Archaeology of Cyrenaica Research Papers (original) (raw)

Excavations conducted by the Society for Libyan Studies since 1999 at the Greek city of Euesperides (Benghazi, Libya), directed by Paul Bennett, Ahmed Buzaian and Andrew Wilson, have been investigating evidence for purple dye production from Murex trunculus shellfish. Numerous spreads of crushed shell waste have been recorded, and one of these has been excavated. Two phases of dye production activity were revealed, both dating to the first half of the third century B.C. Dye preparation had taken place over large mud brick hearth surfaces in the courtyard of a former house. There was little trace of permanent infrastructure apart from the hearth surfaces, and the archaeologically diagnostic features of this production are large deposits of crushed Murex shell and ash. It is likely that the dyestuff was heated in portable vessels (probably metal) mounted on stands or tripods over the hearths; the crushed shell was dumped among the embers of the fires afterwards. No built vats or tanks were found.
Studies on the shell species and breakage patterns by Estíbaliz Tébar Megías provide insights into the methods used for collecting and preparing the Murex shells, and forms the basis for a preliminary quantification of production. It is likely that the manufacture of purple dye at Euesperides was linked also to wool production; and that wool or textiles were among the goods exported in return for the large amount of imported trade goods found at the site.

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- Archaeology, Classical Archaeology, Classics, History of Textiles

Article in Swedish giving an general overview of the history of Greek Cyrene and Cyrenaica.

In the history of studies the renowned Palazzo delle Colonne at Ptolemais (Cyrenaica) has always been
investigated mostly looking at its architecture since it represents a crucial example in order to better
understand the less preserved monuments of the Hellenistic Alexandria. With this paper a wider overview of
the dwelling is proposed, focusing also on less known aspects of its decoration such as mosaics, opera sectilia
and paintings. The analysis takes into account the changes the building underwent during its history and the
parallels with the other residential complexes of the city.

Acknowledgements, Copyright and The Archives; Preface:; Introduction and Architectural Terms; CHAPTER I: PREVIOUS EXPLORATIONS; CHAPTER II: ROWE' S NECROPOLIS STUDIES: Tomb Studies: Northern; Eastern; Southern; CHAPTER III: ROWE' S NECROPOLIS EXCAVATION:Tomb Studies: Rock-cut Tombs N. 83 Area; Rock-cut Tombs N. 82 Area; Rock-cut Tombs N. 81 Area; CHAPTER IV: ROCKCUT TOMB MORPHOLOGY: Rock-cut Tombs; CHAPTER V: BUILT TOMB MORPHOLOGY: Rectangular Built Tombs; Square Built Tombs; Circular Built Tombs; Sarcophagi; Furnishings; CHAPTER VI: DISCUSSION: Cyrenaica and Marmarica; Eastern Greeks; Greek Islands; Mainland Greece; Western Greeks; Conclusion; CHAPTER VII: CATALOGUE OF BURIAL ACCOUTREMENTS: Architectural Elements; Burial Furniture; Burial Monuments; Burial Practice; List of Photographic Sources; Abbreviations; Bibliography; The Catalogue of Artifacts, with its Abbreviations and Bibliography, appears separately.

This paper deals with the House of Leukaktios, which has been discovered during Polish excavations at Ptolemais, Libya, in 2001 2007. The house has almost completely preserved mosaic pavements and the plan of Graeco-Roman type with an open central court (atrium), acting as the focal point around which the rooms were arranged. The name of one of the last owners, Leukaktios, is written twice on the mosaics in the atrium and in the triclinium. The author proposes the identification of several rooms. Room 1, a triclinium, has a mosaic with the characteristic U-shaped geometric frame around a central figural panel that depicts a personification of Victory or Nike. Room 14 is identified as an andron/triclinium with a similar U-shaped version lay out of the mosaic pavement. Room 9, which is situated in front of the andron/triclinium, could be interpreted as a gyneceum. The central panel which represents Dionysos and sleeping Ariadna has a parallel from the House of Dionysos in Cyrene, where the mosaic bears a rare Greek inscription dedicated to a woman.
Room 4 is identified as a reception hall. The mosaics are homogeneous in style and belong to the last phase of the building between AD 215 and 225.

This short report summarises the principal results of excavations by The Society for Libyan Studies at the site of the Greek city of Euesperides (Sidi Abeid/Es-Selmani, Benghazi) between 1999 and 2006. The excavations confirmed occupation of the site from the period c. 580–560 BC down to the mid third century BC when the site was abruptly abandoned, apparently after the city's destruction in the civil strife that engulfed Cyrenaica after the death of Magas. No more than eleven years before the abandonment, there is evidence for destruction by earthquake, followed by rebuilding. Throughout the site there is abundant debris from the production of purple dye from the Murex trunculus shellfish, and the city's ceramic assemblages show a wide range of long-distance trading contacts with both the Greek Aegean and the Punic world.

- by Andrew Wilson
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- History, Ancient History, Archaeology, Classical Archaeology

During the imperial period the private buildings of
Cyrene show many kinds of coloured stones often used for
wall and floor veneering. Marble was the most precious
building material, and its use is frequently connected to
an embellishment of representative spaces.
The Jason Magnus domestic complex is the best example
of this phenomenon as it reflects the wealth and élite status
of its owner by means of its decoration. A general outline
on the stones used in the sumptuous floors of the two
main halls had already been traced by Lazzarini in 2004,
but in this study we shall present their plotting and also
their virtual restoration, in two reconstructive plans. This
work has allowed an identification of the employed
stones and a calculation of the frequency each stone occurs.
Moreover, this paper presents two new marble floors
whose remains were identified thanks to new excavations
carried in the House of Jason Magnus during 2009 and
2010 by the authors, in the frame of the Italian Archaeological
Mission at Cyrene directed by M. Luni.
Finally, the poliemblemata scheme of the pavements is
compared to several examples scattered all over the Empire
in a very broad range of time, but it is mainly discussed
in relation with two other Cyrenaican examples
from the cities of Ptolemais and Berenike that all date to
the III century AD.

The first part of this contribution, by the President of the Department of Antiquities of Libya (DoA), presents the important recovery of a female portrait head, found at Apollonia during excavations conducted between 1921 and 1923 by the then Superintendent of Antiquities of Cyrenaica, Ettore Ghislanzoni. The piece was conserved in the local museum and mysteriously disappeared in 1942, during the Second World War. It was then rediscovered in 1967 near Kaiserwaldsiedlung, in Austria, and held in the Universalmuseum Joanneum of Graz. Thanks to the commitment of the DoA and the Libyan authorities, the head was returned to Libya during an official ceremony on the 4 March 1921 in the Libyan Embassy in Vienna and today is once more in the Museum of Apollonia. The second part concentrates on a detailed analysis of the portrait head. The hairstyle, formal characteristics and comparable examples enable the work to be placed chronologically in the middle Antonine period (160-180 AD). Since a copy of this head, found at the same site (which the excavators interpreted as a stonecutter’s workshop) is held in the Museum of Cyrene, it is presumed that the woman depicted was a renowned member of the élite of Apollonia, if not of nearby Cyrene, honoured with two portraits in recognition of her benefactions to the community. We do not know where they would originally have been displayed although one possibility is the Agora and its related buildings, which would have stretched as far as the area where the East Church was later erected.

La Casa di Esichio a Cirene costituisce uno dei complessi residenziali che meglio testimonia le trasformazioni delle forme architettoniche e dei simboli del potere nella Cirenaica tardoantica. Grazie alle iscrizioni e alle figurazioni musive che decorano gli ambulacri del peristilio è stato possibile dentificare
il proprietario dell’edificio in un personaggio di nome Esichio, di fede cristiana, che potrebbe coincidere con una figura storicamente nota, vissuta all’inizio del V secolo. L’analisi della planimetria del complesso e del suo apparato decorativo contribuisce ad ampliare la conoscenza sulle classi dirigenti
della società cirenea al passaggio tra paganesimo e cristianità.

In the course of my research on Cyrenaican funerary sculptures , such as the remarkable 'Mourning Women' and 'Funerary Divinities' and the distinctive local funerary portraits, I realised to my dismay that a large part of this archaeological material has been or is currently on sale on the international art market. The number of sales of these sculptures on the art market demonstrates the extent of looting over the past twenty years in the Greek necropo-leis of Libya. These sales show in particular that the degree of tomb destruction has increased exponentially during the past ten years. This preliminary discussion has three main objectives: 1) to alert and to inform the world about this destruction in order to help end the looting; 2) to describe the operational modes of the illicit trade in antiquities on the art market; and 3) to study and document these sculptures , which are important evidence for understanding the culture and history of ancient Cyrenaica.

- by Morgan Belzic
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- Archaeology of Cyrenaica, Ancient Cyrene History, Traffic, Antiquities Looting

Italian archaeology in Libya: some crucial events.
The political and historical events between Italy and Libya have been continuously
involved with the archaeological researches in this country, since the
earliest documentation of the Italian travellers. The scientific interest for the
Cyrenaican region seems to start quite early, in the XVIIth and the XVIIIth centuries;
however, the first Italian travellers to document scientifically, archaeologically,
anthropologically this region date from the beginning of the XIXth
century. From the middle of the century the expeditions and reports improve
largely and the beginning of the XXth century saw an ‘officialisation’ of an
Italian Mission in Libya. In 1913 the Antiquities of Libya became part of the
Italian Cultural Patrimony and a Service for the Antiquities of Libya, directly
depending from the Italian Ministry of the Colonies, was created. In these
years also the first cartographic and geological surveys and mapping of the region
are attested, as well as urban development, with the introduction of new
architectonic standards. The paper aims to illustrate the main moments and
sites in Cyrenaica involving archaeological and scientific expeditions during
Italian political and military events.

- by Oliva Menozzi
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- Archaeology of Cyrenaica
- by Patrizio Pensabene and +1
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- Archaeology of Cyrenaica, Roman Provincial Archaeology, Roman Archaeology

The mosaic pavements in the House of Leukaktios in Ptolemais (Cyrenaica, Libya), newly discovered - by a Polish team from the University of Warsaw under the direction of T. Mikocki (1954-2007), have shed new light on the decoration of dining rooms in Ptolemais during the Roman period. It seems that in the principal triclinium of this house klinai were arranged in the Greek manner (according to E. Morvillez) and the second room, identified as an andron/triclinium, might have occasionally had klinai placed inside it. The authors propose to compare these
mosaics with pavement mosaics discovered in two others houses in Ptolemais: two in the Palazzo delle Colonne and three in the Roman Villa, both these structures having been excavated and published by Pesce and Kraeling in the 20th century.

- by Marek Titien Olszewski (Marek Tycjan Olszewski) and +1
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- History, Archaeology, Classical Archaeology, Mythology
- by Andrew Wilson
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- History, Ancient History, Archaeology, Classical Archaeology

The multivarious arrangement of mosaic floor pavements in Greek and Roman houses provides us today with clues as to the presumed function of the rooms they decorated. This is something that Pierre Gros recently evoked in his L'architecture romaine, his excellent synthesis of Roman architecture published in Paris in 2001 by Picard. The architectural layout and decoration, especially the mosaic floors, of the given rooms in the House of Leukaktios in Ptolemais have lent support to this idea, contributing to an understanding of specific purpose and function, which can be deemed as very likely.

The subject of this paper is the range of potential mechanisms for travel along the Mediterranean coast, from the western edge of the Nile Delta towards Cyrenaica. More specifically, it is concerned with the ways in which travel along this stretch of coast in the period from c. 1300-1150 BC may have been affected by the presence of Zawiyet Umm el-Rakham, an Egyptian fortress-town 300 km west of the Nile Delta, founded (and probably abandoned) during the reign of Ramesses II.
The problems of transit through the region are examined, especially the nature of the supply-chain for the large Zawiyet Umm el-Rakham garrison, and Egyptian evidence relating to the question of the possible mass-migration along the Marmarican coast of Libyan groups during the Ramesside Period.

- by Steven Snape
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- Archaeology, Egyptology, Egyptian Archaeology, Saharan Archaeology

La question d'histoire grecque pour le concours de l'Agrégation d'histoire propose aux candidats de réfléchir aux relations entre les Grecs et l'Orient de 404 à 200 avant J.-C. Dans cet ouvrage, au-delà de la chronologie et de la nécessaire lecture des Anciens, au-delà de pistes pour la dissertation, de conseils pour aborder les sources et utiliser les outils numériques, le lecteur trouvera, en se fondant sur des textes souvent nouvellement traduits et systématiquement proposés pour lire les faits selon des catégories grecques, une mise en distanciation d'ordre métapolitique, des lignes de force, des perspectives utiles à la compréhension de la question de l'impossible hégémonie en Europe, des ingérences perses dans les affaires grecques - les "Paix du Roi" -, et conséquence de cette dialectique, la conquête d'Alexandre comme achèvement d'une affrontement commencé au temps des guerres médiques. De l'autre côté du miroir d'Hérodote, voici l'Orient découvert par le Xénophon des expéditions des Dix-Mille et d'Agésilas, témoin de la valse des alliances entre Grecs et Barbares, la représentation de l'Orient avant et après la conquête d'Alexandre - une "rhétorique de l'altérité" -, la situation financière et économique des cités grecques d'Asie Mineure de 404 à 200, le monde nouveau au temps des Diadoques et des Épigones, la Cyrénaïque, aux marges de l'hellénisme, la Mésopotamie de 401 à 205, le monde des Séleucides, Antiochos III ...

- by gerbert Bouyssou and +3
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- Hellenistic History, Alexander the Great, Ptolemaic Egyptian History, Archaeology of Cyrenaica

With this contribution we aim to provide the tools for a chronological and stylistic reading of the architectural decoration present in the Late Hellenistic and Imperial houses of Cyrenaica. We have therefore built typological seriations that may be useful for this purpose. Of particular importance is the chronological data offered by the Palazzo delle Colonne at Ptolemais and the House of Jason Magnus at Cyrene. They allowed us to focus on the relationship between Hellenistic traditions of Cyrenaica and new architectural fashions of the Roman Empire, linked to the use of marble.

- by Eleonora Gasparini and +1
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- Archaeology of Cyrenaica, Roman Architecture, Greek and Roman Housing

This paper publishes four inscriptions recently discovered by chance in the Cyrenaican countryside. Nos 1, 2 and 3 are in Greek. No. 1, from a tomb near Mgarnes, is a funerary stele inscribed in verse for a woman whose family was of some importance in the city of Cyrene. No. 2, from the same tomb, is an anthropomorphic stele for another woman, which is discussed on the basis of the dead person's name and the vicinity of the stone to the preceding stele. No. 3, from the middle plateau below Cyrene, is a marble panel with the epitaph of two women named Cornelia, increasing our knowledge of the Cornelii family in Cyrenaica. No. 4, from near Khawlan in the southeast , is a boundary stele in Latin mentioning the boundaries of the province; combining this with the evidence from another such stone from el-Khweimat, close to Gerdes el-Gerrari towards the southeast , also mentioning the provincial boundaries, we are now able to outline the Roman limes in the central part of Djebel Akhdar.

The classification of the Hellenistic coinage of Cyrenaica is for a long time a matter of discussion among numismatists. Some, like E.S.G. Robinson and recently M. Asolati, were studying it as a specific production. However, J. Svoronos, or us, in our publication of the coins from the French excavations in Alexandria, have considered it as a part of the Ptolemaic coinage. The Cyrenaican coins were very rare in Alexandria and it is clear that they were not used there.
The analysis of the types shows in one hand a very strong Ptolemaic influence and, on the other hand, the same evolution in the technical practices (die production, metallic composition). However, most of the time, some subtle transformations on the types and the discrepancy between the weights are indicating that coins from Alexandria and Cyrenaica have a different value.

In the Vth century Cyrenaica underwent the attack of barbarian peoples coming from the Northwest of Africa. In order to manage its defence the squads were scarce, made up of units whose soldiers were defined differently as foreigners and gentiles. The work of Synesius of Cyrene makes a report of such events with the amazing realism of a war testimony.
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En el siglo V la Cirenaica sufrió el ataque de poblaciones bárbaras procedentes del Noroeste africano. Para su defensa contaba con un escaso contingente militar, compuesto por unidades cuyos soldados eran definidos de forma diferenciada como extranjeros y gentiles. La obra de Sinesio de Cirene nos informa de tales acontecimientos con el sorprendente realismo de un testimonio de guerra.
Palabras clave: Cirenaica, Sinesio de Cirene, mácetas, ausurianos, gentiles.

The series was published beginning in 1950 by the Istituto Poligrafico dello Stato with the aim of illustrating Italian archaeological research in Libya and was taken over by the publisher L' Erma di Bretschneider in 1961. The current editorial project resumes this publication, which ceased in 2009. In December 2018, the 21st issue, nr. I of the new series, was published thanks in part to the contribution of the Fondazione MedA - Mediterraneo Antico - onlus, when it was transformed into a journal to guarantee a source of publication of high scientific prestige for scholars interested in the archaeology and history of Libya and the Mergheb. All of the articles, written in one of the main European languages, are provided with an English abstract and, thanks to the collaboration of colleagues from the Department of Antiquities of Libya, each volume is also provided with Arabic abstracts and an illustrated back cover. This new editorial project includes different sections, aimed at broadening interests to more diverse and multidisciplinary subjects, including epigraphy, ancient and colonial history, history of archaeology, history of the territory, archival documentation and digital resources, the management and needs of cultural heritage preservation, current issues, as well as the latest developments within the Libyan political framework. This extension is not limited to single subjects but extends as well to other regions of the Mergheb in the belief of the value of exchange and international cooperation related to common research subjects, not exclusively archaeological in nature.
Anno di Edizione: 2020
Edizione: L'ERMA di BRETSCHNEIDER
Collane:
Quaderni di Archeologia della Libya, 22
ISBN: 9788891319197
Rilegatura: Brossura
Pagine: 234, 100 ill. B/N, 1 ill. Col.
Formato: 21,5 x 28 cm

- by L'ERMA di BRETSCHNEIDER, Publisher and +3
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- Archaeology, Classical Archaeology, Cultural Heritage, Archaeology of Cyrenaica
- by Emilio Rosamilia
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- Greek Epigraphy, Latin Epigraphy, Archaeology of Cyrenaica, Roman Epigraphy
- by Loïc Mazou
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- Archaeology, Maritime History, Mediterranean, Archaeology of Cyrenaica

This article investigates water supply systems in Cyrenaica during both the Greek and Roman periods. Beginning with some general information on water supply systems in Cyrenaica's other cities, it goes on to describe aqueducts and water cisterns recorded during the Cyrene Archaeological Surveys (CAS) around Cyrene in 2015 and 2017. The article explains how water was stored and delivered to the city of Cyrene in antiquity and offers a wider discussion on water distribution in Cyrene in the Greek era and how water supply systems developed through time, moving into the Roman period.

From the 1st century BCE to the 3rd century CE, when Crete and Cyrenaica formed one province, special attention should be paid to the acculturation process as evidenced by the coexisting elements of Roman culture alongside traditional Greek ones. An example of the influence of Rome found in both parts of the Roman province are monuments related to gladiatorial shows.
This paper’s main attempt is to supplement the issue of popularity, extent and duration of Roman Spectacula on Crete discussed in an article published by Amanda Kelly in 2011 with the Libyan part of the Roman province Creta et Cyrene. The gladiatorial context in Cyrenaica consists of remains of buildings where the shows were organized, as well as wall painting, steles and locally produced gladiator-themed terracotta lamps.

- by Maria Jaworska
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- Archaeology of Cyrenaica, Roman Amphitheater, Roman Lamps, Gladiators

Cf. «SEG» 64 (2014), no. 2012.

- by Emilio Rosamilia
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- Greek Epigraphy, Sculpture, Archaeology of Cyrenaica, Ancient Greek History
- by Francisco Diez de Velasco
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- Religion, Iconography, Ancient Greek Religion, Archaeology of Cyrenaica
- by Morgan Belzic
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- Archaeology of Cyrenaica

La monetazione cirenaica d’età greca e romana è una delle più cospicue, durature e interessanti tra quante hanno caratterizzato lo scenario mediterraneo nell’antichità. Purtroppo, gli studi numismatici e archeologici hanno dedicato scarsa attenzione a questa realtà, distratti forse dalle imponenti rovine che connotano il paesaggio della regione, con centri come Cirene, Apollonia, Tolemaide. Questa tendenza assai di recente ha cominciato a invertirsi, grazie soprattutto all’attività di alcune Missioni archeologiche internazionali, già operanti in Libia. Seguendo tale orientamento, questo volume raccoglie i contributi proposti nel corso del V Congresso Internazionale di Numismatica e di Storia Monetaria (Padova, 17-19 marzo 2016), incentrato appunto sul ruolo della monetazione cirenaica antica nel quadro più generale della tradizione greco-romana e al contempo sulla circolazione monetaria nella regione tra il VI secolo a.C. e il VII d.C., senza escludere le fasi di coniazione di matrice islamica. Ne emerge una realtà molto dinamica sotto l’aspetto sia metrologico, sia produttivo, sia iconografico, la quale evolve in relazione a una fitta rete di relazioni e d’interazioni con altre aree del Mediterraneo in epoca greca arcaica, classica ed ellenistica, come in età romana e bizantina.

The early period of the Libyan oasis Siwa, contemporaneous to the Archaic and Classical
ages of Greece, is relatively unknown and not yet sufficiently explored. So, until now it has
only been conjecture that a lively cultural exchange already took place during the seventh
century B.C., while for the sixth century B.C. the application of Greek architectural
knowledge to the building of the oracular temple of Ammon at Siwa can be confirmed.
Nonetheless, the conjecture has always lacked local evidence of religiously motivated
frequentation by Greeks before the fifth century B.C. The gap in our knowledge is about
to be filled by reappraisal of the marble statuette of a reclining ram that was brought by the explorer Gerhard Rohlfs from Siwa to Berlin in 1869. The sculpture is an imported votive offering dating to the end of the sixth century B.C. It can be compared to other pre-Hellenistic evidence of the adoption of Egyptian religious habits and iconographies by Greeks.

- by Veit Vaelske
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- Greek Colonisation, Archaeology of Cyrenaica, Archaic Greek history, Archaic Greece

Les documents épigraphiques relèvent d'une mise en scène de la parole politique : ils donnent à 'voir' avant de donner à 'lire' ; s'ajoute, à l'époque hellénistique, une part d'artificialité et d'affectation.
Cyrène n'échappe pas à cette théâtralisation de la parole politique lorsqu'elle passe sous le contrôle de son voisin égyptien ; nous sont ainsi conservés trois documents témoignant de l'influence lagide sur la vie de la cité : le diagramma du diadoque Ptolémée (SEG 9, 1), le testament de Ptolémée VIII Evergète II (SEG 9, 7) et des prostagmata de Ptolémée IX Sôtèr II (SEG IX, 5), qui s'étendant de la haute à la basse époque hellénistique. La diversité de ces trois documents permet une réflexion nuancée sur ces documents administratifs particuliers : de la nature des décisions transcrites, de la date et des objectifs de la publication, mais également de al anture des relations entre la cité et le roi, dépend le mode de publication choisi par la cité.

- by Oliva Menozzi
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- Archaeology of Cyrenaica
- by François Chevrollier
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- Roman History, Prosopography, Greek Epigraphy, Funerary Archaeology

In this paper the attention has been focused on the archaeometric analyses of the copper and bronze coins struck in Cyrenaica or by the Mint of Rome for use in Cyrenaica during the Roman imperial period. First, all samples were preliminarily analyzed by non-destructive XRF (EDXRF, SpectroX-labPro) to obtain preliminary information about the alloy; then, using SEM-EDS (Leica Cambridge Stereoscan 440 coupled to Edax FALCON FEI) on a small abraded portion of each coins (1 mm2) more detailed microanalyses were performed. In addition, some representative samples were selected for metallographic investigation using reflected-light microscopy (Leica DM 100) and SEM-EDS analyses. This metallurgical approach allowed to shed light on the Cyrenaican Provincial coinage in the context of the Mediterranean monetary production of the first centuries of the Imperial Ages.

- by Caterina Canovaro and +2
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- Archaeometry, Archaeology of Cyrenaica, Roman Provincial Coinage, Ancient Cyrene History

""Si propone di riconoscere un gineceo (γυναικείον, gynaikeion) nell’ambiente R9 della casa di Leukaktios a Tolemaide (Ptolemais). L’ipotesi si basa sulla figurazione a mosaico dell’ambiente, rappresentante l’incontro di Dioniso e Arianna a Nasso, soggetto presente anche
in una casa di Cirene (la casa di Dioniso), dove la destinazione dell’ambiente è indicata anche dalla iscrizione musiva (eis aiona to genos kampanou te matrona Epikrita). Alle virtù femminili - sulla scorta di un passo di Artemidoro - possono legarsi anche i temi della decorazione parietale, che si differenzia da quella delle sale vicine per il soggetto e la cromia.""

Cyprus and Cyrenaica, two regions strongly influenced by the Alexandrian cultural heritage, which came under the Roman rule already in the 1st century BC, are simultaneously both typical and unusual examples of acculturation understood as a mixture of Hellenistic and Roman components. This is reflected in various spheres of life, including the architecture of the houses owned by members of the urban elite which are investigated in this article. Two residential units – the House of Leukaktios at Ptolemais in Cyrenaica and the House of Orpheus at Nea Paphos in Cyprus – will be presented to discuss different attitudes towards Romanisation from the perspective of an individual as reflected by particular dwellings.

- by Adam Łajtar and +1
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- Cyprus Studies, Late Antiquity, Syro-Palestinian archaeology, Graeco-Roman Egypt
- by Jerzy Żelazowski
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- Archaeology of Cyrenaica, Ptolemais In Cyrenaica