Human rights in China (original) (raw)
- تعتبر حقوق الإنسان في الصين موضوعاً مثيراً للجدل، خصوصاً عندما يتم التحدث عن حقوق الإنسان الأساسية والتي تقوم لجنة حقوق الإنسان التابعة للأمم المتحدة بمراجعتها بشكل دوري. تزعم السلطة في جمهورية الصين الشعبية أن السياسات المتّبعة حالياً كافية لتجنب انتهاك حقوق الإنسان، ولكن بعض الدول مثل أمريكا وكندا بالإضافة لبعض المنظمات غير الحكومية الدولية مثل منظمة حقوق الإنسان في الصين ومنظمة العفو الدولية وبعض المواطنين والمعارضين يذكرون أن السلطات في الصين تقوم بانتهاكات عديدة لحقوق الإنسان حيث تحدثت الأخبار عن حدوث حالات اعتقال لمئات الأشخاص أثناء بعض الحملات المعارضة. تقدم المنظمات غير الحكومية أدلة على أن جمهورية الصين الشعبية تنتهك حرية التعبير والحركة والدين لمواطنيها ومن يخضعون لحكمها القضائي. تعتقد السلطة في الصين بأنها لا تنتهك حقوق الإنسان، بالرغم من أنها تضع معاييراً خاصة بها تقوم على أن المواطن سيحصل على كامل حقوقه الاقتصادية والاجتماعية والسياسية ولكن بشرط عدم تعدّيه على أحد «المبادئ الأربعة الرئيسية» والتي يعتبر انتهاكها سبب قانوني للاعتقال، يسمح لمن يلتزم بهذا الأمر بأن يمارس جميع حقوقه المدنية التي تتبع للجنسية الصينية بشرط عدم انتهاكه قوانين جمهورية الصين الشعبية بأية طريقة أخرى. تحدثت العديد من جمعيات حقوق الإنسان عن قضايا حقوق الإنسان في الصين بما في ذلك عقوبة الإعدام وسياسة الطفل الواحد (والتي تم إلغاءها في 2015) والوضع القانوني والسياسي للتبت وإهمال حرية الصحافة وعدم وجود سلطة قضائية مستقلة بالإضافة للنقص الشديد في حقوق العمال ولا سيما المهاجرين منهم فضلاً عن الافتقار للحرية الدينية حيث تحدثت الجمعيات عن حدوث حالات قمع للمسيحيين والبوذيين والمسلمين وجماعات فالون جونج الدينية وغيرهم. تحدث تقرير منظمة العفو الدولية الصادر في 2016\2017 عن مواصلة الحكومة صياغة وسنّ سلسلة من قوانين الأمن القومي الجديدة والتي شكلت تهديداً خطيراً لحقوق الإنسان حيث طالت بعض الحملات التي شنّتها الحكومة المحامين والنشطاء في مجال حقوق الإنسان على مدار العام وتعرضوا للمضايقة وتقييد الحرية والترهيب ووصل الأمر لحد الاعتقال والسجن. (ar)
- Η υπόθεση των ανθρωπίνων δικαιωμάτων στη Λαϊκή Δημοκρατία της Κίνας ήρθε για πρώτη φορά στο προσκήνιο με τη το 1989. Πολλές πηγές, συμπεριλαμβανομένης της ετήσιας έκθεσης του Αμερικανικού Υπουργείου Εξωτερικών για την κατάσταση των ανθρωπίνων δικαιωμάτων στην Κίνα, καθώς και έρευνες άλλων οργανισμών, όπως η και το Παρατηρητήριο Ανθρωπίνων Δικαιωμάτων, έχουν τεκμηριώσει τις καταχρήσεις των ανθρωπίνων δικαιωμάτων σε παραβίαση των διεθνώς αναγνωρισμένων κανονισμών. Η κυβέρνηση της Κίνας υποστηρίζει ότι στην αντίληψη των ανθρωπίνων δικαιωμάτων πρέπει να περιλαμβάνεται το οικονομικό επίπεδο διαβίωσης καθώς και μέτρα για την υγεία και την οικονομική ευημερία, και σημειώνει πως παρατηρείται πρόοδος σε αυτόν τον τομέα. Τα αμφιλεγόμενα θέματα ανθρωπίνων δικαιωμάτων στην Κίνα περιλαμβάνουν τη θανατική ποινή, την "πολιτική του ενός παιδιού", και την πολιτική τακτική προς το Θιβέτ. Κανένα πρόβλημα στις σχέσεις μεταξύ Κίνας και Δύσης τις τελευταίες δεκαετίες δεν έχει προκαλέσει τόσο πολύ πάθος όσο τα ανθρώπινα δικαιώματα. Στην πραγματικότητα, διακυβέβονται πολλά περισσότερα από τις ηθικές αξίες και το εθνικό αίσθημα. Για πολλούς Δυτικούς, η Κινεζική κυβέρνηση είναι τελείως αναξιόπιστη σε όλα τα θέματα επειδή είναι αντιδημοκρατική. Για το Πεκίνο, η πίεση των Δυτικών σχετικά με τα ανθρώπινα δικαιώματα φαίνεται σχεδιασμένη για να νομιμοποιήσει τις επιδιώξεις τους, και η απειλή αυτή κρέμεται πάνω από θέματα που μπορούν να θεωρηθούν ως "φυσιολογικές" διαμάχες όπως το εμπόριο και οι πωλήσεις όπλων. (el)
- Die Volksrepublik China hat die Menschenrechte zwar im Jahr 2004, 55 Jahre nach ihrer Staatsgründung, mit dem Zusatz „Der Staat respektiert und gewährleistet die Menschenrechte“ in ihre Verfassung aufgenommen (Artikel 33/3) und auch formell, nicht zuletzt aufgrund des internationalen Drucks, die wichtigsten Menschenrechtskonventionen der Vereinten Nationen ratifiziert. In der Realität werden diese jedoch nach wie vor systematisch missachtet. Menschenrechtsorganisationen wie Amnesty International und Human Rights Watch sowie der UN-Menschenrechtsrat und auch chinesische Intellektuelle und Oppositionelle (z. B. in der Charta 08) werfen dem Regime die Verletzung grundlegendster Menschenrechte vor. Spätestens seit dem Massaker vom 4. Juni 1989 auf dem Tian’anmen-Platz steht die Menschenrechtsfrage permanent im Vordergrund der europäischen Chinapolitik. (de)
- Human rights in mainland China are periodically reviewed by the United Nations Human Rights Committee (UNHRC), on which the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), government of the People's Republic of China (PRC) and various foreign governments and human rights organizations have often disagreed. CCP and PRC authorities, their supporters, and other proponents claim that existing policies and enforcement measures are sufficient to guard against human rights abuses. However other countries and their authorities (such as the United States Department of State, Global Affairs Canada, etc.), international non-governmental organizations (NGOs) including Human Rights in China and Amnesty International, and citizens, lawyers, and dissidents inside the country, state that the authorities in mainland China regularly sanction or organize such abuses. Jiang Tianyong is the latest lawyer known for defending jailed critics of the government. In the 709 crackdown which began in 2015, more than 200 lawyers, legal assistants, and activists, including Jiang, were arrested and/or detained. Independent NGOs such as Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch, as well as foreign governmental institutions such as the U.S. State Department, regularly present evidence of the PRC violating the freedoms of speech, movement, and religion of its citizens and of others within its jurisdiction. Authorities in the PRC claim to define human rights differently, so as to include economic and social as well as political rights, all in relation to "national culture" and the level of development of the country. Authorities in the PRC, referring to this definition, claim that human rights are being improved. They do not, however, use the definition used by most countries and organizations. PRC politicians have repeatedly maintained that, according to the PRC Constitution, the "Four Cardinal Principles" supersede citizenship rights. PRC officials interpret the primacy of the Four Cardinal Principles as a legal basis for the arrest of people who the government says seek to overthrow the principles. Chinese nationals whom authorities perceive to be in compliance with these principles, on the other hand, are permitted by the PRC authorities to enjoy and exercise all the rights that come with citizenship of the PRC, provided they do not violate PRC laws in any other manner. Numerous human rights groups have publicized human rights issues in mainland China that they consider the government to be mishandling, including: the death penalty (capital punishment), the one-child policy (in which China had made exceptions for ethnic minorities prior to abolishing it in 2015), the political and legal status of Tibet, and neglect of freedom of the press in mainland China. Other areas of concern include the lack of legal recognition of human rights and the lack of an independent judiciary, rule of law, and due process. Further issues raised in regard to human rights include the severe lack of worker's rights (in particular the hukou system which restricts migrant labourers' freedom of movement), the absence of labour unions independent of the CCP and allegations of discrimination against rural workers and ethnic minorities, as well as the lack of religious freedom – rights groups have highlighted repression of the Christian, Tibetan Buddhist, Uyghur Muslim, and Falun Gong religious groups. Some Chinese activist groups are trying to expand these freedoms, including Human Rights in China, Chinese Human Rights Defenders, and the China Human Rights Lawyers Concern Group. Chinese human rights attorneys who take on cases related to these issues, however, often face harassment, disbarment, and arrest. According to the Amnesty International report from 2016/2017 the government continued to draft and enact a series of new national security laws that presented serious threats to the protection of human rights. The nationwide crackdown on human rights lawyers and activists continued throughout the year. Activists and human rights defenders continued to be systematically subjected to monitoring, harassment, intimidation, arrest and detention. The report continues that police detained increasing numbers of human rights defenders outside of formal detention facilities, sometimes without access to a lawyer for long periods, exposing the detainees to the risk of torture and other ill-treatment. Booksellers, publishers, activists and a journalist who went missing in neighboring countries in 2015 and 2016 turned up at detention in China, causing concerns about China's law enforcement agencies acting outside their jurisdiction. In June 2020, nearly 50 UN independent experts raised wide-ranging concerns over the repression of “fundamental freedoms” by the Chinese government. They highlighted the collective repression of the population, especially religious and ethnic minorities, to the detention of lawyers, prosecution and human rights defenders. They also denounced "impunity for excessive use of force by police, the alleged use of chemical agents against protesters, the alleged sexual harassment and assault of women protesters in police stations, and the alleged harassment of health care workers". (en)
- Los derechos humanos en la República Popular China son motivo de disputa entre el gobierno chino y de otros países y ONG. Organizaciones como el Departamento de Estado de los Estados Unidos, Amnistía Internacional, y Human Rights Watch han acusado al gobierno chino de restringir las libertades de expresión, movimiento, y religión de sus ciudadanos. El gobierno chino aboga por una definición más amplia de derechos humanos, que los derechos económicos y sociales así como también políticos, todos en relación con cultura nacional y el nivel de desarrollo del país. A este respecto, China ha dicho, los derechos humanos se están mejorando en China. (es)
- Keberadaan hak asasi manusia yang diakui dan dilindungi di Republik Rakyat Tiongkok ("Tiongkok" atau "RRT") adalah sebuah bahan dari persengketaan antara pemerintahannya dan organisasi-organisasi dan individu-individu di luar pemerintahan tersebut. , para pendukungnya, dan lapisan lainnya mengklaim bahwa kebijakan-kebijakan yang ada menentang pelecehan hak asasi manusia. Namun, negara-negara lainnya dan otoritas-otoritas mereka (seperti , Kanada, India, dan lain-lain), organisasi-organisasi non-pemerintah (ONP) internasional, seperti dan Amnesty International, dan pihak-pihak yang berseberangan dengan negara tersebut menyatakan bahwa otoritas-otoritas di daratan utama Tiongkok telah membiarkan atau melakukan pelecehan hak asasi manusia. ONP-ONP seperti Amnesty International dan Human Rights Watch, serta institusi-institusi pemerintahan luar negeri seperti Departemen Negara A.S., menyatakan bahwa RRT telah mencederai kebebasan berbicara, , dan beragama terhadap para warga sipilnya dan orang-orang lainnya pada yurisdiksinya. Otoritas-otoritas di RRT mengklaim bahwa definisi hak asasi manusia berbeda-beda, seperti yang meliputi hak asasi serta politik, semuanya berada dalam hubungan terhadap "" dan tingkat perkembangan dari negara tersebut. Otoritas-otoritas di RRT, yang merujuk kepada definisi ini, mengklaim bahwa hak asasi manusia telah diimprovisasikan. Namun, mereka tidak menggunakan definisi yang digunakan oleh kebanyakan negara dan organisasi. Menurut , para politikus RRT menyatakan bahwa "" memberikan hak-hak kewarganegaraan. Para pejabat RRT menginterpretasikan kebijakan Empat Prinsip Kardinal sebagai basis hukum untuk penangkapan orang yang pemerintah pandang akan meruntuhkan prinsip-prinsip tersebut. Sejumlah menerbitkan masalah hak asasi manusia di Tiongkok yang mereka anggap gagal ditangani oleh pemerintahan tersebut, yang meliputi: hukuman mati, kebijakan satu anak, status hukum dan politik Tibet, dan pembatasan kebebasan pers di daratan utama Tiongkok. (in)
- De nombreux observateurs ont qualifié de pauvre la protection des droits de l'homme en Chine. Parmi ces observateurs, on trouve notamment les États — en particulier les démocraties occidentales — ainsi que des organisations internationales et des organisations non gouvernementales. Les militants dénoncent des violations des Droits de l'Homme passées, notamment lors du Grand Bond en avant, une politique qui a causé la mort de vingt à trente millions de Chinois sous-alimentés, ou après les manifestations de la place Tian'anmen en 1989, lors de la répression qui a suivi et qui a fait de 400 à 2 000 morts et de 7 000 à 10 000 blessés (estimations). Bien que le gouvernement chinois ait reconnu l'existence de manquements majeurs[réf. nécessaire], il affirme que la situation des droits de l'Homme progresse et qu'elle est aujourd'hui meilleure que jamais. Il affirme que la notion de Droits de l'Homme doit prendre en compte les conditions de vie, la santé ainsi que la prospérité économique. Il ajoute que certains événements ont été perçus comme abusifs par des groupes ou des nations en dehors de la Chine, alors que le gouvernement chinois les considère nécessaires pour le respect de l'ordre public et la stabilité sociale. La conjonction des Jeux olympiques d'été de 2008 de Pékin, et les manifestations au Tibet qui ont débuté quelques mois plus tôt et ont été sévèrement réprimées, ont été l'occasion de remettre au premier plan de la scène internationale la violation des droits de l'homme en république populaire de Chine. En juillet 2015, une centaine d'avocats prenant en charge des atteintes aux droits de l'homme sont enlevés et interrogés dans le cadre d'une campagne sans précédent, et plus de dix d'entre eux restent encore emprisonnés à fin septembre 2015. (fr)
- I diritti umani in Cina sono periodicamente revisionati dal Comitato per i diritti umani delle Nazioni Unite (UNHRC), su cui il governo della Repubblica popolare cinese e vari governi stranieri e organizzazioni per i diritti umani sono stati spesso in disaccordo. Le autorità della RPC, e vari sostenitori, affermano che le politiche esistenti e le misure di applicazione sono sufficienti per difendersi dalle violazioni dei diritti umani. Tuttavia, altri paesi e le loro autorità (come il Dipartimento di Stato degli Stati Uniti, il ministero degli affari esteri Canadese, tra gli altri), organizzazioni internazionali non governative(ONG), come Human Rights in China, Amnesty International e cittadini, avvocati e dissidenti all'interno del paese, affermano che le autorità della Cina continentale approvano o organizzano regolarmente tali abusi. Jiang Tianyong è l'ultimo avvocato noto per aver difeso i critici del governo che sono stati incarcerati. Nella repressione dei 709 iniziata nel 2015, più di 200 avvocati, assistenti legali e attivisti, tra cui Jiang, sono stati arrestati. Numerosi gruppi per i diritti umani hanno divulgato questioni relative ai diritti umani in Cina che considerano il governo maltrattante, tra cui: la pena di morte (pena capitale), la politica del figlio unico (in cui la Cina aveva fatto eccezioni per le minoranze etniche prima di abolirla nel 2015), lo status politico e legale del Tibet e il mancato rispetto della libertà di stampa nella Cina continentale. Altre aree di preoccupazione includono la mancanza di riconoscimento legale dei diritti umani e la mancanza di un sistema giudiziario indipendente, stato di diritto e giusto processo. Ulteriori questioni sollevate in relazione ai diritti umani includono la grave mancanza di diritti dei lavoratori (in particolare il sistema hukou che limita la libertà di movimento dei lavoratori migranti), l'assenza di sindacati indipendenti (che da allora sono cambiati) e le accuse di discriminazione contro i lavoratori rurali e le minoranze etniche - così come la mancanza di libertà religiosa - i gruppi per i diritti hanno evidenziato la repressione dei cristiani,buddista tibetano, musulmano uigura e Falun Gong gruppi religiosi. Alcuni gruppi di attivisti cinesi stanno cercando di espandere queste libertà, tra cui i diritti umani in Cina, si tratta dei difensori dei diritti umani cinesi e il China Human Rights Lawyers Concern Group. Gli avvocati cinesi per i diritti umani che si occupano di casi relativi a questi problemi, tuttavia, spesso subiscono molestie, licenziamenti e arresti. Secondo il rapporto di Amnesty International del 2016/2017, il governo ha continuato a redigere e emanare una serie di nuove leggi sulla sicurezza nazionale che presentavano gravi minacce alla protezione dei diritti umani. La repressione a livello nazionale nei confronti di avvocati e attivisti per i diritti umani è continuata per tutto l'anno. Attivisti e difensori dei diritti umani hanno continuato a essere sistematicamente soggetti a monitoraggio, molestie, intimidazioni, arresti e detenzioni. Il rapporto continua che la polizia ha arrestato un numero crescente di difensori dei diritti umani al di fuori delle strutture di detenzione formale, a volte senza accesso a un avvocato per lunghi periodi, esponendo i detenuti al rischio di tortura e altri maltrattamenti. Librai, editori, attivisti e un giornalista scomparsi nei paesi vicini nel 2015 e nel 2016 si sono presentati in detenzione in Cina, causando preoccupazioni per le forze dell'ordine cinesi che agiscono al di fuori della loro giurisdizione. Nel giugno 2020, quasi 50 esperti indipendenti delle Nazioni Unite hanno sollevato preoccupazioni di ampia portata sulla repressione delle "libertà fondamentali" da parte del governo cinese. Hanno evidenziato la repressione collettiva della popolazione, in particolare delle minoranze etniche e religiose, alla detenzione di avvocati, pubblici ministeri e difensori dei diritti umani. Hanno anche denunciato "l'impunità per l'uso eccessivo della forza da parte della polizia, il presunto uso di agenti chimici contro i manifestanti, le presunte molestie sessuali, l'aggressione di donne manifestanti nelle stazioni di polizia e le presunte molestie agli operatori sanitari". (it)
- 중화인민공화국의 인권은 주기적으로 유엔 인권이사회의 감시를 받으며, 이때 중화인민공화국의 정부와 타국 정부, 그리고 여러 인권 단체들의 입장이 충돌하는 경우가 매우 잦다. 중화인민공화국 정부와 그 추종자들은 이미 자국의 법과 정책들이 인권을 대단히 잘 지키고 있으며, 타국이 이에 간섭하는 것은 내정간섭이라고 주장한다. 허나 미국 국무부, 캐나다 외교부, 엠네스티와 같은 국제 NGO들은 중국 본토에서 정부 차원으로 공권력을 남용하고 인권을 탄압하고 있다고 주장하고 있다. 2012년에 시진핑이 공산당 중앙위원회 총서기로 등극한 이후, 중국 본토의 인권은 급속도로 악화되고 있다고 외신들은 전했다. 휴먼라이츠워치 등의 NGO와 미국 국무부를 필두로 한 여러 정부들은 중국이 종교의 자유, 집회의 자유, 표현의 자유 등을 조직적으로 탄압하고 있다는 증거를 제시하고 있으며, 국민들로부터 주어진 사법권을 능가하는 공권력을 사용하고 있다고 말하였다. 하지만 중화인민공화국 지도부에서는 인권의 개념 자체에 대한 정의 자체를 달리하는데, 인권에 대하여 논할 때에는 국가의 발전도와 고유한 문화를 함께 연결지어 생각해야만 하고 인권에는 '사회적, 정치적, 문화적인 권리'도 함께 속한다는 것이다. 이들은 이같은 개념들을 이용하여 현재 중국의 경제성장과 더불어 인권지수도 함께 올라가고 있다고 주장하나, 이들이 사용하는 인권의 잣대가 대다수의 국제적인 기준과는 완전히 다른 개념이다. 중국 본토의 정치가들은 중국의 헌법에 정의되어 있는 '4대 기본 원칙'이 시민권보다 상위의 개념으로, 이에 의거하여 국가는 국가를 위협할 수 있는 시민들을 임의로 체포하고 구금할 수 있다는 것이다. 수많은 인권 단체들은 중국 본토에서 자행되고 있는 인권 문제들을 국제적으로 문제 제기하는데에 힘쓰고 있는데, 주로 사형제, 2015년부터는 오직 소수민족들에게만 적용되는 한자녀 정책, 티베트 자치구의 정치적, 법적 지위, 그리고 언론의 자유 등이 주된 현안들이다. 또다른 문제들에는 독립적인 사법부의 부재, 법치주의의 부재, 적법절차의 부재 등이 있다. 그 외에도 인권 단체들은 중국 본토에서 특히 이민 노동자들을 중심으로 한 노동권이 제대로 지켜지지 않고 있다고 주장하며, 노조들의 결성도 제한되어 있다고 말한다. 또한 시골의 거주민과 소수 민족들에 대한 차별, 종교의 자유의 부재 등도 주목받고 있는데, 특히 기독교, 티베트 불교, 위구르 무슬림, 파룬궁 등이 가장 대표적인 예시로 꼽힌다. 중국 본토에서는 주로 중국인권변호사협회, 혹은 중국 인권 변호사들이 주로 이 문제들에 대하여 변호하거나 반대를 주장하지만, 이들은 종종 탄압을 받거나 체포되는 경우가 잦다. 엠네스티의 2016년과 2017년 조사 보고서에 의하면, 중국 정부는 여전히 새로운 국가보안법들을 제정하는 데에 힘쓰고 있으며, 이 법들이 개인의 자유와 인권에 심각한 문제가 되고 있다고 전했다. 한편 이에 맞서 인권 운동가들과 변호사들이 정부에 대항하여 인권을 지키려 힘쓰고 있으나, 이들은 정부 차원의 조직적인 모니터링과 구금, 징계 등을 당하며 고초를 겪는 경우가 잦다고 하였다. 이 보고서에는 경찰이 인권 운동가들을 공식 체포 절차를 거치지 않고 임의로 구금하고 있으며, 심지어는 변호사 접견도 허가하지 않는다고 전했다. 이들은 고문과 그 외의 상해의 위험에 노출되어 있다. 2015년과 2016년에는 출판사 관련 인사들과 인권활동가, 저널리스트들이 중국과 인접한 국가들에서 실종되는 사건들이 벌어졌는데, 이들이 중국에서 구금되어 있는 것으로 알려지며 중국이 초법적인 권한으로 타국의 권한을 침해하고 있다는 외신의 보도도 있었다. 2020년 6월, 거의 50명에 달하는 UN의 전문가들이 중국 정부 차원의 기본권 탄압에 대하여 심각한 우려를 표명하였으며, 특히 종교와 소수민족, 인권변호사의 경우에 심각한 탄압이 가해지고 있다고 발표하였다. 이들은 그 외에도 ‘경찰력의 남용, 시위대에 대한 공권력 강압, 경찰서에서 자행되는 여성에 대한 성적 추행 및 고문’ 등에서도 심각한 우려를 표하였다. (ko)
- 中国の人権問題(ちゅうごくのじんけんもんだい)では、中華人民共和国における人権問題について説明する。 中華人民共和国は中国共産党による一党独裁国家であり、中国人民解放軍も中国という国家の主権維持や安全保障、中国国民の生命や財産を守る為の国軍ではなく、あくまでも「中国共産党を守る為」の「党の軍隊」である故、党にとって好ましくない人物の人権は軍隊まで動員して蹂躙されている。その顕著な例が天安門事件であり、特に近年は、中国の急速な経済発展とともに人権保護を求める国民と政府との間の紛争が各地で急増している(以下、特記なき場合は「中国」とは中華人民共和国を指す)。 (ja)
- Prawa człowieka w Chińskiej Republice Ludowej są nagminnie łamane w opinii większości rządów krajów zachodnich i organizacji pozarządowych. Nie zgadza się z tym rząd chiński, który twierdzi, że prawa człowieka w Chinach nie są łamane. (pl)
- Os direitos humanos na China são um tema altamente contestado, e são revistos periodicamente pelo Comitê de Direitos Humanos das Nações Unidas (UNHRC), sobre o qual o governo da República Popular da China e vários governos estrangeiros e organizações de direitos humanos discordaram com frequência. As autoridades da República Popular da China, seus apoiantes e outros proponentes afirmam que as políticas existentes e as medidas de fiscalização são suficientes para a proteção contra os abusos dos direitos humanos. Pelo contrário, outros países, e suas autoridades (como o Departamento de Estado dos Estados Unidos, o , entre outros), organizações não-governamentais (ONGs), tais como a Direitos Humanos na China (HRIC, baseada em Nova Iorque) e a Anistia Internacional, e cidadãos, advogados e dissidentes dentro do país, afirmam que as autoridades na China continental sancionam ou organizam regularmente tais abusos. ONGs como a Anistia Internacional e a Human Rights Watch, bem como instituições governamentais estrangeiras, como o Departamento de Estado dos Estados Unidos, apresentam regularmente evidências de que a República da China viola as liberdades de expressão, movimento e religião de seus cidadãos e de outras pessoas de sua jurisdição. As autoridades da República Popular da China afirmam definir os direitos humanos de maneira diferente, de modo a incluir os direitos econômicos e sociais, bem como os direitos políticos, tudo em relação à "cultura nacional" e ao nível de desenvolvimento do país. As autoridades da República Popular da China, referindo-se a essa definição, afirmam que os direitos humanos estão sendo melhorados. De acordo com o relatório da Anistia Internacional de 2016/2017, o governo continuou a redigir e promulgar uma série de novas leis de segurança nacional que apresentavam sérias ameaças à proteção dos direitos humanos. A repressão nacional contra advogados e ativistas de direitos humanos continuou durante todo o ano. Ativistas e defensores dos direitos humanos continuaram a ser sistematicamente submetidos a monitoramento, assédio, intimidação, prisão e detenção. O relatório continua afirmando que a polícia deteve números crescentes de defensores dos direitos humanos fora dos centros de detenção formais, às vezes sem acesso a advogado por longos períodos, expondo os detentos ao risco de tortura e outros maus-tratos. Livreiros, editores, ativistas e um jornalista desaparecidos nos países vizinhos em 2015 e 2016 compareceram à detenção na China, causando preocupações sobre as agências de aplicação da lei da China que atuam fora de sua jurisdição. O governo chinês responde às críticas afirmando que a noção de direitos humanos deve levar em conta o atual nível de desenvolvimento econômico e a situação geopolítica, além de se concentrar mais sobre os direitos do povo à subsistência e desenvolvimento. O aumento da alfabetização, da expectativa de vida e do padrão de vida dos chineses médios nas últimas três décadas é visto pelo governo como um progresso tangível em matéria de direitos humanos. Os esforços na última década para combater desastres naturais, como as constantes enchentes do rio Yangtzé e acidentes de trabalho também são retratados pelo governo como um progresso em matéria de direitos humanos para um país em desenvolvimento. (pt)
- Ситуация с правами человека в КНР расценивается многими государствами и организациями по правам человека как вызывающая серьёзные претензии. Несколько источников, в том числе Государственный департамент США, ежегодно публикуют доклады о правах человека в Китайской Народной Республике. Наряду с исследованиями других организаций, таких как Amnesty International и Human Rights Watch, эти доклады документально свидетельствуют о нарушениях в КНР международно признанных норм в области прав человека. Правительство КНР заявляет, что понятие прав человека должно включать экономические показатели уровня жизни, состояния здоровья и экономического процветания и отмечает прогресс в этой области. Спорные вопросы прав человека в Китае включают политику проведения смертной казни, политику культурной интеграции в Тибете и Восточном Туркестане этнических китайцев, а также отсутствие защиты свободы прессы и религии. Также стало известно о том, что в Китае подвергаются насильственному извлечению органов последователи духовной практики Фалуньгун, 12 декабря 2013 года по этому вопросу была принята «Резолюция Европейского парламента о насильственном изъятии органов в Китае». Ряд организаций работают над повышением информированности и над улучшением ситуации с правами человека в Китае. К ним относятся Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch, «», «» (КП) и (КПГЮ). На 2-й сессии ВСНП 10-го созыва, состоявшейся в марте 2004 года, подавляющим большинством голосов были приняты поправки в Конституцию КНР и впервые вписаны в неё статьи о «правах человека», в которых ясно значится, что «государство уважает и гарантирует права человека». (ru)
- 中华人民共和国的人权状况存在爭議,受到国际社会的高度关注。 中華人民共和國政府表示:“中国高度重视促进和保护人权,坚持将人权普遍性原则同中国实际相结合,不断推动经济社会发展,促进社会公平正义,推动经济、社会、文化权利和公民、政治权利全面协调发展,走出了一条适合中国国情的人权发展道路,中国人权事业取得的成就举世瞩目”。中华人民共和国政府认为“中国的人权事业正不断取得新的进展。但由于中国发展不充分和发展不平衡,中国大陸的人权状况还存在着一些不如人意的地方。” 中華人民共和國人民政府還認為,人民幸福生活的權利是最大的人權。 截至2021年,该国已完成三期人权行动计划。2021年9月,該國政府发布第四期人权行动计划。 美国、英国、西班牙等西方国家政府、印度政府及其政要和国际特赦、人权观察等国际组织和学者,以及中國大陸的異議人士認爲中华人民共和国的公民缺乏言論自由、出版自由、结社自由、普选权、LGBT平权等政治權利,并且存在迫害持不同政見者的现象,批評中華人民共和國的人權狀況不良并在习近平执政期间持续恶化。 (zh)
- http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/5040198.stm
- https://archive.org/details/rightsbeyondbord00rose
- https://www.un.org/webcast/unhrc/archive.asp%3Fgo=090209
- https://www.cbsnews.com/news/china-covid-wuhan-citizen-journalist-zhang-zhan-hunger-strike-prison/
- http://www.hrichina.org/en
- http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/1347735.stm
- https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2004/41640.htm
- https://archive.org/details/normsininternati00klot
- https://web.archive.org/web/20060103113708/http:/hdr.undp.org/statistics/data/countries.cfm%3Fc=CHN
- https://web.archive.org/web/20070618075111/http:/www.savetibet.org/news/newsitem.php%3Fid=984
- https://web.archive.org/web/20070913035234/http:/www.tibet-vigil.org.uk/wayforward.html
- https://www.amnesty.org/en/countries/asia-and-the-pacific/china/
- https://freedomhouse.org/country/china
- dbr:Cai_Xia
- dbr:Canada
- dbr:Capital_punishment
- dbr:Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States
- dbr:Beijing_Municipal_Prison
- dbr:Project_Syndicate
- dbr:Psychosis
- dbr:Publishing
- dbr:Puma_(brand)
- dbr:Qincheng_Prison
- dbr:Royal_College_of_Psychiatrists
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- dbr:Samsung
- dbr:Schizophrenia
- dbr:Migrant_worker
- dbr:Non-governmental_organization
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- Los derechos humanos en la República Popular China son motivo de disputa entre el gobierno chino y de otros países y ONG. Organizaciones como el Departamento de Estado de los Estados Unidos, Amnistía Internacional, y Human Rights Watch han acusado al gobierno chino de restringir las libertades de expresión, movimiento, y religión de sus ciudadanos. El gobierno chino aboga por una definición más amplia de derechos humanos, que los derechos económicos y sociales así como también políticos, todos en relación con cultura nacional y el nivel de desarrollo del país. A este respecto, China ha dicho, los derechos humanos se están mejorando en China. (es)
- 中国の人権問題(ちゅうごくのじんけんもんだい)では、中華人民共和国における人権問題について説明する。 中華人民共和国は中国共産党による一党独裁国家であり、中国人民解放軍も中国という国家の主権維持や安全保障、中国国民の生命や財産を守る為の国軍ではなく、あくまでも「中国共産党を守る為」の「党の軍隊」である故、党にとって好ましくない人物の人権は軍隊まで動員して蹂躙されている。その顕著な例が天安門事件であり、特に近年は、中国の急速な経済発展とともに人権保護を求める国民と政府との間の紛争が各地で急増している(以下、特記なき場合は「中国」とは中華人民共和国を指す)。 (ja)
- Prawa człowieka w Chińskiej Republice Ludowej są nagminnie łamane w opinii większości rządów krajów zachodnich i organizacji pozarządowych. Nie zgadza się z tym rząd chiński, który twierdzi, że prawa człowieka w Chinach nie są łamane. (pl)
- 中华人民共和国的人权状况存在爭議,受到国际社会的高度关注。 中華人民共和國政府表示:“中国高度重视促进和保护人权,坚持将人权普遍性原则同中国实际相结合,不断推动经济社会发展,促进社会公平正义,推动经济、社会、文化权利和公民、政治权利全面协调发展,走出了一条适合中国国情的人权发展道路,中国人权事业取得的成就举世瞩目”。中华人民共和国政府认为“中国的人权事业正不断取得新的进展。但由于中国发展不充分和发展不平衡,中国大陸的人权状况还存在着一些不如人意的地方。” 中華人民共和國人民政府還認為,人民幸福生活的權利是最大的人權。 截至2021年,该国已完成三期人权行动计划。2021年9月,該國政府发布第四期人权行动计划。 美国、英国、西班牙等西方国家政府、印度政府及其政要和国际特赦、人权观察等国际组织和学者,以及中國大陸的異議人士認爲中华人民共和国的公民缺乏言論自由、出版自由、结社自由、普选权、LGBT平权等政治權利,并且存在迫害持不同政見者的现象,批評中華人民共和國的人權狀況不良并在习近平执政期间持续恶化。 (zh)
- تعتبر حقوق الإنسان في الصين موضوعاً مثيراً للجدل، خصوصاً عندما يتم التحدث عن حقوق الإنسان الأساسية والتي تقوم لجنة حقوق الإنسان التابعة للأمم المتحدة بمراجعتها بشكل دوري. تزعم السلطة في جمهورية الصين الشعبية أن السياسات المتّبعة حالياً كافية لتجنب انتهاك حقوق الإنسان، ولكن بعض الدول مثل أمريكا وكندا بالإضافة لبعض المنظمات غير الحكومية الدولية مثل منظمة حقوق الإنسان في الصين ومنظمة العفو الدولية وبعض المواطنين والمعارضين يذكرون أن السلطات في الصين تقوم بانتهاكات عديدة لحقوق الإنسان حيث تحدثت الأخبار عن حدوث حالات اعتقال لمئات الأشخاص أثناء بعض الحملات المعارضة. (ar)
- Η υπόθεση των ανθρωπίνων δικαιωμάτων στη Λαϊκή Δημοκρατία της Κίνας ήρθε για πρώτη φορά στο προσκήνιο με τη το 1989. Πολλές πηγές, συμπεριλαμβανομένης της ετήσιας έκθεσης του Αμερικανικού Υπουργείου Εξωτερικών για την κατάσταση των ανθρωπίνων δικαιωμάτων στην Κίνα, καθώς και έρευνες άλλων οργανισμών, όπως η και το Παρατηρητήριο Ανθρωπίνων Δικαιωμάτων, έχουν τεκμηριώσει τις καταχρήσεις των ανθρωπίνων δικαιωμάτων σε παραβίαση των διεθνώς αναγνωρισμένων κανονισμών. (el)
- Die Volksrepublik China hat die Menschenrechte zwar im Jahr 2004, 55 Jahre nach ihrer Staatsgründung, mit dem Zusatz „Der Staat respektiert und gewährleistet die Menschenrechte“ in ihre Verfassung aufgenommen (Artikel 33/3) und auch formell, nicht zuletzt aufgrund des internationalen Drucks, die wichtigsten Menschenrechtskonventionen der Vereinten Nationen ratifiziert. In der Realität werden diese jedoch nach wie vor systematisch missachtet. Menschenrechtsorganisationen wie Amnesty International und Human Rights Watch sowie der UN-Menschenrechtsrat und auch chinesische Intellektuelle und Oppositionelle (z. B. in der Charta 08) werfen dem Regime die Verletzung grundlegendster Menschenrechte vor. Spätestens seit dem Massaker vom 4. Juni 1989 auf dem Tian’anmen-Platz steht die Menschenrechtsf (de)
- Human rights in mainland China are periodically reviewed by the United Nations Human Rights Committee (UNHRC), on which the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), government of the People's Republic of China (PRC) and various foreign governments and human rights organizations have often disagreed. CCP and PRC authorities, their supporters, and other proponents claim that existing policies and enforcement measures are sufficient to guard against human rights abuses. However other countries and their authorities (such as the United States Department of State, Global Affairs Canada, etc.), international non-governmental organizations (NGOs) including Human Rights in China and Amnesty International, and citizens, lawyers, and dissidents inside the country, state that the authorities in mainland China (en)
- Keberadaan hak asasi manusia yang diakui dan dilindungi di Republik Rakyat Tiongkok ("Tiongkok" atau "RRT") adalah sebuah bahan dari persengketaan antara pemerintahannya dan organisasi-organisasi dan individu-individu di luar pemerintahan tersebut. , para pendukungnya, dan lapisan lainnya mengklaim bahwa kebijakan-kebijakan yang ada menentang pelecehan hak asasi manusia. Namun, negara-negara lainnya dan otoritas-otoritas mereka (seperti , Kanada, India, dan lain-lain), organisasi-organisasi non-pemerintah (ONP) internasional, seperti dan Amnesty International, dan pihak-pihak yang berseberangan dengan negara tersebut menyatakan bahwa otoritas-otoritas di daratan utama Tiongkok telah membiarkan atau melakukan pelecehan hak asasi manusia. (in)
- De nombreux observateurs ont qualifié de pauvre la protection des droits de l'homme en Chine. Parmi ces observateurs, on trouve notamment les États — en particulier les démocraties occidentales — ainsi que des organisations internationales et des organisations non gouvernementales. La conjonction des Jeux olympiques d'été de 2008 de Pékin, et les manifestations au Tibet qui ont débuté quelques mois plus tôt et ont été sévèrement réprimées, ont été l'occasion de remettre au premier plan de la scène internationale la violation des droits de l'homme en république populaire de Chine. (fr)
- 중화인민공화국의 인권은 주기적으로 유엔 인권이사회의 감시를 받으며, 이때 중화인민공화국의 정부와 타국 정부, 그리고 여러 인권 단체들의 입장이 충돌하는 경우가 매우 잦다. 중화인민공화국 정부와 그 추종자들은 이미 자국의 법과 정책들이 인권을 대단히 잘 지키고 있으며, 타국이 이에 간섭하는 것은 내정간섭이라고 주장한다. 허나 미국 국무부, 캐나다 외교부, 엠네스티와 같은 국제 NGO들은 중국 본토에서 정부 차원으로 공권력을 남용하고 인권을 탄압하고 있다고 주장하고 있다. 2012년에 시진핑이 공산당 중앙위원회 총서기로 등극한 이후, 중국 본토의 인권은 급속도로 악화되고 있다고 외신들은 전했다. (ko)
- I diritti umani in Cina sono periodicamente revisionati dal Comitato per i diritti umani delle Nazioni Unite (UNHRC), su cui il governo della Repubblica popolare cinese e vari governi stranieri e organizzazioni per i diritti umani sono stati spesso in disaccordo. Le autorità della RPC, e vari sostenitori, affermano che le politiche esistenti e le misure di applicazione sono sufficienti per difendersi dalle violazioni dei diritti umani. (it)
- Os direitos humanos na China são um tema altamente contestado, e são revistos periodicamente pelo Comitê de Direitos Humanos das Nações Unidas (UNHRC), sobre o qual o governo da República Popular da China e vários governos estrangeiros e organizações de direitos humanos discordaram com frequência. As autoridades da República Popular da China, seus apoiantes e outros proponentes afirmam que as políticas existentes e as medidas de fiscalização são suficientes para a proteção contra os abusos dos direitos humanos. Pelo contrário, outros países, e suas autoridades (como o Departamento de Estado dos Estados Unidos, o , entre outros), organizações não-governamentais (ONGs), tais como a Direitos Humanos na China (HRIC, baseada em Nova Iorque) e a Anistia Internacional, e cidadãos, advogados e dis (pt)
- Ситуация с правами человека в КНР расценивается многими государствами и организациями по правам человека как вызывающая серьёзные претензии. Несколько источников, в том числе Государственный департамент США, ежегодно публикуют доклады о правах человека в Китайской Народной Республике. Наряду с исследованиями других организаций, таких как Amnesty International и Human Rights Watch, эти доклады документально свидетельствуют о нарушениях в КНР международно признанных норм в области прав человека. (ru)
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