akibat tingginya tingkat kematian dan emigrasi. (in) La grande famine irlandaise, ou localement la Grande Famine (en irlandais : An Gorta Mór ou An Drochshaol ; en anglais : The Blight, The Irish Potato Famine ou The Great Famine), est une famine majeure en Irlande entre 1845 et 1852. (fr) La Grande carestia irlandese (in irlandese: An Gorta Mór; inglese: The Great Famine oppure The Great Hunger) è la definizione data ad una carestia che colpì l'isola d'Irlanda tra il 1845 e il 1849, causando la morte di circa un milione di persone e l'emigrazione all'estero di un ulteriore milione. (it) ( 다른 뜻에 대해서는 아일랜드 기근 (1740-1741) 문서를 참고하십시오.) 아일랜드 대기근(영어: Great Famine, 아일랜드어: An Gorta Mór, An Drochshaol)은 1845년에서 1852년까지 아일랜드섬에서 일어난 집단기근, 역병과 집단 해외이주의 시기를 일컫는다. 아일랜드 외부에서 이것은 보통 아일랜드 감자 기근으로 알려져 있기도 하다. 이것은 아일랜드어에서 an Gorta Mór라고 불리며, "대기근"을 뜻한다. 또한 이것은 ‘an Drochshaol’로 불리기도 하는데, 이것은 "나쁜 인생"을 의미한다. 대기근 동안 대략 백만 명이 죽고, 백만 명이 해외로 이주하였다. 이로 말미암아 아일랜드 인구는 20%~25% 감소했다. 대략적인 기근의 원인은 감자의 역병이었다. 1840년대 감자 역병이 유럽 전체를 휩쓸며 감자 농사를 황폐하게 했지만, 유럽에서 대기근이 발생하지 않았다. 당시 아일랜드는 인구의 3분의 1이 감자에 의존하고 있었다. 그리하여 당시 정치적, 인종적, 종교적, 사회와 경제적 요소들이 아일랜드인들을 감자에 의존하게 만든 계기는 여전히 오늘날 역사적 논쟁의 주제가 된다. (ko) Вели́кий го́лод в Ирла́ндии (ирл. An Gorta Mór, англ. Great Famine, за пределами Ирландии известен также как Ирландский картофельный голод) — произошёл в Ирландии в 1845-1849 годах. Худшим годом этого периода был 1847 год, известный как «Чёрный 47-й». Во время голода около миллиона человек погибло, и ещё миллион эмигрировало, в результате чего население Ирландии сократилось на 20-25 %. (ru) Den stora svälten på Irland (iriska: an Gorta Mór; engelska: Great Irish Famine) mellan 1845 och 1852 orsakades delvis av oomyceten Phytopthora infestans (potatispest). Potatisen blev angripen av en svamp som förgiftade den. En effekt av hungersnöden som följde var en massiv emigration till Amerika och framförallt till New York. Problemet på Irland var inte en generell brist på mat, utan att de fattiga inte hade råd att köpa den mat som fanns. Mycket stora mängder mat exporterades från Irland under svälten. (sv) A Grande fome de 1845–1849 na Irlanda (em irlandês: An Gorta Mór ou A Grande Fome) foi um período de fome, doenças e emigração em massa entre 1845 e uma data variável entre 1849 e 1852, em que a população da Irlanda se reduziu entre 20 e 25 por cento inaugurando o primeiro período de crise da região. A fome provocou a morte a cerca de um milhão de pessoas e forçou mais de um milhão a emigrar da ilha principalmente para os Estados Unidos e o Canadá. A causa mais próxima da fome foi uma doença provocada pelo oomiceto Phytophthora infestans, que contaminou em larguíssima escala as batatas em toda a Europa durante a década de 1840. Apesar de a Europa inteira ter sido atingida, um terço de toda a população da Irlanda dependia unicamente de batatas para sobreviver, e o problema foi exacerbado p (pt) Вели́кий го́лод в Ірла́ндії (ірл. An Gorta Mór, англ. Great Famine, відомий також як Ірландський картопляний голод) охопив Ірландію в 1845-1849 роках. Голод був викликаний деструктивною економічною політикою Великої Британії та спровокований епідемією фітопатогенного картопляного гриба Phytophthora infestans, який викликав фітофтороз. Через англійську колонізацію XII—XVIII століть корінні ірландці практично повністю втратили свої земельні володіння; сформувалася нова керівна верства, що складалася з протестантів, вихідців з Англії та Шотландії. (uk) 爱尔兰大饥荒(愛爾蘭語:an Gorta Mór [anˠ ˈɡɔɾˠt̪ˠə ˈmˠoːɾˠ]),又稱大饥饿、爱尔兰马铃薯饥荒,是一场发生于1845年至1852年间的饥荒。爱尔兰语占主导地位的爱尔兰西部和南部災情最为严重,在这些地方,這個事件又被称作An Drochshaol,意为“坏时光”、“艰难时刻”,而灾情最严重的的1847年则被称为“黑色47年”(Black 47)。在這場災難中,约有一百万人餓死,另有超过一百万人被迫移民,使爱尔兰的总人口减少了20%至25%。 是飢荒的引爆點。晚疫病的爆发使欧洲的馬鈴薯产量在十九世纪四十年代减产,继而导致除爱尔兰以外的地区共计约100,000人的死亡,并加剧了欧洲1848年革命的动荡。當時愛爾蘭社會盛行的[[[维基百科:列明来源|页码请求]]]_14-0" class="reference">[[[维基百科:列明来源
rdfs:label Great Famine (Ireland) (en) مجاعة أيرلندا الكبرى (ar) Gran fam irlandesa (ca) Velký irský hladomor (cs) Große Hungersnot in Irland (de) Granda malsatego en Irlando (eo) Irlandako Gosete Handia (eu) Gran hambruna irlandesa (es) An Gorta Mór (ga) Wabah Kelaparan Besar (in) Grande famine irlandaise (fr) Grande carestia irlandese (it) 아일랜드 대기근 (ko) ジャガイモ飢饉 (ja) Ierse hongersnood (1845-1850) (nl) Wielki głód w Irlandii (1845–1849) (pl) Голод в Ирландии (1845—1849) (ru) Grande fome de 1845–1849 na Irlanda (pt) Den stora svälten på Irland (sv) 爱尔兰大饥荒 (zh) Великий голод в Ірландії (uk)
rdfs:seeAlso dbr:Souperism dbr:Chronology_of_the_Great_Famine dbr:Genocides dbr:History_(before_World_War_I)
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