Blending Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

This study aimed to identify lexical blends found in PinoyTechblog a top technology blog based in the Philippines who provides different kinds of reviews from mobile phones, computers, digital cameras, earphones, tablets, iPods, etc. The... more

This study aimed to identify lexical blends found in PinoyTechblog a top technology blog based in the Philippines who provides different kinds of reviews from mobile phones, computers, digital cameras, earphones, tablets, iPods, etc. The aim of the blog is to provide the netizens relevant information and feedbacks about trending gadgets in our time. The study also aimed at giving meanings of the identified words.
This study was anchored on the concepts of neologism and the approaches of identifying lexical blends by Barret (2006). and Jackson (2010). This study used the descriptive research design in describing the data used in analyzing the study. The researcher read 20 selected reviews from PinoyTechblog as the basis of the study.
The result of the study found out that there are more noun lexical blends than verbs, this is an indication that lexical blends are created to name invented gadgets. As what a noun function, naming a certain object, idea, place, or a person, a lexical blend created signifies something newly-invented. The lexical blend’s meaning is taken from the combination of the meanings of the two morphemes from which the lexical blend is formed.

Cement is an essential component of infrastructure development. It is also the most important input of construction industry, mainly in case of the government's infrastructure and housing programs, which are necessary for the country's... more

Cement is an essential component of infrastructure development. It is also the most important input of construction industry, mainly in case of the government's infrastructure and housing programs, which are necessary for the country's socioeconomic growth and development. Due to increasing population, various constructional activities are increasing day by day. As a result the market demand of cement is also increasing continuously but still now most of those plants aren't up to the mark technologically. They are very inefficient, not so eco-friendly and have very low production speed. Keeping in mind the importance of those industries, an integrated solution of material handling in cement plant is presented in this paper to meet the increasing production needs. This innovative thinking will help to reduce energy consumption and improve operational efficiency as most of the energy is consumed to transfer the bulk materials between intermediate stages. This PLC or HMI based controls are not only cost-effective method but also improves the control system longevity and ultimately reduces the total cost of operation over the life of the system. The whole automation process is done using programmable logic controller (PLC) which has number of unique advantages like speed, reliability, less maintenance cost and reprogrammability. The whole system has been designed and tested using GE, FANUC PLC.

Brand names represent valuable linguistic assets. They serve a variety of purposes, from product differentiation to corporate identity. Creativity and wit are employed in brand naming practices, frequently resulting in the formation of... more

Brand names represent valuable linguistic assets. They serve a variety of purposes, from product differentiation to corporate identity. Creativity and wit are employed in brand naming practices, frequently resulting in the formation of blends. Although blending has long been recognized as a prominent feature of advertising and marketing discourse, next to no research has hitherto been devoted to blends in brand names. Hence, the aim of this paper is to analyze approximately 600 brand names excerpted from the Portmanteau Dictionary (Thurner, 1993). Having examined the phonological, graphological, stylistic and semantic motivations, we conclude that the distinguishing features of blends in brand names are the overlap of full words and word play. In terms of particular classes of goods, blends seem to permeate the names of foods and beverages, electrical and scientific devices, toys and sporting equipment, as well as stationery, cosmetics, and houseware.

This work is about blending, a word formation process ascribed by the scholars to “minor morphology” (Scalise, 1983) or even to extragrammatical morphology” (Dressler, 1987; 2000) because of its oddness and its irregular morphological... more

This work is about blending, a word formation process ascribed by the scholars to “minor morphology” (Scalise, 1983) or even to extragrammatical morphology” (Dressler, 1987; 2000) because of its oddness and its irregular morphological behaviour. Basing on a corpus of 305 Italian blends sorted by Zingarelli (2018), this work aims at recognizing the peculiar features of blending in Italian on all linguistic levels. All in all, Italian blends exhibit the following peculiarities: they can be formed by the juxtaposition of splinters originated by categories of
source words not involved in blending in other languages (verbs. even interjections); almost half of the corpus is formed by an initial splinter + a whole word; in a very high number of blends the splinters entertain a relationship of subordination (instead of the expected relationship of f coordination); often (but not always) the gender assigned to the blend matches the gender of the final splinter.

In the history of architecture there are several cases of blending between two different styles of architecture. Among those there are instances where any non-native race, tribe, group, or community had established their colony in a part... more

In the history of architecture there are several cases of blending between two different styles of architecture. Among those there are instances where any non-native race, tribe, group, or community had established their colony in a part of the world and their tradition, culture, art, architecture and moreover lifestyle got fused with the native ones. Beside those there are also such cases where tradition, culture, art, architecture, and lifestyle of one non-native race, tribe or group got fused with another non-native community, which had arrived there earlier. The interaction and exchange between the two non-native entities and their characters started happening on various socio-cultural and socioeconomic activities, in a native backdrop, and resulted into blending. The non-native one which arrived earlier had already reflection of native influences. Beside that when the newer non-native one arrived it started getting influenced by that too. Both the phases of blending in art and architecture are clearly identifiable in different structural and spatial elements and their arrangements as well as design and building techniques. At the end all these had created a new evolved definition of another style in the native backdrop and became an integral part of it. The intent of studying the 'Panchakot Palace', in Purulia District of West Bengal, is to investigate and understand one example of eclecticism, a blending between the Rajput architecture and the British Bungalow architecture against the backdrop of rural Bengal. The detailed study is to capture the blending of different architectural styles, respective architectural features, materials, and methods of construction etc. in the setting of amalgamated expression of the Rajput architecture and the British Bungalow architecture.

This paper presents two different approaches to generate a time local-optimal and jerk-limited trajectory with blends for a robot manipulator under consideration of kinematic constraints. The first approach generates a trajectory with... more

This paper presents two different approaches to generate a time local-optimal and jerk-limited trajectory with blends for a robot manipulator under consideration of kinematic constraints. The first approach generates a trajectory with blends based on the trapezoidal acceleration model by formulating the problem as a nonlinear constraint and a non-convex optimization problem. The resultant trajectory is locally optimal and approximates straight-line movement while satisfying the robot manipulator's constraints. We apply the bridged optimization strategy to reduce the computational complexity, which borrows an idea from model predictive control by dividing all waypoints into consecutive batches with an overlap of multiple waypoints. We successively optimize each batch. The second approach is a combination of a trapezoidal acceleration model with a 7-degree polynomial to form a path with blends. It can be efficiently computed given the specified blending parameters. The same approach is extended to Cartesian space. Furthermore, a quaternion interpolation with a high degree polynomial under consideration of angular kinematics is introduced. Multiple practical scenarios and trajectories are tested and evaluated against other state-of-the-art approaches.

This paper demonstrates a multi-input multi-output (MIMO) robust control approach where multiple scheduled designs are merged to produce a smooth control law. The design is verified using software-in-the-loop (SIL) testing based on blade... more

This paper demonstrates a multi-input multi-output (MIMO) robust control approach where multiple scheduled designs are merged to produce a
smooth control law. The design is verified using software-in-the-loop (SIL) testing based on blade element theory (BET) for highly realistic flight simulations.
An inner-loop attitude controller balances performance and robustness, achieving a fast response time, low overshoot, good noise rejection and
minimal lateral–longitudinal coupling. The controllers are formed at several predetermined grid points so the design covers a wide flight envelope.
Blade element SIL testing shows that the flight control system preserves stable flight and follows the references well, even under tough weather conditions.
The proposed strategy is also compared with a classical autopilot design procedure and is seen to be superior.

Often defined as a marginal word-formation process whose governing principles remain a matter of controversy, lexical blending has been examined from various perspectives over the past fifty years or so. Lexical blends have thus been... more

Often defined as a marginal word-formation process whose governing principles remain a matter of controversy, lexical blending has been examined from various perspectives over the past fifty years or so. Lexical blends have thus been described as (mostly) ephemeral linguistic creations, playful and witty, that are likely to occur in popular press, advertising, and product naming (Bryant 1974; Lieber 2010). Although we can nowadays understand the key characteristics of blends, in terms of their semantic, phonological and orthographic features, corpus-based studies of blends associated with particular types of discourse remain scarce. Television discourse is no exception. It has been cited as a rich source of blends (Mattiello 2013; Sams 2016), yet few have hitherto conducted their detailed analysis (cf. Andriani, Moehkardi 2019). Having noticed that blends frequently occur in the titles of episodes of animated television shows for children (e.g. Smeldorado in Inspector Gadget, The Three Smurfketeers in The Smurfs, Pinknic in The Pink Panther), we decided to investigate their structural characteristics. For this purpose, we collected a corpus of approximately 420 blends from the titles of animated series episodes, spanning 1950-2020. The analysis has shown that haplology and hyphenation feature prominently in the collected blends, as well as that several splinters are repeatedly used in their formation.

The growing demand for green world serves as one of the most significant challenges of modernization. Requirements like largest usage of energy for modern society as well as demand for friendly milieu create a deep concern in field of... more

The growing demand for green world serves as one of the most significant challenges of modernization. Requirements like largest usage of energy for modern society as well as demand for friendly milieu create a deep concern in field of research. Biofuels are placed at the peak of the research arena for their underlying benefits as mentioned by multiple researches. Out of a number of vegetable oils, only a few are used commercially for biodiesel production. Due to various limitations of edible oil, non-edible oils are becoming a profitable choice. Till today, very little percentage of biodiesel is used successfully in engine. The research is still continuing for improving the biodiesel usage level. Recently, it is found that the blended biodiesel from more than one feedstock provides better performance in engine. This paper reviews the
physicochemical properties of different biodiesel blends obtained from various feedstocks with a view to properly understand the fuel quality. Moreover, a short description of each feedstock is given along with graphical presentation of important properties for various blend percentages from B0 to B100. Finally, mathematical model is formed for predicting various properties of biodiesel blend with the help
of different research data by using polynomial curve fitting method. The results obtained from a number of literature based on this work shows that the heating value of biodiesel is about 11% lower than diesel except coconut (14.5% lower) whereas kinematic viscosity is in the range of 4–5.4 mm2/s. Flash point of all biodiesels are more than 150 deg C, except neem and coconut. Cold flow properties of calophyllum, palm, jatropha, moringa are inferior to others. This would help to determine important properties of biodiesel blend for any percentage of biodiesel and to select the proper feedstock for better performance.

This paper approaches productivity by considering three case studies: compounds, blends and phrasal verbs. The aim of the paper is to encourage a discussion about the factors involved in the notion of productivity, and to show why so many... more

This paper approaches productivity by considering three case studies: compounds, blends and phrasal verbs. The aim of the paper is to encourage a discussion about the factors involved in the notion of productivity, and to show why so many of the established measures are not completely satisfactory or are interpreted in a way that is not.

Five combustible mixtures of automotive gas oil and dual purpose kerosene were obtained from a retail outlet and blended into different automotive gas oil (AGO) and dual purpose kerosene (DPK) proportions (85:15, 75: 25, 50:50, 25:75 &... more

Five combustible mixtures of automotive gas oil and dual purpose kerosene were obtained from a retail outlet and blended into different automotive gas oil (AGO) and dual purpose kerosene (DPK) proportions (85:15, 75: 25, 50:50, 25:75 & 15:85% (v/v)). Samples were analyzed using densitometer, hydrometer, karl fischer titrator, pour and cloud point tester based on American Standard for Testing and Materials (ASTM) with the aim of delimiting the degree to which adulteration affects the quality of the pure sample, impact on the environment as well as the effects on compression ignition engines. Results obtained from the analyses of the blended ratios show the following parameters in the ranges; density (0.858-0.827g/cm 3); specific gravity@60 0 F (0.859-0.828), kinematic viscosity (4.800-1.200 cSt), cloud point (7.000-2.000 o C), pour point (-15.000-<-34.000 o C) and moisture content (500.000-1200.000 ppm). Results of the analyses showed that 85 % dual purpose kerosene in the blended mixture fell below American Standard for testing and materials (ASTM) and Department for Petroleum Resources (DPR) acceptable standard in terms of viscosity. A maximum of 15% dual purpose kerosene in the blended mixture fell within ASTM specification in terms of moisture content. Specific gravity, density, cloud point and pour point of all the bended samples were within specification. Adulterating automotive gas oil with dual purpose kerosene at (≥ 15:85 %) AGO:DPK ratio as well as the use of biomass as an alternative source of energy due to diversion of dual purpose kerosene for adulteration, results in the release of various types of harmful poly aromatic hydrocarbons to the environment through the exhaust of diesel engines and cooking respectively. It can also lead to reduction in compression ratio, power loss as well as wear and tear of engine parts. Capsule Summary: Adulterating AGO with DPK above acceptable limit could result in heavy smoking of exhaust pipes thereby releasing polyaromatic hydrocarbons to the environment which can cause health effects like decrease in immune function, kidney and liver damage, lung abnormalities, cancer in humans and animals as well as various damages to engine parts. Cite This Article As: T. N. Chikwe and M. C. Onojake. Adulterating the quality of automotive gas oil using dual purpose kerosene: Effects on compression ignition engines, humans and environment. Chemistry International 6(2) (2020) 75-82.

Öz Her dil, değişen sosyal koşullar nedeniyle yeni kelimelere ihtiyaç duyar. Her dilin kendine has yeni kelime türetme yolları vardır. Türk dilinde söz yapımında başlıca şu yollar kullanılmaktadır: türetme, geri türetme, birleştirme,... more

Öz Her dil, değişen sosyal koşullar nedeniyle yeni kelimelere ihtiyaç duyar. Her dilin kendine has yeni kelime türetme yolları vardır. Türk dilinde söz yapımında başlıca şu yollar kullanılmaktadır: türetme, geri türetme, birleştirme, örnekseme, ödünçleme, tekrar ödünçleme, çocuk dili, halk etimolojisi, doğrudan kopyalama vb. Kısaltmalar, Türk dilinde diğer dillere kıyasla yaygın bir kelime türetme yolu değildir. Kısaltmalar, başlık kısaltma, karma ve kırpma başlıkları altında incelenebilir. Başlık kısaltma kişi, kurum ve diğer kavramları oluşturan isimlerin ilk harflerinden oluşturulur: NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organisation). İki ayrı sözcüğün kısaltılarak tek bir kavramda ifade edilmesine karma adı verilir: Eurovision (European Televison). Kırpma ise bir sözcüğün bir parçasının atılması yolu ile yeni sözcük türetmektir: demo (demonstration). Tuva Türkçesi Türkiye Türkçesine göre genç bir yazı dili olarak kabul edilebilir. Tuvalar 20. yüzyılın başından beri Rus hâkimiyeti altında yaşamaktadır. Sovyetler Birliği döneminde Tuva Türkçesine komünizm ile ilgili pek çok kısaltmalar girmiştir. Biz bu bildiride Tuva Türkçesinde yer alan bazı kısaltmalar inceleyeceğiz. Abstract Every language needs new words due to changing social conditions. Each language has its own ways of deriving new words. In Turkish language, there are some ways of word formation: derivation, backformation, compunding, analogy, borrowing, reborrowing, children language, child language, folk etimology, calque etc. Abbreviations are not a common way of deriving new words in Turkish language compared to other languages. Abbreviations consist of clipping, blending and acronyms. Certain constructions formed by taking and combining the initial letters of words that are either names of persons, organizations or objects are called acronyms: NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organisation). Blends are deliberate formations in which the compund words are blended by removing at least one element of the orginal segments: Eurovision (European Televison). Clipping is the word formation process which consist in the reduction of a word to one of its parts: demo (demonstration). Tuva language can be regarded as a young writing language compared to Turkish language. The Tuvans have been living under Russian domination since the early 20th century. During the period of the Soviet Union, a plenty of abbreviations about communism entered the Tuvan language. In this paper, we will examine some of the abbreviations in Tuvan Turkish.

The increase in fuel price due to inflation and the ruminative shortage in the supply of conventional fuels have led to a serious research and development on the alternate fuel sources. In India one of the option is plant which are... more

The increase in fuel price due to inflation and the ruminative shortage in the supply of conventional fuels have led to a serious research and development on the alternate fuel sources. In India one of the option is plant which are available in plenty and can be used as bio fuels. The current utilization of non-edible oilseeds which are available is very low. Bio diesel from 'Mahua' seed is one option. 'Mahua' is known as 'Illupaimaram' in Tamil and 'Hippi' in Kannada, can be successfully grown in wastelands and dry lands. The seeds of the tree are popularly known as Indian butter tree. In this work, experiments were carried out to study and analyses the emission, combustion and performance characteristics of the mahua methyl esters. For the analysis, the setup consisting of a single cylinder, water-cooled, four stroke diesel engines is used. Initially the engine is run with the diesel fuel and the performance was analyzed. Then the experiments were conducted with blended fuels, mahua methyl esters (B20, B40 and B60) , added in volume basis, and the performance was analyzed. All the tests were conducted with varying conditions of load over the entire range of engine operation. The engine performance parameters such as the BTE (Brake thermal efficiency), SFC (Specific fuel consumption), and emission from exhaust (CO2, CO, NOx, HC and O2) were recorded. The results of the selected mahua mixtures are compared with the neat diesel fuel. Engine performance using the mahua oil and its blends were on par with the experiments performed using pure diesel fuel at most of the loads. The carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbon (HC) emissions of the mahua oil and its blends were found to be lower than that of the diesel fuel at all loads. The carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions were higher for mahua oil blends than that of pure diesel fuel at all loads.

The UK's June 2016 decision to withdraw from the European Union, popularly referred to as Brexit, has had a major political, financial and economic impact worldwide. However, the impact was also linguistic as this event has generated a... more

The UK's June 2016 decision to withdraw from the European Union, popularly referred to as Brexit, has had a major political, financial and economic impact worldwide. However, the impact was also linguistic as this event has generated a myriad of neologisms in English, such as breferendum, brexiteer, Brexitsphere, regrexit or Brexitology. The aim of the present study is to give a general overview of these new words, to establish the predominant word-formational patterns as well as to point out the creativity and speed with which speakers of English have reacted linguistically to this change in the socio-political context.

Image mosaicing algorithm based on random corner method is proposed. An image mosaicing is a method of combining multiple photographic with overlapping fields of view to produce a segmented panorama of high resolution image. The output of... more

Image mosaicing algorithm based on random corner method is proposed. An image mosaicing is a method of combining multiple photographic with overlapping fields of view to produce a segmented panorama of high resolution image. The output of image mosaic will be the combination of two input images. In this paper we are using three step image mosaic methods. The first step is taking two input images and finding out the corners in both the images, second step is removing out the false corner in both the images and then by using homography we find its matched corner pair and we get final output mosaic. The experimental results show the proposed algorithm produces an improvement in mosaic accuracy, efficiency and robustness.

I n this work, the compatibility and crystallinity of low density polyethylene (LDPE) and polybutene-1 (PB-1) blends were studied. Various blends of LDPE/PB-1 containing 5, 10 and 20 wt.% PB-1 were prepared in a co-rotating twin-screw... more

I n this work, the compatibility and crystallinity of low density polyethylene (LDPE) and polybutene-1 (PB-1) blends were studied. Various blends of LDPE/PB-1 containing 5, 10 and 20 wt.% PB-1 were prepared in a co-rotating twin-screw extruder and characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), shear oscillation rheology and wide-angle X-ray diffractometry (WAXD). A matrix-droplet morphology was observed in SEM images, indicating incompatibility of the two polymers in the solid state. Compared to neat LDPE, the relaxation spectra of the blends were broadened, and a slight increase in their relaxation times was observed. The relaxation time of the blends was enhanced by increasing PB-1 content, which was further proved by fitting rheological data in the Carreau-Yasuda model. Deviation of Cole-Cole diagrams from circular shape means that the blend samples were not miscible and the positive-deviation behavior of the complex viscosity and storage modulus from the mixing rule revealed the formation of strong interfacial interactions. The crystallinity of both LLDPE and PB-1 was decreased as a result of blending. The peaks attributed to the form II of PB-1 crystals were eliminated and the peaks related to LDPE were obviously weakened, suggesting to prevent crystallinity of polymers which is associated with a reduction in the total crystallinity percentage for the blend. The reduction of crystallinity was more pronounced in PB-1 phase. Polyolefins J (2021) 8: 21-30

Mixing is a critical unit operation in pharmaceutical, food, ceramic, cosmetic, chemical, and other industries. There are dozens of blenders and many vendors that all claim they can mix powder materials. However, which of all the blenders... more

Mixing is a critical unit operation in pharmaceutical,
food, ceramic, cosmetic, chemical, and other industries.
There are dozens of blenders and many vendors
that all claim they can mix powder materials.
However, which of all the blenders is the best choice
for your material?

Експресивност у језику могуће је постићи различитим творбеним поступцима, међу којима је и сливање, чији су производи сливенице. Предмет квалитативне и квантитативне анализе овог рада јесу формални и семантички аспекти именичких сливеница... more

Експресивност у језику могуће је постићи различитим творбеним поступцима, међу којима је и сливање, чији су производи сливенице. Предмет квалитативне и квантитативне анализе овог рада јесу формални и семантички аспекти именичких сливеница у називима хране и пића у Србији и државама региона (Црној Гори, БиХ и Хрватској). Корпусну грађу чине примери преузети из неколицине постојећих радова посвећених сливеница-ма у српском језику (Бугарски 2013; 2014; 2016; Томић 2019), Hrvatskog rječnika stopljenica (Марковић и др. 2016), као и нови примери које смо у међувремену забележили из различитих извора. Општи циљ истраживања био је да кроз језичку анализу одређених ас-пеката именичких сливеница у називима хране и пића скренемо пажњу на сливенице као експресивне јединице на творбено-лексичком нивоу. Посебни циљеви истраживања били су: (1) утврђивање (најчешћих) механизама сливања, уз испитивање графолошког и/или фонолошког преклапања и графичког истицања, (2) утврђивање слоговне структуре мотивних речи у односу на структуру сливенице и (3) утврђивање дескриптивних и експресивних асоцијативних значења прикупљених примера, као и синтаксичко-се-мантичких односа између чланова сливенице. Анализа корпуса показала је да идиосинкратични аудиовизуелни идентитет сливеница нарочито погодује употреби у називима брендова, јер у њиховом стварању језичка креативност представља једно од кључних на-чела, али и због тога што произвођачи стратешки настоје да се њихови производи разликују од постојећих и тиме привуку пажњу потенцијалних купаца, те себи обезбеде што бољу позицију како на домаћем, тако и на регионалном и светском тржишту. Ово додатно потврђује и немали број примера међујезичких бленди у корпусу, у којима је једна од мотивних речи из страног језика, пре свега из енглеског. Кључне речи: језичка експресивност, сливенице, називи хране и пића

A narrative framework with diagrammatic character and relational structure is build, based on the conformation of a semantic model founded by presupposition relationship, and with the aid of the notion of Conceptual Integration as a... more

A narrative framework with diagrammatic character and relational structure is build, based on the conformation of a semantic model founded by presupposition relationship, and with the aid of the notion of Conceptual Integration as a semiotic dimension. This articulation is made by encompassing different analysis levels which generate diverse diagrammatic forms. Complex processes of semantic compositionality (associated to modalities of categorical synthesis) are emphasized in opposition to additive elementary processes (associated to analytic sums or paratactic juxtaposition). Also, throughout the analysis, we will establish the ‘blend’ compositionality dimensions of events which belong to a narrative discourse in its various processes of symbolization.

Arrhythmias also known as dysrhythmia is a heart ailment that arises when electrical signals that coordinate the heartbeats do not work appropriately, they are often precursors to a number of heart diseases which may be terminal, and... more

Arrhythmias also known as dysrhythmia is a heart ailment that arises when electrical signals that coordinate the heartbeats do not work appropriately, they are often precursors to a number of heart diseases which may be terminal, and early detection and adequate treatment can save life, in this paper we propose a classification technique that blends two good performing machine learning algorithms to enhance the accuracy of detecting arrhythmia using Electrocardiogram (ECG) data and Weka machine learning tool, these algorithms include the J.48 and Random Forest algorithms combined with an ensemble algorithm called Stacking; For this experiment the MIT-BIH ECG dataset from Kaggle.com was used to train, test and validate the hybrid algorithm. This dataset used classified ECG data into the 5 super class of arrhythmia approved by the association for the advancement of medical instrumentation (AAMI) to be detectable by equipment and methods, they include normal sinus (N), fusion beat (F), supraventricular ectopic beat (SVEB), ventricular ectopic beat (VEB), and unknown beat (Q). the hybrid algorithm "stacked random forest and j.48) outperformed the other individual algorithms, the performance metrics gotten include 97.63% accuracy, an approximate sensitivity (recall) and Positive predictivity (precision) value of 0.98, other metrics includes a weighted precision recall curve area of 0.97, receiver operator characteristics area of 0.96 and test time of 1.66 seconds and finally a model size of 38.2mb which is suitable for building application for mobile devices.

Cross-linguistic strategies for mapping lexical and spatial relations from body partonym systems to external object meronymies (as in English 'table leg', 'mountain face') have attracted substantial research and debate over the past three... more

Cross-linguistic strategies for mapping lexical and spatial relations from body partonym systems to external object meronymies (as in English 'table leg', 'mountain face') have attracted substantial research and debate over the past three decades. Due to the systematic mappings, lexical productivity and geometric complexities of body-based meronymies found in many Mesoamerican languages, the region has become focal for these discussions, prominently including contrastive accounts of the phenomenon in Zapotec and Tzeltal, leading researchers to question whether such systems should be explained as global metaphorical mappings from bodily source to target holonym or as vector mappings of shape and axis generated " algorithmically ". I propose a synthesis of these accounts in this paper by drawing on the species-specific cognitive affordances of human upright posture grounded in the reorganization of the anatomical planes, with a special emphasis on antisymmetrical relations that emerge between arm-leg and face-groin antinomies cross-culturally. Whereas Levinson argues that the internal geometry of objects " stripped of their bodily associations " (1994: 821) is sufficient to account for Tzeltal meronymy, making metaphorical explanations entirely unnecessary, I propose a more powerful, elegant explanation of Tzeltal meronymic mapping that affirms both the geometric-analytic and the global-metaphorical nature of Tzeltal meaning construal. I do this by demonstrating that the " algorithm " in question arises from the phenomenology of movement and correlative body memories—an experiential ground which generates a culturally selected pair of inverse contrastive paradigm sets with marked and unmarked membership emerging antithetically relative to the transverse anatomical plane. These relations are then selected diagrammatically for the classification of object orientations according to systematic geometric iconicities. Results not only serve to clarify the case in question but also point to the relatively untapped potential that upright posture holds for theorizing the emergence of human cognition, highlighting in the process the nature, origins and theoretical validity of markedness and double scope conceptual integration.

Bioethanol–gasoline blends represent an emerging direction in the attempts to reduce GHG emissions, urban and road-side pollution and to limit the use of fossil fuels in vehicle engines. As a result of the biofuel directives, an... more

Bioethanol–gasoline blends represent an emerging direction in the attempts to reduce GHG emissions,
urban and road-side pollution and to limit the use of fossil fuels in vehicle engines. As a result of the biofuel
directives, an increasing number of vehicles is gradually adapting bioethanol–gasoline blends, and concerns
are arising in context with their new and poorly studied emission profiles. Compared to conventional
ethanol–gasoline blends, the introduction of bioethanol can add new parameters to the emission profiles of
the sharply increasing number of vehicles worldwide. This review sheds light on the known and anticipated
emission products from combustion of blends of gasoline and bioethanol, their toxic properties and the
expected role of additive chemistry on pollution profiles. The results presented herein show that benzaldehyde,
acetaldehyde, formaldehyde and VOCs are the dominant emission products from bioethanol similarly
to ethanol–gasoline blends. However, the presence of additives, such as ETBE and MTBE adds further
complexity to expected emission profiles, followed by proprietary additives, lubricants and detergents
which – based on a limited amount of available information, show that further research is required. Our
conclusions suggest that a generic reduction of amine-based additives in blends is a safe approach for
reducing toxicity of bioethanol–gasoline blends. Oxygenated additives however, are expected to have a
reduced toxicity from the emissions compared to amine-based types, nevertheless, studies show that also
these, based on their concentrations can introduce considerable risks to the health and the environment.
The implementation of novel catalyst technologies applied on bioethanol–gasoline blends may therefore
be an avenue of reduction of the toxic components deriving from bioethanol–gasoline blends

This research aims at observing the blending process, the patterns of blending, and the possible new meanings of the English-influenced blends found in the Indonesian context. The influence of English and Indonesian not only in terms of... more

This research aims at observing the blending process, the patterns of blending, and the possible new meanings of the English-influenced blends found in the Indonesian context. The influence of English and Indonesian not only in terms of the source words involved, but also of the morphological processes of the blends and also to see whether there are some semantic changes, anticipating the cultural influence of the blend creators. Data are collected from advertisement of schools events, brand name of food and beverage products, also names of cafes and restaurants found mostly in Yogyakarta. The data are analyzed using Mattiello's formula (2013) in categorizing the process of blending: morphotactical, morphonological, and morphosemantic. The results show that morphotactically the data can be classified into total and partial blends of which there are more blends whose first source words are kept full and followed by clipped second source words. In morphopohonological process, there is no non-overlapping blends; phonological overlap also takes place, but not orthographical one. Morphosemantically, attributive blends are more frequent than the coordinative ones.

In this paper we deal with some novel blends in English and discuss, from a cognitivist point of view, the ways they are formed and processed, particularly focusing on the interpretation of their meaning and the degree of recognisability... more

In this paper we deal with some novel blends in English and discuss, from a cognitivist point of view, the ways they are formed and processed, particularly focusing on the interpretation of their meaning and the degree of recognisability of the source words in these blends by the ESP students of the Faculty of Economics, University of Belgrade, as well as the difficulties they face in understanding them. We point out various reasons why these blends tend to be misinterpreted by non-native speakers of English and discuss the extent to which ESP teachers may rely on the tenets of Conceptual Blending Theory in the process of economic vocabulary acquisition and learning in an ESP economics course at the tertiary level.

As a summary of work in the project “Influence of bioethanol fuels treatment for operational performance, ecological properties and GHG emissions of spark ignition engines (Biotreth)”, evolving around the effects from bioethanol blending,... more

As a summary of work in the project “Influence of bioethanol fuels treatment for operational
performance, ecological properties and GHG emissions of spark ignition engines
(Biotreth)”, evolving around the effects from bioethanol blending, this paper summarizes
the findings from the 3-year long project. These are 1) attributional life cycle assessment
(LCA) of the environmental impact connected with the blended fuels, and 2) molecular
dynamics simulations of exhaust from the blended fuels.
Bioethanol has been increasingly applied as a renewable energy component in
combination with gasoline for the reduction of emissions and to reduce the release of
climate gases into the atmosphere. Here the environmental and health impacts resulting
from introducing bioethanol blended into fossil fuels are assessed. This bio-blended
fuel is an alternative to fossil fuels, and their multivariate results are presented with the
potential environmental impacts of the production (well-to-tank) of certain multifunctional
detergent additive packages (MDAPs) combined with different ethanol-gasoline
blends. Moreover the effect of feedstock for ethanol in Switzerland and Poland on end-point modelling results is explored. The resulting combustion products, as a result of
adding these new MDAP to the ethanol-gasoline blends, are measured and added to
the well-to-wheel LCA focused on GWP100, Cumulative Energy Demand and Eco-
-indicator’99. MDAP production eco-environmental impacts are estimated based on
their chemical structure.
To assess the potentials for new types of emission compounds we have used molecular
dynamics simulations. The combination of bioethanol and gasoline introduces two leading
toxic components in the urban atmosphere as potentially toxic mixtures: acetaldehyde and
poly aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were established. The PAHs are found in combusted
gasoline and are virtually absent in emissions of bioethanol. Bioethanol however, contributes
with acetaldehyde, which is a potential carcinogen. In this study, we have studied the dynamics
of particle formation between acetaldehyde and phenanthrene, which is a PAH found at high
concentrations in generic fossil fuel emissions. Our analysis resolves the interaction of these
two main emission toxic components at the molecular level in virtual chambers of 300 to
700K, under standard atmospheric conditions and under high pressure and temperature
from the engine and exhaust pipe and also reveals their interaction with environmental
humidity, modelled as single-point charged water molecules. The results show so far that
PAHs and phenanthrene can combine in the water phase and form aqueous nanoparticles,
which can be easily absorbed in the lungs through respiration. Water droplets in moisture
become potential carriers of PAHs to the exposed subjects by forming non-covalent bonds
with acetaldehyde, which in turn binds phenanthrene via its hydrophobic group.

Segregation in industrial settings is responsible for a significant amount of lost product due to poor quality issues. In the pharmaceutical industry, segregation of the active ingredient is a critical issue that can lead to loss of life... more

Segregation in industrial settings is responsible for a significant amount of lost product due to poor quality issues. In the pharmaceutical industry, segregation of the active ingredient is a critical issue that can lead to loss of life or physical harm if not closely monitored and controlled. Therefore, finding a way to control or predict segregation is critical to optimizing product design or to mitigate quality issues with bulk powders and granules. Obviously, the best way to handle segregation is to create a product consisting of a mixture of key ingredients that does not tend to separate when subjected to typical stimulus in handling processes and distribution networks.While this is the best alternative, it is often difficult to fully achieve in practice. One of the needs to accomplish this goal is to find a method of easily characterizing a mixture to measure segregation potential. This paper addresses that need. It describes an automated methodology used to measure segregation and evaluates that method for consistency, repeatability, and correlation to previous methods. The method first forms a pile of material in a controlled manner and then uses reflectance spectrum to differentiate between components in a mixture along the pile. The method of computing the concentrations and segregation intensities from reflectance measurements
is presented. Repeat experiments are done to determine the expected error of the method. This error is found to be within 7% from test to test for a badly segregating material and within 0.5% for a moderately segregating material. The method also uses a complex data acquisition scheme and numerical analysis of large amounts of data. We measured the error of the data collection and subsequent numerical analysis and found the error for computation to be within 0.3%. We also compared this to other manual methods and found good correlation to these methods of segregation measurement generating data within 7.8% of other methods.

There is no doubt that the Internet, where English is ubiquitous, has revolutionized our way of life. Socially, it has opened frontiers to such an extent that nowadays human beings can be permanently connected, no matter the distance... more

There is no doubt that the Internet, where English is ubiquitous, has revolutionized our way of life. Socially, it has opened frontiers to such an extent that nowadays human beings can be permanently connected, no matter the distance between them, in virtual encounters where social networks play a crucial role. Linguistically, on the other hand, it has created a new global language which combines properties of written and oral speech. The Internet’s lexical level, in particular, is described as extremely innovative, creative and playful since it is full of neologisms, many of which are Anglicisms, coined to name the new realities constantly brought along with the evolution of the digital world. In order to demonstrate that social networks are indeed the source of a wide array of creative and playful neological Anglicisms in Peninsular Spanish, we have carried out a corpus-based analysis of the names of five current social and interactive forms of Internet communication in two contemporary Spanish corpora; specifically, that of the indirect social network generically known as the blog and those of the direct social networks Facebook, Instagram, Twitter and WhatsApp. Our study focuses, specifically, on four facets of these neological Anglicisms: (i) their date of introduction into the language; (ii) their frequency of occurrence; (iii) their diverse spellings; and (iv) finally, the different word-formation processes they enter.