Abbreviations Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

This practical field guide brings together lessons learned from Oxfam’s past interventions in the prevention and control of cholera, and other related guidance. The aim is to provide a quick, step-by-step guide to inform cholera outbreak interventions and ensure public health programmes that are rapid, community-based, well-tailored, and gender and diversity aware. They will enable both public health teams and programme managers to undertake necessary preparations to prevent cholera outbreaks from occurring and to respond effectively when they have occurred. They have been specifically designed to fit the cholera outbreak curve, depicting key activities in each critical phase before, during and after an outbreak. They can also be adapted to suit other water- and sanitation-related outbreaks, such as Typhoid, Hepatitis E, and dysentery, as well as other WASH-related diarrhoeal outbreaks. This is a pilot publication, and the team are looking for comments and suggestions on both the co...

- by
- •
- Medicine, Abbreviations

Exploring carbon futures in the EU power sector

- by Erik Pruyt
- •
- Carbon, Agent Based Modelling, CCS, ABM

The article is devoted to the analysis of acronyms and abbreviations as a part of the Internet slang and to the highlighting of the way they influence the development of the language. It underlines the specificity of acronyms and abbreviations in the process of communication in so called chatspeaks in the Internet and their possibility to assimilate and transform in accordance to the needs and rules of the target languages. The article examines the key aspects of acronyms' and abbreviations' changes in the process of live language developing due to the communication of English-speaking Internet users from the countries all over the world. It includes the comparison between the English and the Ukrainian variants and equivalents of addressing to the speaker in the process of Internet communication in social networks, chats and discussion boards. The article puts a stress on the importance of a context understanding and adequate interpreting due to the situations when some acronyms as well as abbreviations have more than one meaning which can be completely lexically opposite to the needed one. It presents not only examples and variants of possible acronyms and abbreviations but also highlights the transformations which have had a place due to the language development. The article works out the most widely used acronyms and abbreviations of the Internet slang in two languages-English and Ukrainian and provides numeral examples on the similarities in sounding forms of some units and differences in their actual form in the target language. It underlines the reasons of the Internet slang usage and the necessity of scientific researches of this field due to the relevance of the studies turned to the Internet communication including acronyms and abbreviations as well which help to form trendy and popular ways of chatspeaks.

- by Myroslava Zabotnova
- •
- Communication, Internet Communication, Slang, Acronyms
- by Andres Daniel Yepes Lascarro
- •
- English, Medicine, Abbreviations, Learning Idioms

Literary translation is one of the most challenging fields of translation. This is due to the fact that it is a special use of language that is deviant from ordinary, everyday, non-literary language. Besides rendering the semantic qualities of the text, it is the translator's mission recreate the Source Text as a work of art, and he/she attempts to keep the unity of content and form and the text's national, individual and linguistic qualities. Unlike other types of writing, literature is rich with connotations and indirect messages which are the real challenge for the translator. This paper is an exercise on literary translation and the difficulties the translator faces when dealing with the four following elements: the translation of (1) abbreviations, (2) phonetically significant words, (3) specialized vocabulary and idioms, as well as play on words, (4) and finally colors. The Source English Text is Jumpha Lahiri's novel The Namesake (2003) and the Target Text is the Arabic translation of the novel by Sura Khrais (2015). The paper concludes that literary translation is complete cognitive process which involves a perception not only of the content and its connotations, but also of all the other linguistic, phonetic and figurative features which have created the Source Text and given it its literariness.

- by Arab World English Journal (AWEJ)
- •
- Literary translation, Idioms, Abbreviations, The Namesake
- by Çetin PEKACAR
- •
- Türkiye Türkçesi, Kısaltmalar, Abbreviations
- by Elissavet Petra
- •
- Papyrology, Byzantine Studies, Palaeography, Abbreviations

Informal electronic communication respect consistently the principles of conciseness, clarity, simplicity. Therefore, the
orthography of this sort of communication is simplified: there is no semicolon or dashes, the period and comma are used for marking the short pause or where they are necessary, while the end of the text is always marked, but often with some alternative signal: ellipsis, emoticon, onomatopoeia... The question mark and the exclamation mark are used only when the question or emotion are emphasized, and the quotation marks are for citation or emphasis. The colon is almost limited to the announcement of direct speech. The other punctuation marks are used as usual, like the parentheses and slash, or almost disappear, like the hyphen, or have the specific usage, like the asterisk. Further, the new signs appear, such as, beside emoticons, the signs @ or #. The uppercase letters are used to emphasize in a broad terms, so it is possible to highlight the whole text, or one specific word, or initial letter, or any letter (usually incorrect on purpose) in the word. The diacritical signs usually miss, only for the comprehensibility the letter [đ] is written as [dj], and [dž] as [dz]. The use of English is common as the specific style, and sometimes instead of [l] may be written [w]. Even simplified, the language of informal internet communication fulfill its function – perfectly deliver the
message. Consequently it may be the good indicator of more and less important orthographic rules for everyday communication, and certainly hide the future changes in the orthography.

- by Zenaida Karavdic
- •
- Internet Communication, Punctuation, Diacritics, Bosnian Language

Abbreviation and its semantic potential in Ukrainian language.

Published in: "Редакторський портал" 28.11.2014

The augmentation of consumers and the development of the sports industry directly depends on the correct and successful coinage and translation of the sports products brands from foreign languages into Modern Standard Mandarin (MSM) and vice versa. This paper suggests a brief look at foreign and Chinese domestic sportswear brand names from a linguistic and cultural viewpoint.
Foreign trademarks’ adaptation process in MSM is formed by several different categories, phonemic loans being the most numerous one. Adaptations of this type can be faithful or deviant, and often convey not only phonemic similarities, but also semantic associations.
Semantic and graphic analysis of Chinese domestic top brand names shows that the principle of the auspicious strokes numbers is accurately followed. When introduce their names written in Latin letters on international arena, Chinese brands usually employ phonological transcription of their original names, which is either faithful or deviant mapping of pīnyīn.
In order to make successful naming decisions, it is important to understand how the recipient language interprets explicit and implicit linguistic information encoded in the different donor writing system. To avoid any possible gaffes in adaptation of names, acronyms or slogans, one must be familiar with cultural traditions, superstitions, symbolism, and frequent ambiguity of Chinese characters.

- by Victoria Bogushevskaya
- •
- Translation Studies, Lexicology, Chinese Studies, Sinology

In German, differences between the declension of words belonging to
the peripheral nominal domain (mainly proper names, abbreviations, and loan words) and that of more prototypical nouns can be observed. This can be explained by the competition of two motivations, which are weighted differently depending on the nature of the noun in question: the overt expression of morphosyntactic properties vs. ‘morphological schema constancy’, which is more important for peripheral nouns. The notion ‘morphological schema constancy’ refers to word form stability through the avoidance of inflectional elements that strongly affect the shape of a word (e.g. Taxi-s vs. Tax-en ‘taxis’, or umlaut), or the avoidance of inflectional elements at all (d-es Barock-Ø vs. d-es Barock-s ‘the-GEN.SG Baroque-GEN.SG’). In the present study, we report the results of a selfpaced reading task, in which we compared reading times of inflected (des Barock-s) vs. non-inflected nouns (des Barock-Ø) within a genitive phrase. Since the non-inflected variants evoke significantly shorter processing times, our findings indicate that ‘morphological schema constancy’ leads to a facilitation of word recognition of peripheral nouns; thus they support the idea that ‘schema constancy’ is a functional principle that plays an important role in determining morphological variation.

- by Tanja Ackermann and +1
- •
- Language Variation and Change, Onomastics, Psycholinguistics, German Language
- by marino gomes rodrigues
- •
- Military History, Navy, Rank, Abbreviations

Systems of abbreviations in Latin written products have been so far investigated with a strong focus on literary texts and/or medieval manuscripts, mainly referring to textual criticism or diplomatic studies. A comprehensive account of the situation in documents – be they on papyrus, ostrakon or tablet – is still in being. The main obstacles are the slim remains of Latin or bilingual Latin-Greek documents before the 7th AD; the little knowledge or interest in them; and the chaotic situation of abbreviating signs, symbols and other paratextual devices in those documents. Different textual typologies in Latin documentary culture seem to require different abbreviating ways: military lists will employ medial dots before and after some words, whereas letters will alternate between dots, short strokes, or dots above the letters; the interpunctum appears to switch between its original function connected to divisio verborum to a purely abbreviating device, before disappearing in 2nd AD and re-surfacing in the 4th; Late Antique chanceries deploy a score of new signs of unknown origin. The relations between Greek documentary abbreviations has never been systematically studied.
This paper presents a preliminary survey of the abbreviation devices in Latin documents between 1st BC and 7th AD. The signs will be described and catalogued according to their chronological range, the textual typology and the letter(s) or word(s) they are associated with. By picking some case studies, it will discuss the origin and the scope of signs; the connection with other graphic systems; the influence of bureaucratic standardization; and the degree of custom and personal taste beyond abbreviating choices.

- by Giulio Iovine
- •
- Latin Palaeography, Latin Papyri, Greek and Latin papyrology, Abbreviations

Viết tắt (abbreviations) are commonly used in social media as well as SMS. While the term viết tắt also refers to common abbreviations for official terms, this presentation focused on Viết tắt used by teenagers and younger people in... more

- by Etienne Mahler
- •
- Social Media, Vietnamese Language, Vietnamese studies, Chat Language

The article describes the ways of forming common nouns from some proper names: the names of states, movements and organizations, as well as abbreviations. The authors pay attention to non-standard models of verbal names of action and state (masdars) in the Modern Standart Arabic language. Researchers offer translation options for such words based on the corresponding word-formation models of the Russian language.

- by Tatiana Vavichkina and +2
- •
- Word-Formation, Modern Standard Arabic, Abbreviations, Onyms

The article is devoted to key features of rendering the linguistic content of cyber-memes into the Ukrainian language. The urgency of the work is posed by the need to analyze the specificity of realization of cyber-memes in the process of rendering them into the Ukrainian language, that if caused by the full absence of researches on the features of implementation of their linguistic content. The aim of the article is formed due to the linguistic call to distinguish key features of rendering the linguistic content of cyber-memes in the process of the English-Ukrainian translation. The author highlights lexical units which are to be included to the cyber-memes’ list of high interest concerning rendering the linguistic content, among which there are: abbreviations, acronyms,
shortenings and jargons. The author proposes the results of analysis of lexical units which form linguistic content of cyber-memes on Internet based on the classifications of equivalents’ levels and transformations
by famous linguist and scientist V. N. Komissarov on the material of chatting abstracts and posts in social networks such as: FaceBook and Instagram. The analysis has been carried out on the purposefully chosen
abstracts from chatting letters of modern social networks on Internet. The article comes up to the results that far not every level of equivalents is to be implemented throughout the process of rendering into the Ukrainian language due to grammar, lexical, synthetic and structural peculiarities of the target language, thus, it turned out to be impossible to translate the source language means of cyber-memes linguistic content with the help of word-for-word method but with the help of omission, addition and substitution. As a result, the author figures out that the most widely used levels of equivalents which are used to render such passages are the third and fourth ones, rarely there is used the fifth level. Moreover, the main feature of rendering cyber-memes linguistic content is abbreviation due to almost complete impossibility to figure out relevant equivalent from the range of abbreviation of the target language.

- by Myroslava Zabotnova
- •
- Communication, Translation, Cyberspace, The Internet

This work targets to improve the naturalness of synthetic intonational contours in Text-to-Speech synthesis through the provision of prominence, which is a major expression of human speech. Focusing on the tonal dimension of emphasis, we present a robust unit-selection methodology for generating realistic F0 curves in cases where focus prominence is required. The proposed approach is based on selecting Tone-Group units from commonly used prosodic corpora that are automatically transcribed as patterns of syllables. In ...

The focal issue of the paper is the systematic equivalence of culture-bound lexical units, constituting gaps in a cross-linguistic perspective. Several Polish items, i.e. mohery, słoiki, Warszawka/warszawka, kaczyzm and ZUS, are discussed... more

- by Joanna Szerszunowicz and +1
- •
- Cultural Studies, Languages and Linguistics, Lexicology, Stylistics
- by Martin Worthington
- •
- Akkadian Language, Spelling, Orthography, Scribal Culture

This work consists of three vocabularies of 18thcentury documents from brotherhoods of the city of Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Those texts are (i) the Commitment book of the Third Order of St. Francis, a manuscript dated from 1778, (ii) the Appointment book of the Brotherhood of Our Lady of Perpetual Help, from 1782, and finally, (iii) the Commitment book of the Brotherhood of the Blessed Sacrament, printed in Lisbon in 1785. All the words in Portuguese were collected and organized in alphabetical order. Its variants were also quantified, the identification of its origin were searched, mostly of them Latin, and a brief grammatical classification was presented. We wish, thus, to bring contributions mainly to the Etymology and Lexicology, and Science of the humanities in general, including, among others, Linguistics.

- by Aléxia T . Duchowny
- •
- Lexicology, Etymology, Vocabulary, Abbreviations

Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. Vol. 23, pp. 762–771, 2000 Internet address: www.atsjournals.org Chronic hypoxic pulmonary hypertension (PH) is associated with vasoconstriction and structural remodeling of pulmonary vessels including narrowing of the arterial lumen and loss of distal functional arteries. To test whether lung overexpression of the angiogenic factor vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is beneficial in hypoxic PH, recombinant adenovirus encoding the human VEGF 165 gene under the control of a cytomegalovirus promoter (Ad.VEGF) or control vector containing no gene in the expression cassette (Ad.Null) was administered intratracheally to rats. With Ad.VEGF (108 plaque-forming units [pfu]), VEGF protein was present in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid as early as 2 d and until 17 d after gene transfer, but was not detected in serum. Only small patchy areas of

- by Chohreh Partovian
- •
- Horizontal Gene Transfer, Humans, ET, Anoxia

The current research is focused on the English N+N pattern, which is widely reported to have been borrowed into Russian under the influence of numerous compounds that have entered Russian recently. The data used for analysis include loanwords with N+N structure (e.g., бизнесмен [businessman], арт-магазин [art shop]), a considerable proportion of which are units with loan abbreviations in the leftmost (modifying) position (e.g., пиар-директор [pi’ar direktor] ‘PR director’, ВИП-места [vip-mesta] ‘VIP seats’). The paper looks at the general principles of assimilation using Krysin’s (1975) framework to understand whether it is possible to talk about changes in the Russian morphology under the influence of lexical borrowing. The analysis of the Russian N+N data to date allows for two explanations for the growing productivity of the analytical pattern. One of these is the revival of the superficially similar Russian N+N morphological pattern which had fallen out of productivity. The othe...

- by Alice Stender
- •
- Translation Studies, Language for Specific Purposes, Abbreviations

In this study we process BanCo, the Greek Corpus of Bank Contracts [1], to indicate the various types of shortenings encountered in the Special Language of Bank Contracts in Greek. The methodology used is corpus-based to ensure completeness and accuracy of results. The processing reveals a high frequency of various shortened terms (abbreviations, acronyms, initialisms etc.). The inconsistency observed in standardization within the contract texts, causes considerable difficulty in the construction and the automatic processing of an electronic dictionary for the Special Language of Bank Contracts in Greek, in translation and in communication in general. We explore and discuss the most frequent problems encountered in the standardization of these shortenings, aiming to the construction of the Greek electronic dictionary of the Special Language of Bank Contracts.

- by Julian R. Backes
- •
- Classics, Theology, Bibliography, Academic Writing

The current research is focused on the English N+N pattern, which is widely reported to have been borrowed into Russian under the influence of numerous compounds that have entered Russian recently. The data used for analysis include loanwords with N+N structure (e.g., бизнесмен [businessman], арт-магазин [art shop]), a considerable proportion of which are units with loan abbreviations in the leftmost (modifying) position (e.g., пиар-директор [pi'ar direktor] 'PR director', ВИП-места [vip-mesta] 'VIP seats'). The paper looks at the general principles of assimilation using Krysin's (1975) framework to understand whether it is possible to talk about changes in the Russian morphology under the influence of lexical borrowing. The analysis of the Russian N+N data to date allows for two explanations for the growing productivity of the analytical pattern. One of these is the revival of the superficially similar Russian N+N morphological pattern which had fallen out of productivity. The other explanation concerns the necessity of preserving the meaning of the loan and its conceptual value, which may otherwise be affected in the process of derivational assimilation.

Low-salience terms are those whose lexically meaningful constituents
shed little light on the salient features of the underlying concept. Two
common types of such terms are terms including a proper name (mostly
eponymic terms) and terms that include an alphanumeric symbol, i.e. a letter or a number (vitamin A). Such terms have rarely been investigated by scholars endeavouring to propose general theories of terminology. (...) even more interesting is to gain an insight into the reasons
behind the use of terms that name but hardly express their underlying
concepts.

- by Mariusz Górnicz
- •
- Terminology, Eponyms, Abbreviations, terms with symbols
- by Leonard yenwong fai
- •
- Nutrition and Dietetics, Diet, Flavonoids, Medicine

The focal issue of the paper is the translation of humorous creative adaptations of abbreviations and acronyms, i.e. their alternative interpreatations, which appear in the informal variety of language to introduce humour. The article discusses techniques of translation, taking into consideration th linguo-cultural specifics of such modifications.

- by Ilan Katz
- •
- Abbreviations

The main aim of this work is to perform a contrastive analysis on the acronyms and abbreviations of the language of economics in Spanish and German, with the aid of a comparable corpus of economic news published in the specialised press in both countries. The 2007 economic crisis is the thematic basis of this corpus study, whose texts encompass the period up until 2015. Acronyms are a characteristic resource of the language of economics and serve to streamline it by reducing the length of words, the names of institutions, etc., which are much longer in their normal format. However, instead of contributing to conceptual understanding, the opposite often occurs, since the message is coded and, therefore, impedes this. It is possible to observe a relationship between the language of economy (which encourages this shortening) and its terminological density (the greater the number of acronyms, the greater this density in specialised texts). The study also concludes that the concepts of a...

- by Alice Stender and +1
- •
- Translation Studies, Language for Specific Purposes, Abbreviations

Abstract: Human prostatic acid phosphatase (PAcP) is a 100 kDa glycoprotein composed of two subunits. Recent advances demonstrate that cellular PAcP (cPAcP) functions as a protein tyrosine phosphatase by dephosphorylating ErbB-2/Neu/HER-2 at the phosphotyrosine residues in prostate cancer (PCa) cells, which results in reduced tumorigenicity. Further, the interaction of cPAcP and ErbB-2 regulates androgen sensitivity of PCa cells. Knockdown of cPAcP expression allows androgen-sensitive PCa cells to develop the castration-resistant phenotype, where cells proliferate under an androgen-reduced condition. Thus, cPAcP has a significant influence on PCa cell growth. Interestingly, promoter analysis suggests that PAcP expression can be regulated by NF-κB, via a novel binding sequence in an androgen-independent manner. Further understanding of PAcP function and regulation of expression will have a significant impact on understanding PCa progression and therapy. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2013, 14 10439

- by Sakthivel Muniyan
- •
- Acp, Abbreviations, Acid Phosphatase
- by Dana Sinclair
- •
- Psychology, Cognitive Science, Cognitive development, Medicine

This article discusses the theoretical and practical problems related to encoding manuscript abbreviations in TEI P5 XML. Encoding them presents a challenge, because the correspondence between the orthographic sign indicating abbreviation and what the sign stands for is more complex than in non-abbreviated words. The article consists of a review of the terminology used to describe the abbreviations, looking at their history from antiquity to abolition and taxonomies of abbreviations in paleographical handbooks between 1745 and 2007. It discusses the editorial treatment of abbreviations in printed editions and relates them to the terminology used in the handbooks, offering criticism of it from a linguistic and editorial point of view and how to best represent the abbreviations in TEI P5 mark-up. Traditional taxonomies of abbreviation divide the abbreviations into groups based on the shape of the abbreviating symbol or the position of the abbreviated content. Some of the distinctions,...

- by Alpo Honkapohja
- •
- History, Digital Humanities, Middle English, Manuscript Studies

New media services seem to represent some kind of a meeting place for today's young people. New services attracting young people and motivating them to get involved in them have been emerging on a daily basis. In that sense, young people have been increasingly replacing or supplementing their communication on Facebook with mobile applications, among which the dominating one has become WhatsApp. In all of these services, communication between the youth has become momentary, without long reflections about what to say or write, all because of the lack of time and money and the desire for as few touches on the mobile display as possible. One could possibly say that young people of today "talk by typing" or "talk with their fingers". It is often heard that the influence of such a language of new media young people under are becoming more and more illiterate in both the writing and the oral expression. Therefore, the topic of this research is to investigate the kind of smart phone service offered by the WhatsApp application and to what extent the elements of the language of new media are present in the communication of young people in their leisure time while using the WhatsApp application. The purpose of the research is to explore whether during their leisure time activities by means of WhatsApp application students aged 14 and 15 use any of the following elements of the language of new media: abbreviations, English loan words, dialectisms and vulgarisms, as well as the way and type of youth communication through the WhatsApp application. Students (N = 107) from "Ivan Benković" Primary School in Dugo Selo completed a questionnaire related to the use of WhatsApp application and the use of elements of the language of new media in free time on WhatsApp where on a 5-point Likert-type scale (never, rarely, sometimes, often, always) they had to circle the frequency of their use of certain elements of the language of new media. The results of this research show that most students often use the mentioned elements of the language of new media when communicating through the WhatsApp application. It has also been shown that in their leisure time interpersonal communication with peers, students often use WhatsApp service, while simultaneously being members of several WhatsApp groups, but they do not so frequently send and forward photos and videos.

- by Kainat Qadir
- •
- English Literature, English, English Grammar, Word formation
- by Antonio Ricciardetto
- •
- Greek Papyrology, Athenaion Politeia, Abbreviations, Scribal Practices
- by Mohamed Mansour
- •
- Chemistry, Horticulture, Salt Stress, Relative Growth Rate

Wheat plants with a fully developed first leaf were subjected to severe but recoverable water stress. Leaves from drought tolerant (Katya and Zlatitza) and drought sensitive (Sadovo and Miziya) varieties in control, drought and recovery conditions were used for the experiments. The physiological response of drought tolerant varieties did not differ from the one of drought sensitive varieties at early seedling stage under these conditions. A comparative study of the ultrathin sections by transmission electron microscopy from control and drought stressed plants revealed prominent changes in mitochondrion fine structures. The relative cell area occupied by mitochondria was reduced in the drought sensitive varieties. An increased quantity of abscisic acid (ABA) was detected in drought stressed wheat plants. The drought sensitive varieties (Miziya and Sadovo) possessed higher azocaseinolytic activity. An immunoblotting analysis was performed for some specificity detection of protein resp...

Mathematical models of cervical cancer have been widely used to evaluate the comparative effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of preventive strategies. Major advances in the understanding of cervical carcinogenesis moti-vate the creation of a new disease paradigm in such models. To keep pace with the most recent evidence, we updated a previously developed microsimulation model of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and cervical can-cer to reflect 1) a shift towards health states based on HPV rather than poorly reproducible histological diagnoses and 2) HPV clearance and progression to precancer as a function of infection duration and genotype, as derived from the control arm of the Costa Rica Vaccine Trial (2004–2010). The model was calibrated leveraging empirical data from the New Mexico Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Registry (1980–1999) and a state-of-the-art cervical cancer screening registry in NewMexico (2007–2009). The calibrated model had good correspondence wi...

- by Ana Cecilia Rodriguez
- •
- Surveillance, HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS, HPV, PAP