Cognitive Models Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

As computers approach the physical limits of information storable in memory, new methods will be needed to further improve information storage and retrieval. We propose a quantum inspired vector based approach, which offers a contextually dependent mapping from the subsymbolic to the symbolic representations of information. If implemented computationally, this approach would provide exceptionally high density of information storage, without the traditionally required physical increase in storage capacity. The approach is inspired by the structure of human memory and incorporates elements of Gärdenfors' Conceptual Space approach and Humphreys et al.'s matrix model of memory. Kitto, K., Bruza, P., & Gabora, L. (2012). A quantum information retrieval approach to memory. Proc International Joint Conf on Neural Networks, (pp. 932-939). June 10-15, Brisbane, Australia, IEEE Computational Intelligence Soc.

- by
- •
- Computer Architecture, Information Retrieval, Computational Modeling, Quantum Theory

The primary hypothesis of this paper is that internal and external changes in design and manufacturing organizations ffect the viability of boundary objects (representations, drawings, models -virtual and physical) and require changes in the underlying distributed cognitive models. Internal and external factors include new advances in technologies, insights into organizational processes, organizational restructuring and change of market focus. If the above hypothesis is true, then there are consequences for the methodologies of designing computational support systems for co-operative engineering work. We provide evidence by describing three empirical studies of engineering design we have performed in large organizations. We investigate how changing technologies disrupt the common grounds among interfaces and how this opens debate on the role of boundary objects, especially in the product visualization and analysis arena. We then argue that changes in market forces and other factors leading to changes in organizational structures often lead to erosion of common understanding of representations and prototypes, above all at the interfaces. We conclude by making the case that every structural and information flow change in engineering organizations is accompanied by the potential deterioration of the common ground. This requires the synthesis of new common grounds to accommodate the needs of new interfaces.

- by Ira Monarch and +1
- •
- Information Systems, Cognitive Science, Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW), Engineering Design

Before there can be entrepreneurship there must be the potential for entrepreneurship, whether in a community seeiting to develop or in a large organization seeking to innovate. Entrepreneuriai potential, however, requires potential entrepreneurs. This paper discusses antecedents of such potentiai and proposes a modei based on Shapero's (1982) model of the entrepreneurial event. We then discuss this model in iight of supporting evidence from two different perspectives, corporate venturing and enterprise development.

- by Norris Krueger
- •
- Marketing, Cognition, Social Norms, Public policies
- by Mohsen Bakhtiar
- •
- Conceptual metaphors, Cognitive Models, Cultural Concepts

Emotions are one of the important subconscious mechanisms that influence human behaviors, attentions, and decision making. The emotion process helps to determine how humans perceive their internal status and needs in order to form consciousness of an individual. Emotions have been studied from multidisciplinary perspectives and covered a wide range of empirical and psychological topics, such as understanding the emotional processes, creating cognitive and computational models of emotions, and applications in computational intelligence. This paper presents a comprehensive survey of cognitive and computational models of emotions resulted from multidisciplinary studies. It explores how cognitive models serve as the theoretical basis of computational models of emotions. The mechanisms underlying affective behaviors are examined as important elements in the design of these computational models. A comparative analysis of current approaches is elaborated based on recent advances towards a ...

- by Felix Ramos
- •
- Cognitive Science, Computational Intelligence, Affective Computing, Emotions

Resumen: Dado que en la mayoría de las pruebas en el ámbito educativo las personas se involucran en algún tipo de resolución cognitiva de problemas, los enfoques psicométricos tradicionales tienen el inconveniente de no aportar información acerca de las estructuras de conocimiento ni de las habilidades subyacentes a la resolución de los ítems de una prueba. Por ello, se necesita de enfoques de evaluación que se orienten a aspectos cognitivos y que permitan diseñar pruebas e interpretar resultados en términos de los procesos y las habilidades propias de la resolución de problemas. En este artículo se presenta una de las opciones más recientes de la evaluación cognitiva diagnóstica: el Método de Jerarquía de Atributos (MJA), que puede ser visto como un modelo cognitivo de desempeño que resume un conjunto de conocimientos y habilidades interconectadas que las personas utilizan para responder correctamente los ítems de una prueba en un dominio específico. Este enfoque posibilita contar con métodos de evaluación orientados al mejoramiento del aprendizaje y proponer diversas técnicas de enseñanza basadas en la psicología del desempeño en la resolución de tareas.

- by Álvaro Artavia Medrano
- •
- Cognitive Models

There are a great variety of theoretical models of cognition whose main purpose is to explain the inner workings of the human brain. Researchers from areas such as neuroscience, psychology, and physiology have proposed these models. Nevertheless, most of these models are based on empirical studies and on experiments with humans, primates, and rodents. In fields such as cognitive informatics and artificial intelligence, these cognitive models may be translated into computational implementations and incorporated into the architectures of intelligent autonomous agents (AAs). Thus, the main assumption in this work is that knowledge in those fields can be used as a design approach contributing to the development of intelligent systems capable of displaying very believable and human-like behaviors. Decision-Making (DM) is one of the most investigated and computationally implemented functions. The literature reports several computational models that enable AAs to make decisions that help a...

- by Felix Ramos
- •
- Cognitive Models
- by Fabio Paglieri
- •
- Cognitive Science, Philosophy, Decision Making, Argumentation

In this paper we attempt to develop the still programmatic but insightful proposal made by Thomburg and Panther (1997) and , according to which the identification of the intended meaning (or illocutionary force) of indirect requests (and by extension of indirect speech acts in general) is based on conceptual metonymies operating on the grounds of the different components of illocutionary scenarios. We build into Panther and Thornburg's account other aspects of indirect directives which they have not considered yet. Thus we examine issues such as the semantic motivation of indirect directives, the prototypicality degrees of the constructions used to convey them, their instantiation potential, their image-schematic basis, and the cognitive motivation of some of their features in discourse. We argue that calculating the illocutionary force of an utterance is ultimately a matter of conceptual interaction between propositional, image-schematic, metonymic, and metaphorical idealized cognitive models or ICMs. 0 teach linguistics at the University of La Rioja (Spain). They have done research on pragmatics, and on cognitive and functional linguistics and collaborate with researchers from the universities of La Rioja, Castelhm, and Murcia in the study of frame semantics, metaphor, and metonymy, and their relationships with the various levels of grammatical explanation, on the one hand, and with pragmatic inferencing, on the other. Professor Francisco Ruiz de Mendoza coordinates work by some of these researchers on redeveloping frame semantics theory in terms of relational networks and their interaction with metaphoric, metonymic and image-schematic models. Dr. Lorena Perez has carried out extensive research into speech act theory, especially from the point of view of cognitive modelling.

- by Francisco Ruiz de Mendoza
- •
- Cognitive Science, Philosophy, Pragmatics, Cognition
- by Shirley Reynolds
- •
- Psychology, Cognitive Science, Anxiety Disorders, Behavior Modification

This paper explores the relation between new digital genres configuration and their users’ previous knowledge patterns from an interlinguistic perspective. More precisely, first we analyse two models that underlie the formal architecture of websites. For that purpose we introduce diverse pieces of software that allow for visualization of website organization in terms of nodes and links. Then, we show the most entrenched metaphoric models that provide cognitive tools for users to understand website configuration and usage, in an English speaking culture. Finally, we discuss to what extent these models can be transferred and learned by users from other cultures, particularly in Spanish speaking communities.

- by Ignasi Navarro i Ferrando
- •
- Computer Science, Information Flow, Cognitive Models

Children are increasingly using the Web. Cognitive theory tells us that directory structures are especially suited for information retrieval by children; however, empirical results show that they prefer keyword searching. One of the reasons for these findings could be that the directory structures and terminology are created by grown-ups. Using a card-sorting method and an enveloping system, we simulated the structure of a directory. Our goal was to try to understand what browsable, hierarchical subject categories children create when suggested terms are supplied and they are free to add or delete terms. Twelve groups of four children each (fourth and fifth graders) participated in our exploratory study. The initial terminology presented to the children was based on names of categories used in popular directories, in the sections on Arts, Television, Music, Cinema, and Celebrities. The children were allowed to introduce additional cards and change the terms appearing on the 61 cards. Findings show that the different groups reached reasonable consensus; the majority of the category names used by existing directories were acceptable by them and only a small minority of the terms caused confusion. Our recommendation is to include children in the design process of directories, not only in designing the interface but also in designing the content structure as well.

- by Judit Bar-Ilan
- •
- Information Systems, Information Retrieval, Categorization, System Design

Interface designers are increasingly relying on craft based approaches to compensate for a perceived lack of relevant theory. One such source is cinematography, where film-makers succeed in helping viewers follow the narrative across cuts which change the information on the screen. Cinematography has evolved over the last century, and its rules of thumb cannot be applied directly to interface design. We analyse film-makers' techniques with a cognitive theory (ICS) and show that they work by preserving thematic continuity across cuts. Expressing this theoretically allows us to extrapolate away from film, applying it to screen changes in interface design.

- by Philip J Barnard
- •
- Design Support, Relevance Theory, Interface Design, Cinematography

Incorporating different kinds of micro-theories of cognition and modulating several mechanisms to unify all the recommended actions and outputs of an Intelligent System when a huge amount of environmental variables are changing continuously with increasing complexity, may become a very comprehensive task. The presented framework proposes an Hybrid Cognitive Architecture that relies on integrating of emergent systems approaches-connectionist and autopoietic systems-, and cognitivist approaches, in order to combine implicit and explicit processes necessary in developing cognitive skills. The proposed architecture includes different kinds of learning capabilities at each cognitive level which grant to the architecture a big plasticity. In addition, the propounded attention module includes an evolutionary mechanism based on gene expression programming to evolve a set of eligibility conditions in charge of modulating the coalition/ subordination of specialized behaviours, taking into consideration the theatre metaphor for consciousness. Finally, a co-evolutionary mechanism is proposed to propagate behaviours and knowledge between cognitive systems-Agents-on the basis of memetic engineering. The proposed architecture was proved in an animat environment using a multi-agent platform where several emergent properties of self-organization arose.

In this paper, we merge speech act theory, emotion theory, and logic. We propose a modal logic that integrates the concepts of belief, goal, ideal and responsibility and that allows to describe what a given agent expresses in the context... more

- by Dominique Longin
- •
- Cognitive Models
- by Ivanna Shubina
- •
- Risk factors, Cognitive Models, Risk Factors

Page 313. More on Combinatory Lexical Information: Thematic Structure in Parsing and Interpretation Michael K. Tanenhaus, Julie E. Boland, Gail A. Mauner, and Greg N. Carlson Department of Psychology, University of Rochester, Rochester,... more

- by Michael Tanenhaus
- •
- Cognitive Models

Cognitive theories of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) emphasize the role of maladaptive appraisals and control strategies in distinguishing normal from clinically significant intrusive thoughts. Since the majority of studies testing these models utilize predominantly European American samples, the racial and ethnic generalizability of these theories is largely unknown. In the current study, African Americans (n ¼40) and European Americans (n ¼ 54) were interviewed about their experiences of unwanted intrusive thoughts (e.g., frequency, interference, importance, and difficulty dismissing the intrusion), as well as their appraisals and the control strategies employed to manage distress associated with their most distressing intrusive thought. Participants also completed a self-report measure of OC symptoms. Results indicated that African American and European American participants reported similar experiences of OCD-related intrusions, appraisals, and control strategies; however, the groups showed different patterns of relations between intrusion appraisals, control strategies, and self-reported OC symptoms. These findings suggest that race-associated factors may play a role in the comparative experience of OCD-related phenomena between African American and European American individuals. Theoretical and clinical implications are discussed within cognitive models of OCD.

- by Ryan Jacoby and +1
- •
- Race, Cognitive Models

In the conceptual design stage, outcomes of industrial designers work are generally represented by set of sketches where curves, notes, shadows, and colors implicitly represent creative ideas. Signs and annotations are used to synthesize and concretize the design intent that, finally, will be transformed into the styling product visual appearance. The loss of the original design intent may be due to the complexity of the design process, and the involvement of different actors. Our aim is to provide a method and relative tools in order to interpret signs on sketches for eliciting the design intent. The analysis result is a set of aesthetic features that can be used for driving CAD modeling, in the case both of Reverse Engineering applications and of product modeling for restyling purposes. Sketches analysis is based on a semiotic interpretation driven by the formalization of the cognitive models used in the conceptual design phase. The approach showed promising results on different s...

- by Michele Germani
- •
- Industrial Design, Engineering Design, Reverse Engineering, Design process

Engineering models of human performance permit some aspects of usability of interface designs to be predicted from an analysis of the task, and thus they can replace to some extent expensive user-testing data. We successfully predicted human performance in telephone operator tasks with engineering models constructed in the EPIC (Executive Process-Interactive Control) architecture for human information processing, which is especially suited for modeling multimodal, complex tasks, and has demonstrated success in other task domains. Several models were constructed on an a priori basis to represent different hypotheses about how operators coordinate their activities to produce rapid task performance. The models predicted the total task time with useful accuracy and clarified some important properties of the task. The best model was based directly on the GOMS analysis of the task and made simple assumptions about the operator's task strategy, suggesting that EPIC models are a feasible approach to predicting performance in multimodal high-performance tasks.

- by David Meyer
- •
- Information Systems, Human Computer Interaction, Human Factors, Interface Design

Título: Modelos cognitivos del desarrollo de las funciones ejecutivas. Limitaciones metodológicas y desafíos teóricos. Resumen: Las funciones ejecutivas (EF) han sido definidas como una serie de procesos cognitivos de orden superior, que permiten el control del pensamiento, comportamiento y afectividad conforme al logro de una meta. Tales procesos presentan un desarrollo posnatal prolongado, culminando su maduración sobre el final de la adolescencia. En el presente artículo se realiza una revisión de algunos de los principales modelos del desarrollo de las EF en la infancia. El objetivo central de este trabajo es describir el estado del arte respecto de dicho tópico, identificando las principales dificultades teóricas y limitaciones metodológicas asociadas a los diferentes paradigmas propuestos. Finalmente, se señalan algunas de las soluciones sugeridas para afrontar tales dificultades, destacando que el desarrollo de una ontología de las EF podría resultar una alternativa viable para contrarrestar las mismas. Consideramos que futuras investigaciones deberían encaminar sus esfuerzos en esta dirección. Palabras claves: Modelos cognitivos; funciones ejecutivas; desarrollo; ontología.

- by Mauricio Cervigni
- •
- Ontology, Development, Psicología, Ciencias Sociales

In this paper we attempt to develop the still programmatic but insightful proposal made by Thomburg and Panther (1997) and Panther and Thomburg (1998), according to which the identification of the intended meaning (or illocutionary force) of indirect requests (and by extension of indirect speech acts in general) is based on conceptual metonymies operating on the grounds of the different components of illocutionary scenarios. We build into Panther and Thornburg's account other aspects of indirect directives which they have not considered yet. Thus we examine issues such as the semantic motivation of indirect directives, the prototypicality degrees of the constructions used to convey them, their instantiation potential, their image-schematic basis, and the cognitive motivation of some of their features in discourse. We argue that calculating the illocutionary force of an utterance is ultimately a matter of conceptual interaction between propositional, image-schematic, metonymic, and metaphorical idealized cognitive models or ICMs.

- by Francisco Mendoza
- •
- Cognitive Science, Philosophy, Pragmatics, Cognition

There has been an increasing interest in objects within the HCI field particularly with a view to designing tangible interfaces. However, little is known about how people make sense of objects and how objects support thinking. This paper presents a study of groups of engineers using physical objects to prototype designs, and articulates the roles that physical objects play in supporting their design thinking and communications. The study finds that design thinking is heavily dependent upon physical objects, that designers are active and opportunistic in seeking out physical props and that the interpretation and use of an object depends heavily on the activity. The paper discusses the trade-offs that designers make between speed and accuracy of models, and specificity and generality in choice of representations. Implications for design of tangible interfaces are discussed.

- by Margot Brereton
- •
- Interaction Design, Augmented Reality, Engineering Design, Design thinking
- by Grzegorz Bartusik
- •
- Latin Literature, Cognitive Semantics, Cognition, Old Norse Literature

The objective of this study was to explore the cognitive etiology of persecutory delusion formation and maintenance in very late-onset schizophrenia-like psychosis (SLP). Method: Probabilistic reasoning, causal attributional style, and mentalizing ability were examined in 29 patients with SLP, 30 with onset of depression after the age of 60 years and 30 healthy comparison subjects. Results: Patients with SLP made significantly more errors than the healthy comparison group in deception, but not false belief, mentalizing tasks. There were no significant performance differences between groups on the probabilistic reasoning task or the attributional style task. Conclusions: Mentalizing errors may contribute to the development and maintenance of persecutory delusions in SLP. These patients do not appear to show the wider range of cognitive biases described in deluded patients with schizophrenia with onset in younger adult life. (Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2006; 14:410-418)

- by Nigel Blackwood
- •
- Schizophrenia, Cognition, Intention, Comorbidity
- by Dominique Longin
- •
- Cognitive Models

We describe a system, G2A, that produces ACT-R models from GOMS models. The GOMS models can contain hierarchical methods, visual and memory stores, and control constructs. G2A allows ACT-R models to be built much more quickly, in hours rather than weeks. Because GOMS is a more abstract formalism than ACT-R, most GOMS operators can be plausibly translated in different ways into ACT-R productions (e.g., a GOMS Look-for operator can be carried out by different visual search strategies in ACT-R). Given a GOMS model, G2A generates and evaluates alternative ACT-R models by systematically varying the mapping of GOMS operators to ACT-R productions. In experiments with a text editing task, G2A produces ACT-R models whose predictions are within 5% of GOMS model predictions. In the same domain, G2A also generates ACT-R models that give better predictions than GOMS, providing good predictions of overall task duration for actual users (within 2%), though the models are less accurate at a detailed level. In a separate experiment with a mouse-driven telephone dialing task, G2A produces models that do a better job of distinguishing between competing interfaces than a FittsÕ law model or an ACT-R model built by hand. G2A starts to describe the relationship between two major theories of cognition. This may have appeared a simple relationship, but the complexity of the translation illustrates why this was not done before. G2A shows a way forward for cognitive models, that of higher level languages that compile into more detailed specifications.

- by Robert St. Amant and +2
- •
- Psychology, Cognitive Science, Philosophy, Visual Search
- by Oscar J . Romero
- •
- History, Computer Science, Computer Architecture, Artificial Intelligence

The case of a patient is reported who presented consistently with overt deficits in producing pantomimes in the absence of any other deficits in producing meaningful gestures. This pattern of spared and impaired abilities is difficult to reconcile with the current layout of cognitive models for praxis. This patient also showed clear impairment in a dual-task paradigm, a test taxing the coordination aspect of working memory, though performed normally in a series of other neuropsychological measures assessing language, visuo-spatial functions, reasoning function, and executive function. A specific working memory impairment associated with a deficit of pantomiming in the absence of any other disorders in the production of meaningful gestures suggested a way to modify the model to account for the data. Pantomimes are a particular category of gestures, meaningful, yet novel. We posit that by their very nature they call for the intervention of a mechanism to integrate and synthesise perceptual inputs together with information made available from the action semantics (knowledge about objects and functions) and the output lexicon (stored procedural programmes). This processing stage conceived as a temporary workspace where gesture information is actively manipulated, would generate new motor programmes to carry out pantomimes. The model of gesture production is refined to include this workspace.

- by Angela Bartolo
- •
- Psychology, Cognitive Science, Gesture, Cognition

Antes de haver a possibilidade de empreendedorismo, é fundamental que haja potencial para tal, seja em uma comunidade buscando o desenvolvimento, ou em uma organização de grande porte que busca a inovação. Porém, o potencial de empreendimento precisa de um empreendedor em potencial. Este trabalho trata dos antecedentes de tal potencial e propõe um modelo baseado no modelo de Shapero (1982) do evento empreendedor. Portanto, tratamos deste modelo sob a luz de evidências embasadoras de duas perspectivas diferentes: empreendimento corporativo e desenvolvimento empresarial. (Inserido sob permissão da editora.) Palavras-chave: Empreendedor; Empreendimento corporativo; Desenvolvimento empresarial.

- by Norris Krueger
- •
- Marketing, Cognition, Social Norms, Public policies

Basic anthropological terminology i is the first project covering terms from the domain of the social sciences under the Croatian Special Field Terminology program (Struna). Problems that have been sporadically noticed or whose existence could have been presumed during the processing of terms mainly from technical fields and sciences have finally emerged in »anthropology«. The principles of the General Theory of Terminology (GTT), which are followed in Struna, were put to a truly exacting test, and sometimes stretched beyond their limits when applied to concepts that do not necessarily have references in the physical world; namely, abstract and metaphysical concepts iii. We are currently developing a new terminographical model based on Idealized Cognitive Models (ICM), which will hopefully ensure a better cross-filed implementation of various types of concepts and their relations. The goal of this paper is to introduce the theoretical bases of our model. Additionally, we will present a pilot study of the series of experiments in which we are trying to investigate the nature of conceptual categorization in special languages and its proposed difference form categorization in general language.

- by Perina Vukša Nahod
- •
- Categorization, Cognitive Models, Language for Specific Purposes
- by Niels Taatgen
- •
- Psychology, Cognitive Science, Mathematics, Cognition

The cell phone and other small mobile devices are rapidly becoming the preferred access points to, and storage repositories for, personal messages and media, such as music, photos, and video. Such devices are transforming person-to-person... more

This paper considers multiple meanings of dependability as part of a project investigating home based assistive and smart home technology for older people. It argues that because the term dependability is broad, clear levels of analysis must be articulated. It further situates engineering based definitions of dependability in wider critical perspectives. Five levels of analysis are proposed which expand from a single device to a set of devices in a particular building with primary and secondary users. These levels of analysis are then considered in relation to five contextual perspectives: the technological, the personal, the social, the cultural and the environmental. The approach is applied to a case study of an older person's experience of the installation of an automated front door.

- by Andrew Monk
- •
- Assistive Technology, Compiler Construction, Older people, Case Study

The increasing spread of Internet technology has highlighted the need for a better understanding of the fundamental issues concerning human users in a virtual space. Despite the great degree of navigational freedom, however, not all hypermedia users have the capability to locate information or assimilate internal knowledge. Research findings suggest that this type of problem could be solved if users were able to hold a cognitive overview of the hypermedia structure. How a learner can acquire the correct structural knowledge of online information has become an important factor in learning performance in a hypermedia environment. Variables that might influence learners' abilities in structuring a cognitive overview, such as users' cognitive styles and the different ways of representing information, should be carefully taken into account. The results of this study show that the interactions between information representation approaches and learners' cognitive styles have significant effects on learners' performance in terms of structural knowledge and feelings of disorientation. Learners' performance could decline if a representational approach that contradicts their cognitive style is used. Finally, the results of the present study may apply only when the learner's knowledge level is in the introductory stage. It is not clear how and what type of cognitive styles, as well as information representation approaches, will affect the performance of advanced and expert learners.

- by Jiunde Lee
- •
- Information Systems, Computer Science, Cognitive Styles, Cognitive Style

... Pennington et al. ... 357-390. [27] Liu, C., Goetze, S., & Glynn, B., What Contrib-utes to Successful Object-Oriented Learning?, In Proc. of OOPSLA'92, 1992. ... 77-86. [28] Lokuge, I., Gilbert, SA, & Richards, W.,... more

- by Angélica de Antonio
- •
- History, Computer Science, Computer Architecture, Artificial Intelligence

In this paper, we introduce a model for developing training systems for object-oriented analysis and design, which we believe addresses the shortcomings of traditional design methods for interactive systems, when applied to this class of problem. Our chief premise is that the identification of the cognitive processes that precipitate the success or failure of an object-oriented analysis and design, can be applied to improving the usabilit y and effectiveness of training techniques and tools. Such improvements would be based upon mental models derived from expert/novice comparisons, addressing specific diff iculties that designers face, using cognitive, instructional and learning theory. We expect these advances to lead a software development time/cost reduction, by providing designers with the skill s required to facilit ate the success of object-oriented pro jects.

The linguistic difficulties of crossing international cultural and language boundaries are obvious. What is not so obvious is that, within a given culture, linguistic silos may isolate professional subcultures and hinder communication across disciplinary boundaries. Even to a greater extent, professional silos may leave the lay community entirely outside the circle of understanding.When a U.S. scientist, lawyer, or voter utters the very same words, the similarity of their common language may hide a chasm of difference in meaning. Some examples are easy to come by. Both lay members of the community and scientists regularly accuse lawyers of using language to confuse, not to communicate. Young lawyers may be equally frustrated when, for example, they ask a psychiatrist whether an accused knew right from wrong--a question no scientist can answer. Lay jurors, paradoxically, decide such issues handily. Poets and artists stand aside and speak a language of their own. This article proposes...

- by john mixon
- •
- Sociology, Communication, Cognitive Models, Sustainability

Cognitive models assume that panic disorder is characterised by a tendency to misinterpret benign bodily symptoms (e.g. breathlessness) in a catastrophic fashion (e.g. suffocation). This is a central part of the cognitive model which presents a core focus for treatment. Several studies have supported this hypothesis. These studies have, however, almost always relied on self-report. In addition to susceptibility to biases (e.g. distortions of memory), a limitation of research based on verbal report is its inability to capture the spontaneous/automatic nature that is attributed to these catastrophic interpretations. The present paper reports on two experiments in which a priming procedure was used to test the hypothesis that panic disorder is characterised by spontaneous catastrophic interpretations and whether this effect is 'specific' to panic disorder. In line with predictions from the cognitive model, it was observed in the first experiment that the panic group demonstrated facilitated responses to trials consisting of a 'symptom' prime and a 'catastrophic outcome' target (e.g. breathlessness-suffocate). Similar effects were not observed for an anxious control group and a non-clinical control group, supporting the specificity of this effect. Interestingly, however, significant priming effects were observed for a group of mental health professionals (part of the healthy control group) who had no history of panic disorder. Subsequently, this unexpected observation was explicitly addressed in a second experiment, which confirmed the findings of Experiment 1. Together, these results suggest that associations between mental representations of benign bodily symptoms and catastrophic outcomes might develop as part of professional knowledge and experience, and should not necessarily be viewed as pathogenic. Theoretical and clinical implications are discussed.

- by Koen Schruers
- •
- Anxiety Disorders, Mental Health, Mental Representation, Cognition

This paper reports on our approaches to combine various software comprehension techniques (and technologies) in order to establish con dence whether a given reusable component satis es the needs of the intended reuse situation. Some parts of the problem we are addressing result from di erences in knowledge representation about a component depending on whether this component is a well documented in-house development, some externally built componentry, or a COTS-component.

Dado que en la mayoría de las pruebas en el ámbito educativo las personas se involucran en algún tipo de resolución cognitiva de problemas, los enfoques psicométricos tradicionales tienen el inconveniente de no aportar información acerca de las estructuras de conocimiento ni de las habilidades subyacentes a la resolución de los ítems de una prueba. Por ello, se necesita de enfoques de evaluación que se orienten a aspectos cognitivos y que permitan diseñar pruebas e interpretar resultados en términos de los procesos y las habilidades propias de la resolución de problemas. En este artículo se presenta una de las opciones más recientes de la evaluación cognitiva diagnóstica: el Método de Jerarquía de Atributos (MJA), que puede ser visto como un modelo cognitivo de desempeño que resume un conjunto de conocimientos y habilidades interconectadas que las personas utilizan para responder correctamente los ítems de una prueba en un dominio específico. Este enfoque posibilita contar con métodos de evaluación orientados al mejoramiento del aprendizaje y proponer diversas técnicas de enseñanza basadas en la psicología del desempeño en la resolución de tareas.

- by Alvaro Garcia Medrano
- •
- Cognitive Models
- by Stanton Wortham
- •
- Educational Psychology, Emergence, SAM, Cognitive Models

With the upcoming release of the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-V) there has been a necessary critique of the DSM-IV including questions regarding how to best improve the next iteration of the DSM classification system. The aim of this article is to provide commentary on the probable direction the DSM-V is headed with regard to panic attacks, panic disorder (PD), and agoraphobia (AG). The DSM-V Work Group's recommendations for panic attacks, PD, and AG are reviewed, and important diagnostic questions and concerns are raised. Future research directions are discussed that will hopefully help improve our understanding of anxiety and our ability to accurately diagnose and classify these conditions.

- by Brenda K Wiederhold
- •
- Epidemiology, Anxiety Disorders, Fear, Case Studies

Inspired by the latest development in cognitive informatics and contemporary denotational mathematics, cognitive computing is an emerging paradigm of intelligent computing methodologies and systems, which implements computational intelligence by autonomous inferences and perceptions mimicking the mechanisms of the brain. This article presents a survey on the theoretical framework and architectural techniques of cognitive computing beyond conventional imperative and autonomic computing technologies. Theoretical foundations of cognitive computing are elaborated from the aspects of cognitive informatics, neural informatics, and denotational mathematics. Conceptual models of cognitive computing are explored on the basis of the latest advances in abstract intelligence and computational intelligence. Applications of cognitive computing are described from the aspects of autonomous agent systems and cognitive search engines, which demonstrate how machine and computational intelligence may be generated and implemented by cognitive computing theories and technologies toward autonomous knowledge processing. [Article copies are available for purchase from InfoSci-on-Demand.com] Software Engineering. He is the initiator of a number of cutting-edge research fields and/or subject areas such as cognitive informatics, cognitive computing, abstract intelligence, denotational mathematics, theoretical software engineering, coordinative work organization theory, cognitive complexity of software, and built-in tests. He has published over 105 peer reviewed journal papers, 193 peer reviewed conference papers, and 12 books in cognitive informatics, software engineering, and computational intelligence. He is the recipient of dozens international awards on academic leadership, outstanding contribution, research achievement, best paper, and teaching in the last 30 years.

- by Yucong Duan
- •
- Information Systems, Software Engineering, Data Mining, Computational Linguistics

Design by analogy is a powerful part of the design process across the wide variety of modalities used by designers such as linguistic descriptions, sketches, and diagrams. We need tools to support people's ability to find and use analogies. A deeper understanding of the cognitive mechanisms underlying design and analogy is a crucial step in developing these tools. This paper presents an experiment that explores the effects of representation within the modality of sketching, the effects of functional models, and the retrieval and use of analogies. We find that the level of abstraction for the representation of prior knowledge and the representation of a current design problem both affect people's ability to retrieve and use analogous solutions. A general semantic description in memory facilitates retrieval of that prior knowledge. The ability to find and use an analogy is also facilitated by having an appropriate functional model of the problem. These studies result in a number of important implications for the development of tools to support design by analogy. Foremost among these implications is the ability to provide multiple representations of design problems by which designers may reason across, where the verb construct in the English language is a preferred mode for these representations.

- by Kristin Wood
- •
- Design process, Manufacturing Engineering, Idea Generation, Cognitive Models