Achievement and Attainment of Millenium Development Goals (MDGs)in the Developing nations Research Papers (original) (raw)

Over the last few decades, the impact of the women’s movements within countries and internationally has been central to raising and tackling gender inequality in social development. Arguments have been made that addressing gender equality is imperative for the overall development agenda in terms of economic growth; stability; enhanced productivity and its cumulative effects on other dimensions of well-being, such as education and health, not just women but families (Wold Bank Group, 2015; World Bank, 2011; Giugale, 2011). Despite these arguments, progress and commitment to dealing with gender inequality has been variable and inconsistent because gender discrimination is embedded deep in the culture and structure of social systems. The struggles, strategies and interventions to address gender inequality are in constant negotiation with the underlying structures, socio-cultural contexts and social systems that serve to maintain it, and challenging these aspects often meets with resistance and backlash (Sandler and Rao, 2012). In this ambiguous terrain it is important to understand the extent to which attempts to address gender inequality have been effective in varying contexts and areas of social development, particularly with regard to Millennium development goals (MDG’s) because of its prominence in the international development agenda. To this end, this chapter firstly addresses the complexities involved in measuring gender, as well as the collection and quality of data, as an entry point to the discussion on gender and development, since without measurement we cannot ascertain progress in this area. Second, the chapter utilises some of the core areas of social development to explore the underlying issues that plague progress in the arena of gender equality, through an engagement with some of the MDG’s and to a lesser extent the SDG’s. Finally the chapter briefly engages with the funding and resourcing of gender equality work, since real dedication to development in the field of gender is evidenced by financial and resource commitment. Progress on gender equality to facilitate social development can only be achieved through adequate resourcing and funding. Due to space limitations it is not possible to cover, all social development matters; rather only those development issues that help me illustrate some key points will be extracted and discussed.

- by Shahana Rasool
- •
- Domestic Violence, Violence, Millenium Development Goals, HIV/AIDS

The increasing stress on freshwater resources brought about by ever rising demand and profligate use, as well as growing pollution worldwide, is of serious concern. Water, apart from being absolutely essential for life, is also the most common, widely distributed and most useful liquid on earth. To achieve the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) target, Nigeria must increase the access to improved drinking water to its rural population by 33%. Packaged and bottled water businesses in Nigeria suffer from various social challenges such as littering or environmental pollution, integrity, quality, inspection or business feasibility concerns and inefficacy of government regulatory bodies. The aim of this paper is to examine and discuss Social Impacts of Packaged and Bottled Water Businesses in Nigeria and to extend the existing literature on Social Impacts of Packaged and Bottled Water Businesses in Nigeria. For this extensive review literatures in the Water Business field was done. The result shows that the social impacts of packaged and bottled water businesses identified in this work were as follows: it engages both male and female members of the society; offers employment; provides income; improves standard of living; reduces crimes; provides more access and availability of water; provides a low-cost and hygienic drinking water; also a medium of achieving the MDGs. These all impact Nigerian social and business environment.

- by BELLO SANI BELLO and +1
- •
- Nigerian Literature, Business, Management, Business Ethics

ABSTRACT: This policy brief and public policy assessment paper focuses on the Anambra State Integrated Development Strategy (ANIDS) - a novel, homegrown public policy and governance template and its trajectory and developmental... more

Determining whether a slum prevention or upgrading initiative has been successful depends on expectation and what the goals of the initiative are. The recent reviewing of some of the poverty alleviation initiatives is a clear indicator that the current governance of Botswana is determined in improving its people’s lives. Provision of urban services like water, sanitation, and access to housing also indicate that the government accepts urbanization. Generally, as adequate policies are implemented and the local economy grows slums gradually disappear as residents invest in their homes and upgrade them over time. The shack slowly becomes a house, and the slum becomes a decent suburb. How quickly this process happens depends largely on how fast a city’s economy grows and how effective the urban policies are. It must also be understood that turning a poor, informal settlement into an integrated city and establishing the necessary linkages into the economy can take years. Therefore, with a growing economy, the government should be commitment to slum prevention and upgrading, and with the community dedication, the slum will gradually transform into a suburb.

Water is an essential resource for life and good health. It is the most common, most widely distributed and most useful liquid on earth. It is the most precious natural resource that exists on our planet. As with most developing countries, access to safe water is a major challenge in Nigeria. Ground water and pipe borne (tap) water are the major sources of drinking water. These sources are said to be unsafe. Packaged and bottled water businesses in Nigeria are hindered by various challenges such as epileptic power supply, distribution problems, air and environmental pollution, integrity, or business feasibility concerns and inefficacy of government regulatory bodies etc. The aim of this research paper is to examine and discuss the hindrances to Packaged and Bottled Water Businesses in Nigeria with a view of identifying the hindrances and to extend the existing literature on hindrances to Packaged and Bottled Water Businesses in Nigeria. The main sources of data were journals, conference / seminar / text books, newspapers, and the internet sources etc., which were used to review literatures in the water business field. The result shows and discusses the hindrances affecting the packaged and bottled water businesses in Nigeria's business environment.

- by BELLO SANI BELLO and +1
- •
- Nigerian Literature, Business, Management, Business Ethics

This paper reviews progress in the Millennium Development Goals for water, sanitation and “significantly improving the lives of slum dwellers.” It describes how the achievements to date in these three areas are actually much less than what is reported – and how deficiencies in data collected contribute to a considerable exaggeration of progress.

- by David Satterthwaite
- •
- Water, Slums Studies, MDGs, Water and Sanitation

SEMARANG 2015 BAB I PENDAHULUAN A. Latar belakang Kehidupan yang layak dan kesejahteraan penduduk merupakan tujuan dari pembangunan di setiap negara, agar keadaan bumi yang aman, makmur, dan sejahtera dapat tercapai. Untuk mewujudkan semua itu, pada Konferensi Tingkat Tinggi (KTT) Milenium Perserikatan Bangsa-bangsa (PBB) bulan September 2000, sebanyak 189 negara anggota PBB yang diwakili oleh kepala negara dan kepala pemerintahan sepakat untuk melahirkan sebuah deklarasi Millenium Development Goals (MDGs) atau dalam bahasa Indonesia dikenal sebagai Tujuan Pembagunan Millenium. Deklarasi itu berdasarkan pendekatan yang inklusif, dan berpijak pada perhatian bagi pemenuhan hak-hak dasar manusia. (Adisasmito, 2008).

In this article attempts has been made to show the achievement of MDG goal 4 in Bangladesh and that is reduction of child mortality rate. Child mortality refers to the death of infants and children under the age of five. About 25,000 young children die every day, mainly from preventable causes. In developing countries, one child in every10 dies before its fifth birthday, compared to 1 in every143 in high-income countries. According to an estimate by UNICEF, one million child deaths could be prevented annually at a cost of $US 1 billion per year. Reduction of child mortality is the fourth of the United Nations’ Millennium Development Goals. The objective of the study is to know how far Bangladesh could achieve “MDG Goal 4” of reducing under-five mortality by examining different variables affecting child mortality. The study has done on the basis of secondary data which were collected from different data sources, reports, journals and published literature. So far Bangladesh could achieve the rate more than the expected target. For this reason, Bangladesh has to continue this pace towards reducing the child mortality.

This paper presents a case study of the good governance of the Philippine Association of Extension Program Implementers or PAEPI, a non-government organization (NGO) in monitoring United Nations (UN) Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) which includes various programs that includes disaster preparedness and mitigation programs . This also resulted in coming up with the policy guidelines and criteria on PAEPI awards for its members who contributed to MDGs accomplishments in terms of their individual or collective actual implementation of extension services delivery on the ground. This paper highlights best approaches to extension by the PAEPI thru successful partnerships involving various sectors which successfully targets the poorest of the poor or the most marginalized. The MDGs are integrated in the PAEPI Extension Programs based on the needs of the community and based on any of the following areas of developmental concerns namely: Socio-Welfare Development, Socio-Economic Development, Infrastructure Development and Environmental Development. These are conducted by the PAEPI members through training; technical assistance and advisory services; communication and information services; and community outreach activities, that have impact on the institution, region and national development and productivity of the society with social benefits through the accomplishments of the MDGs. This paper also shares information about Extension: its legal mandate, its Association (PAEPI), its definition, its program preparation and enrichment. The paper also presents how PAEPI monitors and evaluates the accomplishment of MDGs The paper ends with relevant concluding remarks and recommendation specifically for the youth participation and the expedient implementation of MDG Number 8 by PAEPI. The PowerPoint presentation is photo documentation proofs that show various activities in addressing the MDGs towards ASEAN 2015 integration with youth as the implementing arm.

Tourism is an important industry in many developing countries. It helps to ensure sustainable development and achievement of Millennium development Goals (MDGs). In the past few decades, the issue of how to minimize the negative effects of tourism on natural and cultural environments and maximize its positive effects on economic development has been a major topic for tourism researchers and practitioners. Successful tourism-related policies not only can deliver economic benefits to communities, regions, and countries, but also can facilitate their sustainable economic, environmental, and cultural development. Within this context, it is important for policy-makers to incorporate sustainable initiatives into tourism-related policy making. The question of how policy-makers can incorporate sustainable initiatives into tourism-related policy making in a way that will allow them to develop implementable policies and achieve sustainable tourism is, however, not a simple question to answer. In this paper, we examine the benefits of tourism dynamics to regional development and conclude on its potentials in transforming the rural poor's life. Tourism industry is a veritable tool for poverty alleviation, attainment of the millennium goals (MDGs), and sustainable development (Olorunfemi & Raheem 2008). This paper is therefore motivated by the Millennium development goals (MDGs) and the Kenya vision 2030 which aim to eradicate poverty and hunger through sustainable development. This study therefore aim at contributing to this area by investigating how sustainable tourism development through system dynamics approach could reduce poverty and hunger and ensure that there is even development in Kenya. ©Emerging Academy Resources

Given that the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) expire this year, there is no better time to reflect and critical evaluate their impact on global development. The MDGs do not formally make mention of sexual and reproductive health (SRH) not until 2007, six years into the MDG era. The idea of SRH and reproductive rights was introduced in 1994 at the International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD). In practice, SRH concept is seen to be central to the general well-being of all peoples. Unlike the ICPD, the MDGs do not formally target SRH comprehensively. The sector-specific paradigm in which the MDGs were predicated steered the pursuit of these goals away from multi-sectorality in programme planning and implementation at the national level giving rise to vertical programming.
Hence, the MDGs might have created a dichotomy between HIV and SRH both by the adoption of a narrow vision of SRH only as maternal health and of HIV. This might have impacted negatively on the delivery and uptake of both HIV services and the broader SRH services in practice. While certain areas of SRH like HIV and maternal care have undoubtedly received increased funding, the opposite is the case for the other areas like contraception. In fact from 2000-2007, aid for family planning actually plummeted in proportional and absolute terms in spite of its centrality in preserving SRH of all peoples. It could be concluded that aid for broader SRH services declined in the MDG era at the expense of increases in that for HIV and maternal health. As we await the advent of the sustainable development goals, the right-based approach to comprehensive SRH services must be re-espoused for a lasting impact especially in resource poor settings.

It is based on semi-structured interviews with stakeholders involved in various capacities with the program -including district health office staff, staff of health centers and local civil society organizations, and local communities -conducted during a field visit to Aceh between September 19 and October 9, 2011. After an introduction, the report analyzes the contextual factors that provided the rationale for the project and that also affected implementation. The report then describes the design of the PBI scheme, analyzing strengths and weaknesses of the approach. It concludes with a brief discussion of the strengths to build on for the next iteration of PBI in Aceh.

This paper discusses one of the issues that are at the heart of
the debate on development: whether the Millennium Development
Goals (MDGs) will be achieved or not. The first part touches on
the framework of the MDGs and has an overview of their not
optimistic performance. The second section addresses the gaps
and incoherence at national level that are playing a major role
for slowing down the MDGs’ attainment. In the third part, the
focus is on the other side of the coin: the politics at
international level, which influences on the MDGs, with special
emphasis on the failed promises and the role of international
organisations. The fourth part is a discussion of one of the
contemporary thinking on development theory: concepts such as
‘poverty trap’, ‘big push’ and ‘take off’, which have been proposed
by Jeffrey Sachs are analysed in the context of the MDGs in
developing countries.

Puji syukur ke hadirat Allah SWT atas segala limpahan rahmat, taufiq, hidayah-Nya sehingga penulis dapat menyelesaikan makalah dengan judul "Pencapaian Indonesia pada MDGs Target 1 Memberantas Kemiskinan dan Kelaparan Ekstrem" dengan lancar. Selama proses penulisan penulis banyak mendapatkan bantuan dari pihak-pihak lain sehingga makalah ini dapat terselesaikan dengan optimal. Sehingga pada kesempatan ini penulis ingin menyampaikan terima kasih banyak kepada semua pihak yang telah membantu dalam penyelesaian makalah ini yaitu: 1. Dr. Ir. Eko Budi Santoso, Lic.rer.reg, Vely Kukinul Siswanto, ST, MT, MSc. dan Ajeng Nugrahaning Dewanti, ST, MT, MSc. sebagai dosen pengampu mata kuliah Perencanaan Wilayah yang telah memberikan ilmu yang sangat bermanfaat. 2. Orang tua yang selalu memberikan motivasi.

Biotechnological intervention in the development of crops has opened new vistas in agriculture. Central to the accomplishment of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), biotech-agriculture is essential in meeting these targets. Biotech crops have already made modest contributions toward ensuring food and nutrition security by reducing losses and increasing productivity, with less pesticide input. These crops could help address some of the major challenges in agriculture-based economies created by climate change. Projections of global climate change expect the concentration of greenhouse gases to increase, aridization of the environment to increase, temperature fluctuations to occur sharply and frequently, and spatial and temporal distribution of rainfall to be disturbed—all of which will increase abiotic stress-related challenges to crops. Countering these challenges and to meet the food requirement of the ever-increasing world population (expected to reach 9 billion by 2030) we need to (1) develop and use biotech crops for mitigating adverse climatic changes; (2) develop biotech crops resilient to adverse environmental conditions; and (3) address the issues/non-issues raised by NGO’s and educate the masses about the benefits of biotech crops.

Why has Pakistan failed in achieving the targets of the second Millennium Development Goal? Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)-a landmark in the history of the United Nations (UN)-were adopted in the Millennium Summit in September 2000, by 189 member states and 23 International Organizations. The universal primary education, along with seven other important goals, was to be achieved through global partnership by 2015.Being a member of the UN, in order to improve lives of the poor people of the country, Pakistan also vowed its commitment in adopting and achieving the MDGs. At the outset of the new millennium, the plight of education especially at primary level in Pakistan was pitiable. It was one of those nations where a large number of children were out of school, and dropout rate was alarming. Thus, Pakistan pledged to achieve the targets of the second MDG-all children including boys and girls will be enrolled in schools, and completion of their primary education will be ensured by 2015. However, in spite of several positive signs, all three indicators show that because of both policy formulation and implementation, Pakistan failed in achieving the targets of the second MDG. Recent studies show that almost 25 million children between 5 and 16 year of age are out of school. According to the studies, fewer girls as compared to boys are going school. Analysis of the available archival data-assessment reports, review reports, analysis reports, research papers, newspaper articles and other documentsshows that medium of education, multiplicity of education system, gender discrimination, meager allocation of funds, lack of infrastructure, War on Terror, economic poverty, corruption, lack of timely available data and reporting, and teacher appointment, training and performance assessment, are Pakistan Vision Vol. 18 No. 2 180 the challenging hurdles in the way of achieving the desired results of the second MDG.

Cameroon (officially regarded as the Republic of Cameroon) is a country with vast natural
resources and a population of 22.8 million people. It is also culturally and geographically very diverse. Due to its
geographical and cultural diversity, Cameroon is often referred to as “Africa in miniature.” This country is currently
considered as a lower middle-income country by the World Bank through social indicators and levels of poverty, which
are below those for comparing countries. However, the Government of Cameroon aims to achieve a state of higher
middle-income by 2035. There exists a huge potential for economic growth and poverty reduction in Cameroon. Indeed,
over the last decade, the country has been characterized by a positive economic growth, spurred by large public investments
in infrastructure. However, to attain the higher middle-income status by 2035, growth needs to accelerate further.
As the public sector alone cannot bring this about, much more private investments are necessary. Doing so also requires
improvements in the business environment.

We need a new social contract whereby food is considered a commons and nutrition a public good, a necessary narrative to develop universal food coverage schemes at national level similar to those of health and education. The supply/demand rules will never get rid of hunger in the world as aspired by the post-2015 yet-to-be agreement, since the market does not have any incentive to provide food access to those who do not have money to pay for an essential resource. Re-commoning food would imply that hunger eradication would not solely be the State’s duty, as social enterprises and local communities should also live up to their obligations (food citizens instead of food customers).

- by Jose Luis Vivero Pol
- •
- Rural Sociology, Nutrition, Public Health Nutrition, Commons

This paper addresses three points. The first is the growing convergence between human rights and development thinking along several dimensions. The second looks at continued areas of difference or divergence, and outstanding or open questions. Are these areas of conflict or are they valuable complementarities? And, lastly, where are we with MDGs “on the ground”? What is the outlook for 2015 and beyond? And what can the dialogue between human rights and development contribute to furthering progress on MDGs?

- by Otaviano Canuto
- •
- Human Rights, Millenium Development Goals, Gender Equality, Empowerment

The study reveals the problems and setbacks plaguing the health sector in the North West region with emphasis to infant mortality and maternal health. The health sector like other sectors is divided into a relatively backward rural sector with infrastructural problems geographic and economic problems that limits access to women, children and the sick in general and a relatively developed urban health sector where units are owned by the private and public sectors. Poverty, ignorance, cultural and religious beliefs have been identified among the reasons that limit effective implementation of health programmes even where infrastructure is available. Cultural and religious beliefs including the attitude of men towards family planning discourages full participation by women. But a salient reality about participation has been hampered by exclusion of men from sensitisation because the programmes are only meant for pregnant women: and only those who attend clinics in particular. Thus no mechanism has been developed to educate men and school children who would be future parents to allow them get acquainted with family planning programmes. As a result most men view the concept of family planning as something imposed by government to reduce population which is highly seen as an economic resource in both urban and rural settings. Even though the North West region has been commended among regions which have meet the national targets for reducing infant mortality and maternal health problems, this study views official statistics with contempt and unrealistic to field work evidence in rural and urban areas. The argument projected by this study is that official statistics have been limited to areas where women and infants have access or are financially empowered to attend clinical consultations. These statistics could be reflection of reality if most of the women and children clustered in urban and rural areas have direct access to health units. On the contrary most rural women have no access to healthcare units as a result of environmental and socioeconomic difficulties championed by rural poverty caused by inadequate resources that yield income. The present study draws a vast dichotomy between theory and realities on the field. Thus though official statistics indicate successes for the North West region problems exist that must be tackled through official interventions which could help in increasing access to urban and rural women and children.

Abstract: Ludhiana, the industrial hub of Punjab, North India, attracts a large number of migrants, many of whom face a range of exclusions. This study was undertaken to gather information on the availability of civic amenities relevant to Millennium Development Goal 7, including water supply, sanitation, drainage, electrical connections, and the condition of migrants' housing. Thirty slum settlements, 15 notified and 15 non-notified, were randomly selected for the study, and 3,947 newer migrant households were purposively sampled and surveyed. More than a third of the surveyed households had no in-house piped water supply, over half still relied on open defecation, 40 per cent lacked metered electricity connections, and only 43 per cent had closed drains. The situation was much better for those in notified as compared to non-notified slums or open spaces. A relatively high proportion resided in higher-quality pucca houses, but this appears to have been due to their status as tenants, renting rooms from more established home owners.

- by Paramita Sengupta and +1
- •
- Labor Migration, Migration Studies, Migrant workers, Slums Studies

Hunger is needlessly killing millions of our fellow humans, including 2.6 million young children every year. It condemns many others to life-long exposure to illness and social exclusion. This paper argues that a binding Food Treaty would create an appropriate framework to work together towards a food secure world. The eradication of hunger no later than 2025 would be the main objective, and fighting against obesity could also be considered. Within the treaty framework, those governments that are genuinely determined to end hunger (a coalition of the willing) could commit themselves to mutually-agreed binding goals, strategies and predictable funding. The paper presents the rationale to substantiate the treaty, as well as objectives, provisions and a possible route map for the process. This path shall involve civil society participation and include a Global Anti-Hunger Campaign during the negotiation process and beyond to build a strong constituency of public support for hunger eradication.

- by Jose Luis Vivero Pol
- •
- Islamic Law, International Relations, Development Studies, Corporate Law

Tahun 1994 adalah kali pertama pemerintah Indonesia secara formal turut campur dalam pengiriman tenaga kerja ke luar negeri. Mayoritas tenaga kerja adalah adalah perempuan, yang datang dari desa-desa dan pelosok Indonesia. Kemiskinan adalah alasan utama. Permasalahan utama adalah minimnya aset yang dimiliki oleh keluarga miskin untuk dikelola dan akses terhadap sumberdaya.

- by Sinau Academy
- •
- Political Economy, Environmental Law, Human Rights Law, International Law

Global hunger statistics, portraying a world that is progressing remarkably, serve to justify the dominant economic ideology (productivism, neoliberalism and privatization of resources). This text provides a careful examination of those data (undernourishment and chronic malnutrition), revealing caveats and biased interpretations. The world is not doing so well under the market-driven industrial food system and the MDG1 on hunger was clearly not achieved. The supply/demand rules will never get rid of hunger, as preached by the post-2015 Sustainable Development Goals, since the market does not have incentives to provide food to those who do not have money to pay for such essential resource. We need a paradigm shift and social contract whereby food is considered a commons and nutrition a public good. The food commons are about equity, cooperation, resilience and direct democracy from local to global. This text provides normative and practical elements to navigate to transition towards sustainability that is actually happen in many rural customary societies and urban civic collective actions for food. We all have to re-claim our role as food citizens and not just as food customers.

- by Jose Luis Vivero Pol
- •
- Rural Sociology, Development Studies, International Development, Commons

La Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL) publicó recientemente un comunicado donde se resumen los avances de la región sobre los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio (ODM) y se hace referencia a la reciente publicación del Informe de 2015 sobre los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio. El informe reconoce que se han alcanzado logros significativos en gran parte de las metas, sin embargo "el progreso ha sido desigual a través de las regiones y los países, dejando enormes brechas. Millones de personas siguen desamparadas, en particular los más pobres y los desfavorecidos debido a su sexo, edad, discapacidad, etnia o ubicación geográfica". Los ODM tenían como objetivo reducir desigualdades de género, promover la educación, salud y sostenibilidad del medio ambiente, así como reducir la pobreza monetaria extrema y fomentar la colaboración internacional para conseguir estas metas.

- by Gibrán Cruz-Martínez
- •
- Latin American Studies, Latin American politics, Pobreza, Latin America

Os ODM abrem a possibilidade de um terceiro debate no pleito presidencial de 2014, cujo debate se concentra em agregados macroeconômicos (“PIBinho”, inflação, emprego), relegando a especialistas incipientes debates sobre política externa (Mercosul, BRICS, EUA, União Europeia). As três principais candidaturas estão diretamente implicadas. Nenhuma pode reclamar para si, exclusivamente, os louros.

Food security policy in Indonesia is designed to fulfil basic human necessities which provide fair, equal and sustainable benefits based on the concepts of food resilience, self-sufficiency and food security. BULOG procures rice for the implementation of the RASKIN programme, a social safety net programme for poor and vulnerable sections of the society. In this chapter, product specific support to rice is calculated for the period 2010-2014. It shows that Indonesia is at the risk of breaching the de minimis limit in near future. This could have serious adverse implications for the operation of BULOG for the implementation of the RASKIN programme.

- by Sachin Kumar Sharma
- •
- Food Security and Insecurity, Indonesia, WTO Trade Topics, Food Security

This chapter gives an overview of food security situation in selected developing countries. Various indicators of food insecurity in developing countries are discussed and analysed. It highlights the importance of agriculture sector and need for government intervention in the form of price support and public distribution policies to fight against hunger, undernourishment, food insecurity and poverty.

The purpose of this evaluation is to find out the effectiveness of implementating the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) in education aspect at Kuningan Regency, West Java. Evaluation models used are context, input, process and product (CIPP). Data were obtained through interviews, questionnaires and documents. The results of the evaluation on the aspects: (1) context, local governments follow up with local policies, (2) inputs, the implementation of the guidelines does not have a strong force of law, (3) process, increasing the access to school for the people's, and (4) product, increasing enrolment in primary education. Increasing effectiveness can be done with a stronger regional policies, monitoring, coordination of bureaucratic structure, socializing the concept of MDGs to implementator and developing peopel's perception on education.

An MDG provincial profile of the Copperbelt province in Zambia.

Nakuba omupiira "Nakuba omupiira," Tiimu yakoba.

- by Cornelius W Gulere
- •
- Education, Football (soccer), Early Childhood Education, Uganda

"In the past two decades, there has been a growing engagement between development and human rights practitioners and thinkers. But are participants in this dialogue still mainly talking past each other? Or has there been valuable
cross-fertilization and learning—the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) themselves being a fruit of this convergence? This note addresses three points. The first point is the growing convergence between human rights and development thinking along several dimensions, particularly on social and economic rights. The second point is a consideration of the continuing areas of difference or divergence and of outstanding or open questions. Are these areas of conflict or are they valuable complementarities? The third point asks where are we with MDGs on the ground, and what can the dialogue between human rights and development contribute to furthering progress on MDGs?"

- by Otaviano Canuto
- •
- Human Rights, Millenium Development Goals, Gender Equality, Empowerment

According to the most recent estimates, 842,000 deaths in low- to middle-income countries were attributable to inadequate water, sanitation and hygiene in 2012. Despite billions of dollars and decades of effort, we still lack a sound understanding of which kinds of WASH
interventions are most effective in improving public health outcomes, and an important corollary–whether the right things are being measured. The World Health Organization (WHO) has made a concerted effort to compile comprehensive data on drinking water quality and sanitation in the developing world. A recent 2014 report provides information
on three phenotypes (responses): Unsafe Water Deaths, Unsafe Sanitation Deaths, Unsafe Hygiene Deaths; two grouped phenotypes: Unsafe Water and Sanitation Deaths and Unsafe Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Deaths; and six explanatory variables (predictors):
Improved Sanitation, Unimproved Water Source, Piped Water To Premises, Other Improved Water Source, Filtered and Bottled Water in the Household and Handwashing.
Methods and Findings
Regression analyses were performed to identify statistically significant associations between these mortality responses and predictors. Good fitted-model performance required: (1) the use of population-normalized death fractions as opposed to number of deaths; (2) transformed response (logit or power); and (3) square-root predictor transformation.
Given the complexity and heterogeneity of the relationships and countries being studied, these models exhibited remarkable performance and explained, for example, about 85% of the observed variance in population-normalized Unsafe Sanitation Death fraction,
with a high F-statistic and highly statistically significant predictor p-values. Similar performance was found for all other responses, which was an unexpected result (the expected associations between responses and predictors–i.e., water-related with water-related, etc. did not occur). The set of statistically significant predictors remains the same across all
responses. That is, Unsafe Water Source (UWS), Improved Sanitation (IS) and Filtered and Bottled Water in the Household (FBH) were the only statistically significant predictors whether the response was Unsafe Sanitation Death Fraction, Unsafe Hygiene Death
Fraction or Unsafe Water Death Fraction. Moreover, the fraction of variance explained for all fitted models remained relatively high (adjusted R2 ranges from 0.7605 to 0.8533). We find that two of the statistically significant predictors–Improved Sanitation and Unimproved Water Sources–are particularly influential. We also find that some predictors
(Piped Water to Premises, Other Improved Water Sources) have very little explanatory power for predicting mortality and one (Other Improved Water Sources) has a counterintuitive effect on response (Unsafe Sanitary Death Fraction increases with increases in OIWS) and one predictor (Hand Washing) to have essentially no explanatory usefulness.
Conclusions
Our results suggest that a higher priority may need to be given to improved sanitation than has been the case. Nevertheless, while our focus in this paper is mortality, morbidity is a staggering consequence of inadequate water, sanitation and hygiene, and lower impact on
mortality may not mean a similarly low impact on morbidity. More specifically, those predictors that we found uninfluential for predicting mortality-related responses may indeed be important when morbidity is the response.

- by Erica Schoenberger
- •
- Water, Water quality, Water and wastewater treatment, Public Health

Provides a sketch of Bangladesh’s socio-economic performance in the light of the UN’s Millennium Development Goals. After providing some background on these goals and on Bangladesh, this article considers trends in the incidence of poverty and hunger in Bangladesh, access to education and gender equality in Bangladesh, child mortality and maternal health, the incidence of important diseases in Bangladesh and Bangladesh’s progress in achieving environmental sustainability, particularly in relation to its use and development of its energy resources. In addition, Bangladesh’s involvement in global partnerships providing financial and other assistance to it are considered.

- by Clement Tisdell
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- Socioeconomics, Education, Poverty, Millenium Development Goals

This report seeks to evaluate the success of one of the Millennium Development Goals (MDG) through a project run by the Department for International Development (DFID). DFID is a governmental organisation that combines charities to support international growth (DFID, 2015). This report shall contextualise poverty within India, situating the first MDG and highlight the issues in India prior to the implementation of the programme by DFID. Next, this report shall evaluate the successfulness of the programme, addressing the support giving by DFID, the challenges the programme faced as well as evaluate its success. Finally, this piece of writing shall address any risks the programme may have encountered and provide any recommendations for future progression.

The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), a common set of development targets that have influenced the priorities of many governments, donor, development agencies and other development stakeholders were adopted by 189 world leaders from rich and poor countries, as part of the Millennium Declaration which was signed in 2000. There is a flurry of stakeholder discussions and consultations towards establishing a new set of goals to replace the MDGS as the 15 years period set for this global development vision elapses by the close of 2015. There is significant global disparity in the achievement of these goals with countries in Sub Saharan countries recording low in most evaluations and surveys. This has been partly due to the fact that these broad international policy agendas have not been fully translated into concrete actions tied to regional and national realities in the different target sectors that are drivers of global development including environmental sustainability. In most of the discussions geared towards arriving at proposals that would inform the post-2015 agenda, there have been calls for more obligations on rich countries in areas such as climate change and resource consumption. In this investigative paper, the water sector is considered given that its importance to the ecosystem and human health cannot be over emphasized. It is observed that six out of the eight MDGs are directly or indirectly hinged on the availability of water and the factors that affect its availability including climate change and population growth as depicted in table 1 below, adapted from a UN 2006 report. However, at eave of the deadline of the MDGs, renowned global reports on the evaluation of targets in this sector have been overly stated, given that access to the resources continues to fall especially in Sub Saharan Africa.