Augustus Caesar Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

This is Gaius Stern's translation into ENGLISH of the first ten pages of Heinz Kähler “Die Ara Pacis und die Augusteische Friedensidee” Jdl 69 (1954), 67-100. Kähler explains the concept of peace and has some (very traditional) identifications on the South Frieze. I have done my best to keep the translations on the same page as the original German text so one can cite ideas page by page. I made several comments and a few corrections in the FNs (always prefaced GCS) for the reader to understand better some of Kähler's views. The article is too large for me to save as one item so it is broken up into bits. I will translate all of Part 1 for the readers. I have added my own color photos to the text to replace Kähler's originals.

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- Roman History, Ara Pacis, ARA PACIS AUGUSTAE, Augustus Caesar

Agrippa's Pantheon remains the subject of lively debates. A much-discussed passage is found in Cassius Dio's Roman History (53.27.2-3), which is most often treated as a stand-alone, self-explanatory whole. However, in order to be comprehensible, each text needs a broader range of reference points in order for meaning to be extracted. In this paper, I analyze part of that contextual spectrum (including Dio's attitude to the so-called imperial cult and the roles played in his narrative by the cults of both Augustus and Caesar), and I argue that we should view his account of the Pantheon with considerable caution. That account contains three different narrative threads: one based on the annalist tradition, but also one which drew on the author's own experiences, and one that constituted a literary and rhetorical overlay aimed at realizing the general objectives of the Roman History. In this account, the 'former Caesar' has been placed in between twice over: between the author's historical knowledge and his present circumstances, and between the realms of gods and humans. That imprecise nature of this expression was no accident. I believe the expression was not so much a reference to a specific statue as a figure of speech emphasizing the difference, fundamental from Dio's perspective, between the incumbent emperor and his deceased predecessor.

- by Magda El-Nowieemy
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- Classics, Latin Literature, Roman History, Augustan Poetry

En el siguiente trabajo se analizarán distintos fragmentos de la obra de Ovidio donde el autor reelabora el tópico non omnis moriar, probablemente relacionado con la Oda 30,3 de la obra Odas (Horacio). Se intentará observar qué tipo de relación se establece entre la aparición de estos fragmentos en sus escritos y el contexto en el que se produjeron. La relación con Augusto parece cobrar gran importancia a la hora de interpretar las reelaboraciones y usos del tópico como una forma de persistir más allá de lo político y social.

- by Sabrina Vallone
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- Ovid (Classics), Ovid Metamorphoses, Literatura Romana, Augusto

Abstract from the book: "Τα πεπραγμένα του θεϊκού Αυγούστου (Res Gestae Divi Augusti)", Ioannina 2014

- by Dimitris Mantzilas
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- Bibliography, Bibliographic Research, Augustus, Octavianus Augustus

In opdracht van De Nederlandsche Bank te Amsterdam voerde ik voor de afronding van de bachelor archeologie een numismatisch en iconografisch onderzoek uit naar de afgebeelde propaganda op de keerzijden van Romeinse munten. Het... more

Returning to the work begun in Amy Richlin's seminal essay on the unsettling topic of sexual violence in Ovid's work, "Reading Ovid's Rapes," this paper takes another look at the rich interpretive problems posed by the incessantly recurring theme of sexual violence in the "Metamorphoses." Though the perpetrators are almost exclusively divine, roughly a third of the myths recounted by the Roman poet features some form of sexual assault. When read in the context of conservative Augustan-era marriage legislation like the "Lex Julia de adulteriis," Ovid's insistence on the theme can be read as an indictment of Augustus himself, who after all insisted on likening himself in official imperial iconography to the cult of such gods as Apollo and Jupiter, two of the most egregious assailants throughout the long poem. However, each reiteration of the theme also reveals a series of other important concomitant concerns that arise from cases of sexual violence, including questions pertaining to illegitimate children and other unanticipated repercussions in the victim's family, that actually reveal Ovid to be more seriously engaged in thinking about the subject than he is commonly given credit for. Taking Ovid to task for the grave issues he tackles can actually provide fodder for productive discussion of topical issues effecting life on campus and in our country today. It is absolutely imperative that certain topics be addressed in productive and adult ways with our students if we expect to raise the level of our public discourse. Far from aestheticizing these topics as mere literary artifacts, Ovid's complex text demands to be read on a number of levels that are all pertinent to the world in which we live today.

- by Steven Baker
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- Ancient History, Intellectual History, Classics, Latin Literature

Abstract
This article examines the longstanding rivalry of Rome and Parthia, which began as an unintended consequence of Crassus’ decisive defeat at Carrhae in 53 BCE. It synthesizes the accounts and opinions of numerous Graeco-Roman writers from the Augustan Age to late antiquity in order to help illustrate the new and interconnected post-Carrhae world and its legacy. The rivalry of the Romans and Parthians became a primary focus of their foreign policies and drastically expanded their perceptions of the world in which they interacted. Even after the fall of the Parthians to the rebellious Sassanid Persians in the 220s CE, the Romans continued to find their three-century-long rivalry with the Parthians of interest and relevant to the changing world of late antiquity.

- by Nikolaus L Overtoom
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- History, Ancient History, European History, Military History

Studio, attraverso un'analisi del lessico politico, sul rapporto intercorrente tra l'intellettuale e le figure del potere imperiale nel De ira di Seneca, nel secondo libro dei Tristia di Ovidio e, attraverso un'attualizzazione, nella... more

- by Vitantonio Gelao
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- Latin Literature, Roman History, Seneca, Ovid

La nascita e la diffusione dei cicli statuari giulio-claudii come autentico fenomeno sociale caratterizzante la società urbana romana della prima età imperiale, indissolubilmente legate all'affermazione dell'idea dinastica ai vertici della res publica romana. Augusto elabora i valori di una vera e propria religione civile che riconosce in lui e in quanti della sua famiglia sono legati alla successione i soli destinatari di manifestazioni di culto e fa di ogni cittadino romano un sacerdote. Gli edifici intorno ai quali ruota la vita urbana sono i santuari di questa religione. Tutto ciò su un binario parallelo a quello del culto imperiale rivolto ai principi in qualità di divi.

- by Mario Cesarano
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- Roman History, Roman Empire, Augustan Principate, Emperor Nero

In the Res Gestae, out of 82 temples he renovated, Augustus mentions by name only these belonging to deities with whom he wished to be associated, paving the way for his future deification: Apollo, Augustus’ guardian, was beloved by young people and venerated along with Diana. The deified Iulius Caesar was his stepfather and role model. Pan was identified with Faunus, both patrons of women’s fertility. Special mention is made of the first (Iuppiter, Mars, Quirinus) and the second (Iuppiter, Iuno, Minerva) triads of the Roman religion, whose worship he expanded from the Capitoline hill’s elite to the Aventine hill’s lower classes. He also mentions Lares et Penates, associated both with the private cult and with the state’s protection. The series is concluded with Iuventas, the protector of the youth and Magna Mater who protected foreigners. Moreover, he transformed his own house into a triple temple, of Vesta, Apollo and himself, and he became associated with abstract divinities, which highlighted his virtues. He tried to cover all categories of citizens, regardless of social rank, wealth, age, sex, residence, and origin, in order to enjoy lifetime support. His dealing with the Roman religion was manifold: he revived forgotten cults, his name was included in the Carmen Saliare, he obtained sacrosanctitas, he became member of many priesthoods ascending to the office of the Pontifex Maximus, and eventually he was deified after death.

- by Dimitris Mantzilas
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- Roman Religion, Roman Temples, Augustus, Religions of the Roman Empire
- by Dimitris Mantzilas
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- Latin Literature, Roman History, Roman Historiography, Autobiography

This volume takes a look at the city of Rome and Emperor Augustus. The direct inspiration behind it was the bimillenial anniversary of death of one of the best known Roman emperors, falling in 2014. Still, we did not wish merely to revisit his times but rather reflect on his figure and the city of Rome from the perspective of contemporary humanities. The authors featured in the volume decided to address the times of Augustus as a moment when history did not so much revolve around one city, but around one man. Not only do the authors represent various
academic centres, diverse scholarly traditions and disciplines interested in antiquity, but also different generations of researchers. As a result, they adopt distinct modes of interpreting and elucidating history. Although the volume by no means covers all the aspects and relationships between Augustus and Rome, it certainly delivers a representative overview of how early Principate and urban space are approached in current research.

- by Steven Umbrello
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- Classics, Augustus Caesar, Sir Ronald Syme

Tacitus’ fullest treatment of Augustus comes at the beginning of the Annals, Book 1.9-10. A close reading of these two paragraphs will show that the Augustan center of power was susceptible to influence, though not from below, not from individuals: opposition had been obliterated. Nor was the Augustan center of power susceptible to influence even from corporate bodies like the Senate, the praetorian guard, or the armies. Rather, Augustus was susceptible to the changing circumstances in which he found himself, to the vicissitudes of fortune that assail from all directions; and he was subject to the choices he made at any given moment in response to his circumstances. Neither the Augustan institution nor attitudes toward it were static entities but the result of dynamic processes. If we lend ourselves to the ironies of the passage, then we begin to see the importance of change over time and to recognize that centers of power are susceptible—that they are created and maintained by their vulnerabilities as much as by the exercise of sheer force or domination. While not interested in rehabilitating Augustus, I recognize that such an argument at times teeters on the brink of revisionism; yet scholars unanimously agree that Tacitus provides more than enough material to temper even the most sanguine reading.

- by Victoria Emma Pagan
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- Roman History, Roman Historiography, Tacitus, Augustus

The enigma surrounding the development of the origins of the steam engine have been caused to a large extent by the manner in which its analysis has been approached. Perhaps, the use of a metaphor will best illustrate the point. The evolution of the steam engine has been initiated in the same manner as if a pair of Siamese twins as if each had their own doctor, who never consulted with other twins doctor regarding the overall condition of their patients. One twin could be asleep while the other one would be awake. Such has been the history of the evolution of Ctesibius' Hydraulis and Water Pump qua Fire Extinguisher. Each was independently examined by different groups of specialists who never met until they finally discovered that their two separate but connected apparati had evolved in combination into the Steam Engine.

The article is an extensive introduction addressing major issues of Augustan times, both in terms of substance and methodology. It presents the goal of the volume, showing the period when the Republic transformed into the Empire as a moment in history which not only centred around one city, but one man as well. In the first part, the author synthetically outlines Augustus’ ties with Rome and their relationship with remainder of the empire. The second part delves into major
interpretive threads concerning the figure of Augustus and the system of power he created, as conceived by historians (in this case T. Mommsen and R. Syme), in museum practices (Rome/1911, Rome/1937, Berlin/1988 and Rome-Paris/2013-2014) and politics (Italian fascists in the main), leading to the conclusion that Principate was unique in its nature, to the extent that it surpasses any notion of monarchy or republic. In the third part, the author defines and describes a number
of major analytical categories in contemporary humanities (such as space, memory, ritual and everyday practices), as well as attempts to assess their application for the description of Roman realities, with its distinction into historia and memoria, the staged triumphi, funera or profectiones and traditional research practices (epigraphy and prosopography).

- by Lechosław Olszewski
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- Roman History, Romanesque Art, Imperial Rome, Augustus
- by Murat Çetin Yarol
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- Late Roman Empire, Augustus, Octavianus Augustus, Augustus Caesar
- by Aimee Turner
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- Roman Religion, Augustus, Numa, Octavianus Augustus

Part 1 of this paper is a detail analysis of the Birth of Christ as outlined in the New Testament and its supporting sources. It analyzes the three nativity account in Matthew, Luke and John. John gospel refers to the first word of Genesis and PART 2 of this paper analyzes the first word of GENESIS: BERESHITH, which leads to a further discussion of the Initiatic Visionary Experience as outline in the BIRTH OF CHRIST.

- by William John Meegan
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- Christianity, Astrology, Early Christianity, History of Astrology
- by Magda El-Nowieemy
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- History, Ancient History, Intellectual History, Cultural Studies
- by Francois Kirbihler
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- Roman History, Caesar (Classics), Hellenistic and Roman Asia Minor, Augustus
- by Andreas N . Michalopoulos
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- Latin Literature, Roman History, Ancient Rome, Octavianus Augustus

A lo largo de sus tres siglos de historia en la época imperial romana, la función principal de la Guardia Pretoriana fue la protección de la figura del emperador allí donde este se encontrara, ya fuera actuando permanentemente como su escolta y guardia personal en el palacio imperial o como última línea de defensa en el ámbito militar. Pero como cuerpo de élite del ejército romano acantonado en la capital del Imperio también se les encomendó el mantenimiento y, en su caso, restablecimiento del orden allí donde fuera necesario. Así, la Guardia Pretoriana se conformaría como una de las piezas clave en la historia imperial romana como uno de los actores principales no solo a nivel militar sino también a nivel político, papel este último muy alejado de las funciones iniciales para las que fue creada pero que poco a poco fue cobrando especial relevancia tanto por su cercanía a la figura de los sucesivos emperadores como por su acantonamiento en la capital imperial. Consciente de su poder, no fueron pocas las ocasiones en que los pretorianos utilizaron su posición e influencias para dirigir y aprovechar los habituales cambios políticos en la cúspide del poder . Pero, aun siendo menos conocida, no sería menor la importancia bélica que en los campos de batalla protagonizarían los pretorianos en numerosas ocasiones como unidad militar y que a la postre les consagraría como uno de los pilares fundamentales del régimen imperial prácticamente desde su creación, en tiempos de Augusto , hasta su desmantelamiento llevado a cabo por el emperador Majencio.
Como cuerpo de élite del ejército, reconocidos como los mejor entrenados y preparados como demostraron en no pocas ocasiones, y en base a su especial misión recibían una paga superior al del resto de soldados; y su tiempo de servicio era varios años menor, por lo que resultaban ser la envidia del resto de unidades militares y en particular de aquellos que servían en el limes del imperio . Es por ello que trataremos aquí de realizar un estudio esquemático sobre su formación, estructura, actuaciones, etc. con el fin de ahondar en el conocimiento de esta institución muchas veces denostada por algunas de sus intervenciones.

- by Arturo Sanchez Sanz
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- Religion, History, Ancient History, Military History
- by vanThanh Nguyen, SVD
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- Roman Empire, Roman coins, Imperial Cult, Paul

Este artículo pretende demostrar que Augusto nació en el mes de diciembre astronómico, bajo el signo de Capricornio, en una fecha que se correspondía con el septiembre calendárico debido a las viejas discrepancias del calendario tradicional romano con respecto a la realidad astronómica, así como señalar la endeblez de las demás teorías propuestas acerca de esta cuestión.

- by Alberto González García
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- Astrology, History of Astrology, Augustan Principate, Natal Astrology
- by Carlos Eduardo Campos
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- Augustan Principate, Augustus, Augustus Caesar

Political image-making -- especially from the Age of Augustus, when the Roman Republic evolved into a system capable of governing a vast, culturally diverse empire -- is the focus of this study. Explored are how various artistic and ideological symbols of religion and power, based on Roman Republican values and traditions, were taken over or refashioned to convey new ideological content in the constantly changing political world of imperial Rome from the fourth century B.C.E. down to the second and third centuries C.E. Religion, civic life, and politics went hand-in-hand and formed the very fabric of ancient Roman society. Visual rhetoric was a most effective way to communicate and commemorate the ideals, virtues, and political programs of the leader of the Roman State. Public memorialization could keep Roman leaders and their achievements before the eyes of the populace in Rome and in cities under Roman sway. A leader’s success demonstrated that he had the favor of the gods -- a form of legitimization crucial for sustaining the Roman Principate, or government by a “First Citizen.”

- by John Pollini
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- Roman History, Roman Religion, Ancient Roman Numismatics, Julio-Claudian Emperors

PRİMA PORTALI AUGUSTUS HEYKEL'İ ÜZERİNDEKİ ZIRH

- by Serdal Akyurt
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- Archaeology, Classical Archaeology, Classics, Art History

Despite appearances, Augustus harbored a deep enmity against Horace. The poet knew he was threatened, as shown in particular by Od. 3.13, analyzed here. Strangely, Horace died just a few days after Maecenas, as he had announced in Od.... more

- by Jean-Yves Maleuvre
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- Horace, Odes (Classics), Murder, Virgil

Un affascinante viaggio nel mondo (Italia, Spagna, Francia, Corsica, Germania, Stati Uniti d’America, Inghilterra, Filippine, Croazia e Slovacchia) alla ricerca delle mille reliquie di San Cesario, o Cesario, di Terracina; un giovane diacono che ha avuto un destino incredibile dopo il martirio, in quanto, fin dalla prima età cristiana, fu il santo scelto per il suo nome a consacrare alla fede di Cristo i luoghi che già appartennero ai Cesari pagani. Le traslazioni delle sue ossa, avvenute nel corso dei secoli da parte di santi, Padri della Chiesa, papi, imperatori, re, vescovi, duchi e cavalieri hanno contribuito alla storia della cristianizzazione di Roma e del mondo intero.

- by Guida Giovanni
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- Iconography, Medieval History, Medieval Archaeology, Byzantine Studies
- by Gregory Dundas
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- Egyptian Kingship, Augustus, Roman imperial cult, Augustus Caesar
- by Emre GENGEÇ
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- History, Cultural History, Greek Literature, Art History

Nei mesi che intercorsero fra la presa di Alessandria, nell’agosto del 30 a.C., e la redazione dell’iscrizione di Philae, nell’aprile dell’anno successivo, Ottaviano elaborò ed istituì lontano da Roma una carica che ebbe un’importanza epocale per lo sviluppo delle istituzioni romane: la praefectura Aegypti. Per la prima volta si assegnò in modo perenne l’amministrazione di una provincia ad un membro dell’ordine equestre, abbattendo di fatto le barriere che sino allora avevano visto le magistrature tradizionali, di esclusiva competenza senatoriale, come unica forma possibile per il governo provinciale. Partendo da questo evento, il volume si propone di analizzare la genesi e lo sviluppo degli istituti presidiali equestri nel primo Principato, dalle esperienze distrettuali minori, quali la nota e discussa Iudaea di Ponzio Pilato, sino alla piena affermazione delle province «procuratorie» ad opera dell’imperatore Claudio. Attraverso un’analisi delle fonti letterarie e documentarie, epigrafiche su tutte, l’opera ricostruisce la natura, i poteri, gli ambiti di impiego, spesso tra loro assai dissimili, in cui queste figure furono chiamate ad operare. In questa prospettiva, praefectus, procurator, praeses, al di là dall’essere semplicemente titoli, risultano lo specchio di diversi momenti dell’autocrazia imperiale. Un’appendice prosopografica dedicata ai governatori delle massime province procuratorie sino a tutta l’epoca severiana chiude e completa il volume.

- by Davide Faoro
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- Ancient History, Roman History, Roman Law, Prosopography

Augustus, it is generally held, reshaped the auxilia of the Roman army by replacing the traditional auxiliary forces by newly established, standardised and permanent formations named alae, cohortes, and cohortes equitatae. Together with the legions he then moved these forces to the outer provinces. However, there is no direct evidence for a single measure or coherent reform of Augustus’ to establish a unitary auxiliary system. The pertinent sources rather suggests that his measures consisted of reducing (but not completely replacing) traditional military structures in favour of formations that had been developed during the Late Republic. Thus, both old-style (viz. ‘irregular’ or ‘ad hoc’) contingents, paid and supplied by their tribes and communities from within provincial territory and from beyond, and new-style (viz. ‘regular’ or ‘professional’) auxiliary units that were paid and supplied by Rome and subjected to disciplina Augusta, continued to make up the auxilia of the Roman imperial army, albeit in revised orders of magnitude. The Augustan reorganization of the auxilia necessarily entailed a review and in many cases also adjustments of the existing relations between Rome and its subjects and allies. The present paper argues that in the light of the extant evidence this is most likely to have taken place in the aftermath of the battle of Actium. Service conditions, however, were changed only in 13 B.C.

- by Michael Alexander Speidel
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- History, Ancient History, Military History, Classics

A brief analysis of the civil war between Caesar and Pompey, which takes into account political propaganda, espionage, intelligence gathering, use of double agents, religion, military operations, tactics, equipment, mil. training, etc. Dispels many of the myths surrounding late Republican warfare and Caesar's campaigns against Pompey. Establishes Julius Caesar as the pre-eminent spy master of his age.

- by Ilkka Syvänne
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- Christianity, Ancient History, Military History, Military Science

Roma İmparatorluğu'nun ilk imparatoru olan Octavianus üzerine.

- by Bahadır İkican
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- Roman History, Roman Republic, Roman Empire, Augustus

Lives of the twelve Caesars from Caius Julius Casear to Domitian, (De vita Caesarum) is a set of twelve biographies of Julius Caesar and the first 11 emperors of the Roman Empire written by Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus in 121 AD during... more

- by frederic lecut
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- Biography, Roman Empire, Emperor Nero, Caligula

La actividad colonial de César y Augusto conforma uno de los hitos fundamentales de la historia de Roma. Su trascendencia histórica se aprecia en el elevado número de fundaciones realizadas tanto en Italia como en suelo provincial. Las consecuencias de su actuación también se observan en el plano cualitativo, puesto que la extensión del modelo colonial redefinió las relaciones entre Italia y las provincias mediante la proyección de la civitas al territorio conquistado. En el caso hispano el desarrollo de esta política cristalizó en veinticuatro fundaciones coloniales que fueron ejecutadas entre la batalla de Munda y las primeras décadas del principado augusteo. En este trabajo realizamos un estudio de conjunto de la colonización cesariana y augustea en Hispania, aproximándonos a sus características generales y también a las formalizaciones concretas que este proceso tuvo en cada una de las fundaciones del periodo. El estudio de las distintas deductiones y el análisis de la composición social de los primeros censos coloniales conforman los ejes centrales de esta contribución.

- by José Ortiz Cordoba
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- Roman History, Augustus, Roman Army Studies, Epigrafía romana