Brunei Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Made in Nusantara serves as a comprehensive introduction to the history, sociology, ethnography, and musicology of historical and contemporary popular music in maritime Southeast Asia. Each essay covers major fgures, styles, and social contexts of genres of a popular nature in the Nusantara region including Malaysia, Indonesia, Brunei, Singapore, and the Philippines. Trough a critical investigation of specifc genres and their spaces of performance, production, and consumption, the volume is organised into four thematic areas: 1) issues in Nusantara popular music; 2) history; 3) artists and genres; and 4) national vs. local industries. Written by scholars working in the region, Made in Nusantara brings local perspectives to the history and analysis of popular music and critically considers conceptualisations developed in the West, rendering it an intriguing read for students and scholars of popular and global music.

- by and +1
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- Popular Music, Southeast Asia, Malaysia, Indonesia
- by PHAN LE HA
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- Digital Literacy, Digital Media & Learning, ASEAN, Brunei

The purpose of this case study is to characterize the economy of Brunei and to show the role of tourism in the sultanate.
Brunei is located in Southeast Asia in the northeastern part of the Borneo Island and, based on the income per capita, is one of the richest countries (at the beginning of the XXI century, gross domestic product per capita was over 20 thousand USD), while the society doesn't pay taxes, and the social sphere is well developed. The country's economy is based on crude oil and natural gas production and processing. These account for nearly 90% of income from exports. Tourism is becoming an important opportunity to overcome the economic monoculture.
This study characterizes the role of tourism in the economy based on the newest statistical data and reports published in Brunei as well as in other parts of the world. Written and pictorial materials collected during a visit to Brunei in 2008 are a valuable supplement to this layer of information.
Since gaining its independence in 1984, the significance of tourism in the country's economy has gone through a rapid transformation. The tourism industry accounted for 11.6%of GDP in 2008, and according to the World Travel & Tourism Council (WTTC), its share will increase to 14,1% by 2018. The number of jobs in the tourism industry increases systematically - in 1998 it employed 10 thousand, while in 2008 this number increased to 24 thousand. Forecasts show that jobs in the tourism industry should grow to 35 thousand by 2018. The number of tourists since the beginning of the XXI century has been over 800 thousand annually, while in the 1980s only a few thousand tourists visited Brunei each year. This study looks also at the factors that determine the limitations in the development of tourism. Brunei, being one of the smallest countries by area, is unique in the sense that the deciding factors are political, religious and environmental. The development of tourism in the country is hindered mainly by the strengthening Islamist ideology. Since 1991,several Islamic fundamentalist laws have been established such as dress code and prohibition of alcohol.

- by Tomasz M Wites
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- Brunei

Cervical cancer caused by the human papilloma virus (HPV) is a common cancer in women. There is no published data on the recent incidence of cervical dysplasia, cervical cancer and genital warts caused by the different types of HPVs in Brunei Darussalam. A cross-sectional, retrospective study was conducted utilising data from patients diagnosed with cervical cancer during the period 2005-2009 in Brunei Darussalam. The varying incidences of different types of cervical lesions among various ethnic and age groups, and in the overall population, were determined. The mean age-standardised incidence of invasive cervical cancer during the five-year period was 24.9 per 100,000 women per year (95% confidence interval [CI] 21.7, 28.1). Age-specific invasive cervical cancer incidence peaked in the age group 45-59 years. Chinese females tended to have a higher incidence of invasive cervical cancer (28.2 per 100,000 women per year; 95% CI 17.8, 38.7) than Malay females (20.6 per 100,000 women pe...

- by Pemasiri Telisinghe
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- Malaysia, China, Health Policy, Adolescent

The objective of this study was to employ the theory of planned behavior in examining the inclusion of Islamic religiosity in predicting Islamic ethical work behavior. Islamic religiosity was included as Islam plays a dominant role in Brunei's society. Participants consisted of 370 Malay Muslim teachers. Structural equation modeling was used to test three proposed models. While Model 1 was based on the theory of planned behavior, it does not take into consideration the distinctive Islamic context of the Bruneian society. Hence, Model 2 was proposed to include Islamic religiosity. To better reflect the population, a model with Islamic religiosity was further augmented leading to Model 3. Results showed support for only two models: Model 1 and Model 3. Model 3 was revised by removing non-significant paths. Model comparison indicated that the revised Model 3 (AIC = 100.82; BIC = 103.55) is a better model than Model 1 (AIC = 141.88; BIC = 143.98). This suggests that the predictive power of the theory of planned behavior can be improved by including dominant cultural factors, such as religiosity, that affect a person's belief. In conclusion, it can be said that religion is indispensable in exploring and understanding how the people in Brunei think and behave in their workplace and society.

and the umbrella motion of CD 3 , resulting in the vibrational anticorrelation of the two receding products. The result presented in Table 1 suggests that the intramolecular energy transfer induced by the chattering motion of D atoms in the transition-state region occurs as a way of conserving the combined energy of the two vibrators. This notable aspect can be regarded as an extension of the dynamics trait of conservation of vibration action found previously for a typical heavy-light-heavy, three-atom reaction (28).

- by Tock Chua and +1
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- Science, Symbiosis, Peru, Multidisciplinary

This book analyses the processes of social and economic change in Brunei Darussalam. Drawing on recent studies undertaken by both locally based scholars and senior researchers from outside the state, the book explores the underlying strengths, characteristics, and uniqueness of Malay Islamic Monarchy in Brunei Darussalam in a historical context and examines these in an increasingly challenging regional and global environment. It considers events in Brunei's recent history and current socio-cultural transformations, which give expression to the traumatic years of decolonisation in Southeast Asia. A wide range of issues focus on foreign, non-Bruneian narratives of Brunei as against insider or domestic accounts of the sultanate, the status of minority ethnic groups in Brunei and the concept of 'Brunei society', as well as changes in the character and composition of the famous 'water village', Kampong Ayer, as the cultural heartland of Brunei Malay culture and the socio-cultural and economic effects of the resettlement of substantial segments of the population from a 'life on water' to a 'life on land'. A timely and very important study on Brunei Darussalam, the book will be of interest to anthropologists, sociologists, historians, geographers, and area studies specialists in Southeast Asian Studies and Asian Studies.

- by Stephen C Druce
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- Asian Studies, Southeast Asian Studies, Southeast Asia, Malay World

This wide-ranging book re-evaluates in detail the early history and historiography of Brunei Darussalam, the origins of the sultanate, its gene-alogical foundations and the structure and administration of Brunei society. Contributors draw on the seminal work of Donald E. Brown whose major monograph on the sultanate was published in 1970 and marked the beginnings of advanced sociological, anthropological and historical research on Brunei. Among the key issues addressed are status systems, titles and social stratification, Chinese sources for the study of Brunei, Malay oral and written histories and traditions, the symbolism, meanings and origins of coronation rituals, previously unknown sources for the study of Brunei history and the processes of incorporation of minority populations into the sultanate. Contributions by leading scholars of Brunei, Borneo and the wider Indonesian-Malay world, both from within Brunei Darussalam and beyond, address some central preoccupations which Brown raised and which have been the subject of continued debate in Austronesian and Southeast Asian studies. A novel contribution to the study of the history of Brunei Darussalam, this book will be of interest to scholars of Southeast Asian history, Asian history, Colonial and Imperial history and anthropology. Victor T. King is Professor of Borneo Studies at the Institute of Asian Studies , Universiti Brunei Darussalam, and Emeritus Professor of South East Asian Studies, University of Leeds, UK. He is the co-author of The Modern Anthropology of SouthEast Asia (Routledge 2006) and co-editor of the Rou-tledge series Modern Anthropology of SouthEast Asia.

- by Stephen C Druce
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- Asian Studies, Anthropology, Southeast Asian Studies, Southeast Asia
- by ALİ OSMAN KOCALAR
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- Brunei Darussalam, Brunei
- by Charles Chao Rong Phua
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- History, Area Studies, Public Administration, Political Economy

- by Victor King
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- History, Asian Studies, Anthropology, Southeast Asian Studies

Despite the wide arrays of research on Small Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in Brunei, there are only few that highlighted women involvement in Small Enterprises. It is the objective of this research to analyze the development of women entrepreneurship in Brunei from 1985 until 1995 as this period witnessed the entry of Brunei women in SMEs. By looking at several data collected from newspaper articles and interviews, this thesis will also examine the contributing factors and as well the unique challenges faced by Brunei women. Most of the sample data collected came from women vendors in Tamu Kianggeh, Horticulture market in Kampong Rimba, and Kampong Ayer. The findings of this research have shown two main important facts. First, the motivating factors that led women to SMEs can be determine by the push and pull factors by the encouragement of family, self-initiatives and the available assistance made by the Brunei government and non- government organizations. Second, in analyzing the challenges, local women proprietors have voiced their concerns on the challenges on having small market, stiff competitions and external issues in related to their safety and lack of supervision. It is hoped that this thesis could gave new light of understanding of women entrepreneurs in Brunei and hope that it will be useful to fellow researchers who are under taking studies in this area.

- by Norliyana Yahya
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- Small and Medium-scale Enterprises, Brunei Darussalam, Brunei

A detailed analysis of the origins and making of the Brunei Constitution of 1959

- by Bachamiya Abdul Hussainmiya
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- Comparative Constitutionalism, Brunei

Often assume that Brunei Malay language affects other languages on the island of Borneo. This phenomenon stated by Nothofer (1991) according to him the multilingualism in Brunei was in the high level and Brunei Malay language has working on the supra-regional level. In addition, there are records and evidence of the linguistic influences of Brunei Malay dialect in the wider area for example, the Malay dialect serves as lingua franca among ethnic groups in Sabah are still based Brunei Malay language (Collins, 1990). Indirectly Brunei Malay dialect contributed many words to the vocabulary of the other languages on the island of Borneo. It is indeed very common in the context of language interactions (Collins, 1981). Therefore, Sabah as a region that has been directly under Brunei influence has also experienced and received the influence especially in terms of sociolinguistic relations and language history. Other than that, most people know that Sabah indigenous people can speak and understand more than two languages including their respective ethnic languages. The paper was written based on fieldwork conducted in 10 districts on the west coast of Sabah using the focus group interview and the questionnaire circulation containing 100 lexical Brunei Malay dialect. Based on an assumption that the dialect of Malay Sabah influenced by Brunei Malay dialect. therefore, this paper aims to look for the Brunei Malay lexical entry in Sabah Malay dialect which affected the meaning process in Sabah Malay vocabulary in particular involving the sociocultural translation and word adjustment which applicable between Brunei Malay and Sabah Malay dialect.

- by Saidatul Nornis Hj. Mahali
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- Ethnography, Linguistic Anthropology, Linguistics, Brunei

Sebelum mengalami penjajahan, Brunei merupakan sebuah kerajaan yang sangat besar. Wilayahnya mencakup bagian utara Kalimantan hingga Filipina bagian selatan. Brunei tumbuh sebagai kerajaan yang sangat kuat dan mengalami kejayaan pada abad keempat belas hingga abad keenam belas. Sayangnya, puncak kejayaan tersebut tidak dapat berlangsung lama karena adanya pengaruh kebudayaan dari bangsa Eropa. Pengaruh budaya tersebut secara tidak langsung telah mengikis rasa kebangsaan di dalam diri masyarakat Brunei saat itu, akibatnya banyak terjadi perpecahan di tingkat regional. Kondisi tersebut dimanfaatkan oleh para penjajah untuk menyerang Brunei dan menjadikannya sebagai daerah koloni. Awalnya, Burnei memang cukup tangguh dalam menghadapi para penjajah tersebut. Serangan Spanyol ke kawasan tersebut berhasil dipatahkan oleh pasukan Brunei, namun kondisi internal Brunei yang semakin carut marut membuatnya menjadi rapuh. Banyaknya perselisihan antar para bangsawan, perebutan kekuasaan hingga pembagian wilayah untuk para pangeran membuat kerajaan tersebut mudah untuk dipecah belah. Kondisi tersebut diperparah dengan hilangnya sebagian kekuasaan Brunei yang diakibatkan oleh pengkhianatan Rajah Putih dari Sarawak. Brunei menjadi semakin mengecil dan memisah menjadi dua bagian. Kekuasaannya pun tak lagi berlangsung lama, Brunei akhirnya takluk ditangan Inggris. Wilayah yang tadinya seluas Kalimantan Utara dan Filipina Selatan, kini menjadi kecil mungil sebagaimana yang ada saat ini. Tulisan ini akan membahas tentang sejarah keberadaan Kesultanan Brunei atau yang biasa dikenal dengan nama Brunei Darussalam. Untuk memudahkan dalam pembahasan, tulisan ini akan membagi sejarah Brunei kedalam tiga bagian;

A native of Bruges (now part of Belgium), Jacques de Coutre was a gem trader who spent nearly a decade in Southeast Asia in the early 17th century. In addition to a substantial autobiography written in Spanish and preserved in the National Library of Spain in Madrid, he wrote a series of memorials to the united crown of Spain and Portugal that contain recommendations designed to reverse the decline in the fortunes of the Iberian powers in Southeast Asia, particularly against the backdrop of early Dutch political and commercial penetration into the region. Translated into English for the first time, these materials provide a valuable first-hand account of the bigger issues confronting the early colonial powers in Southeast Asia, and deep insights into the societies De Coutre encountered in the territory that today makes up Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand and the Philippines.

- by Peter Borschberg
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- Business, Military History, Cultural History, Economic History

The following paper explores the unique history, tradition and culture of the Gurkhas focusing on their knife, the Khukuri, often called Kukri. The relationship between the Gurkhas and Khukuri, its use in Gurkha culture, tradition and... more

- by vk kunwor
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- Military History, Sociology of the Military, History of India, Indian studies

This paper provides a detailed account of the process of invention of a nationalist tradition for Brunei, the most tradition-conscious nation in Southeast Asia. It shows how its nationalist tradition emerged at the interface of colonial records, indigenous oral and written sources, ethnographic fieldwork and anthropological theories. For this purpose the paper traces the history of anthropological research in northern Borneo from its colonial beginnings to its post-colonial role in nation-building and shows how anthropology and anthropologists have — sometimes unknowingly, sometimes deliberately — played an active role in the shaping of Negara Brunei Darussalam.

This review describes the morphological, phytochemical and pharmacological properties of Cinnamomum iners Reinw. ex Blume (Lauraceae). The plant grows wild in the lowland of Malaysia, India, Myanmar, Indonesia, Thailand, Singapore, Brunei and Philippines. This plant is commonly used for its carminative, analgesic and antipyretic properties, for postpartum treatment, rheumatism and digestive ailments. This article enumerates an overview of phytochemical and pharmacological aspects that is useful to researchers for further exploration necessary for the development of this potential herb.

- by marina shah
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- Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines, India
- by Ja Ian Chong and +1
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- European History, Military History, European Studies, Japanese Studies

I am pleased to welcome readers to this first issue and hope that it will help you get to know us better as we share our news and activities. We plan to publish this newsletter once a year as a platform for both academic staff and students to inform readers of the Academy's various activities. This seminal issue further serves to introduce the Academy and its staff to readers.

- by Stephen C Druce
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- Southeast Asian Studies, Southeast Asia, Brunei Darussalam, Brunei

This paper is constructed in four sections. The first section is a brief overview of the South China Sea dispute. The second section offers four reasons why China has acted the way it has in the South China Sea, covering economic reasons, historical reasons, power reasons, and political reasons. These reasons cover all three levels of analysis. The third section details these motivations in the backdrop of international relations theory, including realism, neorealism, classic liberalism, institutional liberalism, democracy-based liberalism, economic interdependence liberalism, and constructivism. Based on these observations, the fourth section offers a bleak outlook for the possibility of cooperation in the region.

- by Peter Grabowski
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- International Relations, Chinese Studies, International Law, Liberalism

Kampong Ayer is the cultural hearth of Brunei Darussalam. Once described as the Venice of the East, modernization has transformed this capital of the Brunei Sultanate into just another urban settlement, but located within the Sungai Brunei estuary. Its largely modern architecture and built environment has raised the question of whether it still holds any heritage value. This paper aims to provide an answer using the UNESCO World Heritage Site enlistment criteria as a guide. The study focusses on the relationship between people and environment (Criteria 5) to determine if they could be regarded as an outstanding example that is vulnerable to irreversible change. It employs a biomimetic approach to analysis as field surveys suggest the environment to be a prominent factor. The information used was gathered over the past decade through field work and dialogue with current and former residents. The study found a good degree of congruence between residents of Kampong Ayer and mangroves, the 'genius of place' in the Sg Brunei estuary. It also found processes and patterns typical of organismic, evolving systems. The study elucidated cultural traits that have survived through the evolution of Kampong Ayer over half a millennium. The paper also addresses sustainability issues using findings from biomimetic analysis.

- by Gabriel Y V Yong
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- Cultural Heritage, Brunei, Biomimicry and Architecture

Pada tahun 1963, Brunei enggan menyertai Malaysia. Sultan Brunei iaitu Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddien III (1950)(1951)(1952)(1953)(1954)(1955)(1956)(1957)(1958)(1959)(1960)(1961)(1962)(1963)(1964)(1965)(1966)(1967) meninggalkan rancangan tersebut demi untuk mengekalkan kedudukannya sebagai raja dan sistem pemerintahan beraja. Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddien III akan tetapi berharap Britain akan terus melindungi Kesultanan ini, jika boleh dalam tempoh yang panjang. Namun kerajaaan Britain tidak boleh terus melindungi Brunei, kerana kemerdekaan separa Brunei semakin sukar untuk dilindungi oleh wakil United Kingdom di Pertubuhan Bangsa Bangsa Bersatu (PBB). Tambahan lagi Britain dan Malaysia tidak mahu Brunei berdiri sendiri, kerana ini akan menyebabkan kesukaran dari sudut politik dan juga ketenteraan bagi Britain dan Malaysia untuk mempertahankan Federasi Malaysia yang baru ditubuhkan pada tahun 1963. Selain itu, kerajaan Britain bimbang Brunei akan menjadi objek muslihat Indonesia tetapi jika Brunei menjadi sebahagian dari Malaysia Brunei tidak akan menjadi sasaran Indonesia. Selain itu jika Brunei memilih untuk merdeka diluar dari Federasi, kerajaan Malaysia bimbang Sabah dan Sarawak akan memilih untuk keluar dari Malaysia dan menjadi merdeka. Dengan itu untuk menjamin keselamatan Federasi, Brunei perlu menyertai Malaysia. Walau bagaimanapun Britain tidak mahu memaksa Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddien III untuk menerima cadangan Malaysia. Britain akan cuba untuk menggalakkan Baginda Sultan untuk menyertai Malaysia sekurang-1 kurangnya pada tahun 1965. Namun, usaha Britain tidak berhenti pada tahun ini, usaha tersebut berlanjutan hingga tahun 1968. Kertas ini akan membincangkan perkara tersebut. Penolakkan Brunei terhadap Malaysia. Pada tahun 1963, Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddien III menolak untuk menyertai Malaysia (terdiri dari Malaya, Singapura, Sarawak dan Sabah) yang dicadangkan oleh Tunku Abdul Rahman Perdana Menteri Persekutuan Tanah Melayu. Kegagalan dalam mecapai persetujuan mengenai hasil pendapatan Brunei menjadi salah satu sebab mengapa Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddien III enggan menyertai Malaysia. Dalam mesyuarat yang dijalankan antara 5 Februari dan 3 Mac 1963, pihak Persekutuan Tanah Melayu telah menegaskan bahawa dapatan hasil minyak Brunei perlu diserahkan kepada kerajaan Persekutuan, sepuluh tahun selepas kemasukan Brunei ke dalam Malaysia, manakala Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddien III mahu Brunei mengawal secara kekal mana-mana hasil dan pendapatan yang berkaitan dengan minyak. Kerajaan Persekutuan Tanah Melayu juga inginkan hak untuk mengenakan cukai ke atas mana-mana minyak dan mineral yang baru ditemui sebaik saja kesultanan ini menyertai Malaysia, namun Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddien III tetap ingin Brunei mengekalkan pemilikan hasil tersebut. Selain itu bagi Kerajaan Persekutuan Tanah Melayu adalah menjadi kewajiban Brunei untuk menyumbangkan $40 juta setiap tahun kepada kerajaan Persekutuan, tetapi Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddien III mahukan sumbangan itu bersifat sukarela. Terdapat juga isu lain yang menjadi pertikaian. Menurut Kerajaan Persekutuan Tanah Melayu, susunan pangkat Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddien III di antara Raja-Raja adalah yang terbawah. Ini adalah kerana susunan tersebut adalah berdasarkan tarikh Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddien III menyertai majlis Raja-Raja dan bukan berdasarkan tarikh baginda Sultan menaiki takhta. Sebelumnya, semasa mesyuarat awal di antara 2 kerajaan Brunei dan Malaya (pada Julai 1962), Kerajaan Persekutuan Tanah Melayu telah menjamin yang keutamaan baginda Sultan adalah berdasarkan tarikh kenaikan menaiki takhta dan bukan berdasarkan tarikh menyertai Majlis Raja-Raja. Walaupun syarat-syarat tersebut telah dibincangkan dengan lanjut pada Jun 1963, isu-isu ini masih belum dapat diselesaikan, kerana Tunku Abdul Rahman enggan memenuhi syarat-syarat yang diberikan oleh kerajaan Brunei dan Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddien III juga enggan memenuhi syarat-syarat yang diberikan oleh Kerajaan Persekutuan Tanah Melayu. Kegagalan dalam mencapai persetujuan dalam isu-isu tersebut menjadi salah satu sebab utama kenapa Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddien III tidak mahu menyertai Malaysia pada tahun 1963. Bahkan Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddien III sudah menyatakan dalam persuratannya kepada Tunku Abdul Rahman di antara Julai tahun 1961 dan Oktober tahun 1963 yang Brunei akan hanya menyertai Federasi Malaysia jika Kerajaan Persekutuan Tanah Melayu menerima semua syarat-syarat Brunei. 1 Tunku Abdul Rahman, kecewa dengan keputusan Brunei yang enggan menyertai Malaysia, beliau mendakwa yang perbincangan terhenti setelah persetujuan diperolehi ke atas semua perkara kecuali apabila Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddien III membangkitkan mengenai persoalan kedudukan baginda(seolah-olah sudah terlambat untuk Tunku berunding dengan Majlis Raja-Raja). Pada Mac 1963, Persidangan Raja-Raja telah memutuskan yang keutamaan dan kedudukan Sultan Brunei hendaklah dikaitkan dengan tarikh kemasukan Brunei ke dalam Malaysia, oleh itu nama Sultan Brunei ialah yang terakhir dalam senarai pemilihan untuk ditabalkan menjadi Yang Dipertuan Agong untuk Federasi Malaysia yang baru itu. 2

- by Nani Suryani
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- Brunei, Brunei History

Background and aims: Stress amongst nursing students is a global issue. There is an absence of published international comparative studies which investigate this and so this paper sets out to explore the sources of stress among nursing students throughout their course of study and to determine whether they were more stressed by academic or clinical factors across five different countries (Albania, Brunei, the Czech Republic, Malta and Wales). Although each country, within this study, has a unique culture, a cross-cultural comparison can be made in an attempt to better understand stress in the student nursing population. Methods: The study was undertaking using a descriptive quantitative design using the Stress in Nurse Education Questionnaire with 1707 nursing students across the five countries. Results: The mean score for the total sample for all the items on the stress scale was 52.3 (SD 17.1). The sample from Wales had the lowest mean score and those in Brunei had the highest. Students in Brunei and Malta were more stressed by the academic elements of the course than by the clinical elements. Whereas for those students in the Czech Republic For students in Wales and in Albania -Korçe there were no differences in stress experienced between the academic and clinical elements of the course. The results indicated that there were no significant differences 0260-6917/$ -see front matter c (P. Burnard).

- by Deborah Edwards and +1
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- Nursing, Nurse Education, Stress, Adolescent

This is a comparative study on second language (L2) acquisition of English language between a private school and government school in the city of Brunei Darussalam based on their literacy skills on reading fluency and accuracy. This research aims to investigate whether is it the earlier the better for children acquiring their L2 in formal learning. It will also discuss on the perception that private schools are better in literacy skills compared to children from government schools in Brunei. Hence, will also help to determine what are some of the factors affecting the rate of successful L2 acquisition in Brunei’s formal education in both government and private schools.

While much has been written about stress in nursing in the 'West', less research has been done on this issue in many 'Eastern' countries. This paper offers the findings of the first study of stress in student nurses in Brunei. The paper describes a study of 20 Brunei nursing students and their views about stress in nursing. A modified grounded theory approach was used in collecting and analysing data (and the 'modifications' are described). Findings were organised around the themes: stressors, moderators and outcomes [Carson, J., and Kuipers, E., 1998. Stress management interventions. In: Hardy, S., Carson, J., Thomas, B. (Eds.), Occupational Stress: Personal and Professional Approaches. Stanley Thornes, .

- by Deborah Edwards
- •
- Nursing, Multilingualism, Mental Health, Nurse Education

The introductory chapter provides the rationale for the book, to acknowledge, celebrate and evaluate Professor Donald Brown’s pioneering studies on the Brunei sultanate. It is just over 50 years since Professor Brown undertook anthropological research in Brunei (1967–1968) for his Cornell University doctorate, which led to his seminal volume Brunei: The Structure and History of a Bornean Malay Sultanate published by The Brunei Museum as a special monograph in 1970 (see Prologue); it too celebrates its fiftieth anniversary. He also wrote more than 20 related papers on the history and social organisation of Brunei. These have become standard references for our understanding and appreciation of the society, culture and history of the Brunei sultanate. The chapter proposes that in any scholarly historical and social-science-based research on Brunei, and on historically and culturally related territories in Borneo and on Malay states more generally, Brown’s work is frequently cited. Though other studies were undertaken after the publication of Brown’s monograph, without his crucial scholarly contribution we would have had no major points of reference before the declaration of the full independence of Negara Brunei Darussalam from the British Crown on 1 January 1984.

- by Stephen C Druce
- •
- Social Anthropology, Southeast Asian Studies, Southeast Asia, Malay World

- by Stephen C Druce
- •
- Geography, Asian Studies, Southeast Asian Studies, Southeast Asia

Cholesteatoma is an aggressive disease and its management poses a greater challenge in children than in adults. This study reviews the experience of Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre in the clinical presentation and management outcome of acquired cholesteatoma in paediatrics that required surgical interventions. Materials and Methods: A retrospective review of case records of patients below 18 years old who underwent surgery from 1999 to 2010. Results: A total of 46 patients presented with 53 cases of cholesteatoma in which seven patients had bilateral disease. The age of presentation ranged from four to 18 years old with a mean age of 12 years. Male and female patients were 65% and 35% respectively. Otorrhoea or previous history of otorrhoea on presentation was found in 94% and 96% of them had hearing impairment. Cerebellopontine angle abscess, sigmoid sinus thrombosis and mastoiditis were among the complications. Tympanic membrane was retracted in 64% while 47% having had attic retraction and 53% had total atelectasis. A majority (85%) underwent canal wall down surgery with or without tympanoplasty. Post-operatively, 71% had improvement or preserved hearing level. The duration of follow up ranged from one month to 13 years and a quarter had recurrent disease and underwent revision surgeries. Conclusion: Majority of the cholesteatoma patients suffered from hearing loss and otorrhoea. Tympanic membrane retraction remained the most common clinical finding. Hence, children with persistent otorrhoea after adequate treatment may represent cholesteatoma. Surgical options of canal wall up and canal wall down procedures have equal risk of recurrence.

- by teoh jian woei
- •
- Brunei

The external morphology of a bilateral gynandromorphic tineid moth, Harmaclona tephrantha (Meyrick), is discussed. Both male and female sexual characters are approximately evenly divided between the left (female) and right (male) halves of the body, as shown by wing, abdominal, and genital structures. A brief review of the causes of gynandromorphism is provided, along with references to previous publications which discussed the genital morphology of gynandromorphic Lepidoptera.

- by David Edwards
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- Zoology, Entomology, Southeast Asia, Sri Lanka

Most of the estuarine and ocean bottoms are covered with sediments making this the largest habitat on our planet. Grain size data of the estuarine sediments are of great importance in differentiating various depositional microenvironments and also useful for assessing the textural characteristics of the habitat in benthic ecological studies. Here we use grain size analysis of the intertidal surface sediments along the Brunei estuary (Borneo, South East Asia) and the result reveals the dominance of sand fractions, and the percentage of dominance follows the order of sand > clay > silt. The sand size fraction was higher at seaward stations, which were poor in organic matter (<4 %), in contrast to the low-energy landward stations, which comprised a higher proportion of fine-grained (clay and silt) sediments and were rich in organic matter (> 5%). This pattern suggests that the intertidal sediments of the estuary derive from a mixed origin, including continental/marine and terrestrial sources, which vary in degree along the estuarine gradient in relation to hydrodynamic wave/current energy (generally low to high in a seaward direction along the estuary). There was strong negative correlation between the sand fraction and the other sediment variables (silt, clay and organic matter), whereas a positive correlation was observed between organic matter and silt/clay. Univariate (ANOVA) and multivariate (PCA) techniques clearly showed significant spatial differences in the sediment variables among the stations investigated, confirming differential energy conditions at different locations. Cluster analysis and PCA helped to discriminate the station groups along the estuary according to their sediment textural properties. This study also revealed that sediment grain size is a key factor influencing the organic matter accumulation in surface sediments. The organic matter observed in different stations is quite in agreement with the widely accepted view of other researchers from the tropical region that fine grained sediments generally have higher amounts of organic matter than the coarse grained one. The high organic matter at landward stations was found to reflect natural (mangroves) and anthropogenic (pollution) organic input.

- by Venkatramanan Senapathi
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- Sediments in sewers, Soil organic matter, Brunei, Grain size

- by Derek Hayes
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- Nursing, Multilingualism, Mental Health, Nurse Education
- by Marie-Sybille de Vienne
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- Brunei

A leader's effectiveness is affected by the followers' acceptance of the leader as their leader. Followers rely on their cognitive schema to judge whether someone deserves to be considered a leader. This cognitive schema is the implicit leadership theory (ILT) individuals have on the qualities of a leader. When leaders are perceived as conforming to this ILT, they are seen as leaders, and followers accept their influence attempt. This study examined the ILT of Bruneians. The findings indicate that Bruneians are associated with a distinct ILT and shows that gender and personality variables predict the variation in ILT.

- by Ali Yusob Md Zain and +3
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- Leadership Development, Brunei, ILT

Borneo Island is governed by the countries of Brunei Darussalam, Malaysia (Sabah and Sarawak) and Indonesia (Kalimantan) and is part of Sundaland. These countries have a high diversity of freshwater fishes, especially described and undescribed species of Cypriniformes; together these species and other flora and fauna represent an extraordinary opportunity for worldwide collaboration to investigate the biodiversity, conservation, management and evolution of Borneo's wildlife. Much of the fauna and flora of Borneo is under significant threat, warranting an immediate and swift international collaboration to rapidly inventory, describe, and conserve the diversity. The Sunda drainage appears to have been an important evolutionary centre for many fish groups, including cypriniforms (Cyprinidae, Balitoridae and Gyrinocheilidae); however, Northwestern Borneo (Brunei, Sabah and Sarawak) is not connected to Sundaland, and this disjunction likely explains the non-homogeneity of Bornean ichthyofauna. A previous study confirmed that northern Borneo, eastern Borneo and Sarawak shared a similar ichthyofauna, findings that support the general hypothesis for freshwater connections at one time between western Borneo and central Sumatra, and south Borneo and Java island.

- by Mohd Tajuddin Abdullah, PhD, FASc
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- Ecology, Brunei, Borneo

While Brunei and China established diplomatic relations some 26 years ago, it is arguably the last six that have been the most important and productive. A shift in the relationship was marked in 2011 when Wen Jiabao became the first Chinese premier to visit Brunei in which various cooperation documents were signed. The subsequent Xi Jinping era has seen significant progress in strategic cooperation between the two countries. Total Chinese consolidated investments in Brunei have now reached approximately US$6 billion, which includes large-scale Chinese infrastructure projects in the sultanate, such as a US$4 billion crude oil refinery as well as partnership in such areas as telecommunications and aquaculture. In addition, there is a commitment by Shenglong New Energy Automobile to construct an assembly plant for renewable-energy fuelled vehicles in the sultanate. Brunei also signed up to China’s Asian Infrastructure Bank in 2014. Diplomatically, Brunei and China appear to have reached a consensus on how to address the areas of the South China Sea that both countries dispute, the only ASEAN member involved in the dispute to have done so. This chapter discusses the main economic and diplomatic factors that are driving the increasingly closer relationship between the East Asian giant and the tiny sultanate. In particular, we focus on China’s Belt and Road initiative in relation to Brunei’s pressing need to diversify its economy away from oil and gas, how the relationship relates to Brunei’s 2035 vision, and the diplomatic implications this has for Brunei, both regionally and in the wider world.

The history of the independent enclave on the north western edge of the island of Borneo, Brunei, goes way back more than two and a half centuries to the time in the 700s BC when migrant tribes from Vietnam left their ancestral homes and wandered across ocean and island until they came to the island that we know now as Borneo. More than a thousand years later, the land surrounding the Brunei estuary became a trading post with Chinese participation. After that, the area around Brunei was ruled from afar by the Hindu Kingdom located on the Indonesian island of Sumatra. Then, in the 1300s, the Sultan of Brunei ruled the neighbouring areas, including all of the island of Borneo and up into the southern islands of the Philippines.

- by Kasi Xswl
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- Radio, Malaysia, Asia Pacific Region, Brunei
- by Arnaud Leveau
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- Economics, Conflict, Cambodia, Culture

A review of Bill Hayton's 2014 book

Welcome to Issue 2 of the Academy of Brunei Studies Research Newsletter. In this issue we presents a number of recent books published by Academy staff and their colleagues, an overview of current staff research and a list of our 2020 and... more

- by Stephen C Druce and +1
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- Southeast Asian Studies, Southeast Asia, Malay World, Southeast Asian history

This article investigates the bureaucratisation of Islam in Brunei and its interlinkages with socio-cultural changes. It elucidates how realisations of state-enforced Islamic orthodoxy and purification produce locally unique meanings, while simultaneously reflecting much broader characteristics of the contemporary global condition. The article first introduces a theoretical perspective on the bureaucratisation of Islam as a social phenomenon that is intimately intertwined with the state’s exercise of classificatory power and related popular processes of co-pro- ducing, and sometimes appropriating symbolic state power. Second, it outlines the historical trajectory of empowering Brunei’s national ideolo- gy, Melayu Islam Beraja (MIB). It then explores social imaginaries and bureaucratic representations of “deviant”-declared practices, before illustrating how these practices become reinvented within the parameters of state power as “Sharia-compliant” services to the nation state. Simulta- neously, national-religious protectionism is paradoxically expressed in thoroughly globalised terms and shaped by forces the state cannot (en- tirely) control. Newly established Sharia-serving practices become culturally re-embedded, while also flexibly drawing upon multiple transnational cultural registers. In the main ethnographic example, bureaucratised exorcism, Japanese water-crystal photography and scientisation fuse behind the “firewall” of MIB. These hybrid pathways to orthodoxy complicate the narratives through which they are commonly framed.

- by Dominik Müller
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- Social Change, Islamic Law, Southeast Asian Studies, Political Anthropology

China's rise as a global economic powerhouse has led to a surge in Chinese language-learning worldwide, including in Southeast Asia. This article examines how this phenomenon has unfolded in Brunei, a Muslim and English-Malay bilingual majority country. Drawing on participant observations at two private Chinese middle schools, 19 interviews with teachers and parents, and 10 focus group discussions with students conducted in 2018, we find that there are discrepant discourses and multifaceted realities within and between different groups. While parents and teachers articulate the economic and cultural benefits of learning Chinese, students struggle to understand these and instead articulate banal motivations (e.g. being able to communicate with non-English-conversant family members and foreigners). Contextualising our findings to the historic marginalisation of the ethnic Chinese diasporic minority community in Brunei, we argue that the cumulative effects of educational and non-educational institutional barriers (e.g. lack of teaching materials relevant to the local context, and reliance on foreign teachers) hamper the development of effective and comprehensive Chinese language-learning in Brunei. Our findings suggest that, to date, the rise of China has had limited impact on Chinese language-learning among Chinese students and their parents in Brunei.

- by Chang-Yau Hoon
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- Asian Studies, Education, Southeast Asian Studies, South Asian Studies
- by Dominik Müller
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- Islamic Law, Southeast Asian Studies, Social and Cultural Anthropology, Malaysia