Cordyceps Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Beauveria bassiana colonizes insect hosts initially through a yeast phase, which is common in some artificial liquid cultures, but not reported on artificial solid media. We describe a yeast-like phase for B. bassiana isolate 447 (ATCC... more

Beauveria bassiana colonizes insect hosts initially through a yeast phase, which is common in some artificial liquid cultures, but not reported on artificial solid media. We describe a yeast-like phase for B. bassiana isolate 447 (ATCC 20872) on MacConkey agar and its virulence toward Diatraea saccharalis and Tetranychus urticae. The yeast-like cells of B. bassiana developed by budding from germinating conidia after 24-h incubation. Cells were typically and fungal colonies were initially circular and mucoid, but later were covered with mycelia and conidia. Ability to produce yeast-like cells on MacConkey medium was relatively common among different B. bassiana isolates, but growth rate and timing of yeast-like cell production also varied. Metarhizium anisopliae and Paecilomyces spp. isolates did not grow as yeast-like cells on MacConkey medium. Yeast-like cells of B. bassiana 447 were more virulent against D. saccharalis than conidia when 107 cells/ml were used. At 108 cells/ml, the estimated mean survival time was 5.4 days for the yeast suspension and 7.7 days for the conidial suspension, perhaps due to faster germination. The LC50 was also lower for yeast than conidial suspensions. Yeast-like cells and conidia had similar virulence against T. urticae; the average mortalities with yeast-like cells and conidia were, respectively, 42.8 and 45.0%, with 107 cells/ml, and 77.8 and 74.4%, with 108 cells/ml. The estimated mean survival times were 3.6 and 3.9 for yeast and conidial suspensions, respectively. The bioassay results demonstrate the yeast-like structures produced on MacConkey agar are effective as inoculum for B. bassiana applications against arthropod pests, and possibly superior to conidia against some species. Obtaining well-defined yeast phase cultures of entomopathogenic hyphomycetes may be an important step in studies of the biology and nutrition, pathogenesis, and the genetic manipulation of these fungi.

It is widely known that athletes used to rely on training and good nutrition to provide maximum results. But now to maintain a competitive edge, athletes are switching to nutraceuticals. They are dietary supplements that provide health... more

It is widely known that athletes used to rely on training and good nutrition to provide maximum results. But now to maintain a competitive edge, athletes are switching to nutraceuticals. They are dietary supplements that provide health benefits. Nutraceuticals and dietary supplements are now commonly used to enhance and improve the health and performance of athletes. This has triggered the sale of nutraceuticals in the market and stores and gyms are selling hundreds
of different supplements. These nutritional supplements usually claim to improve strength, performance and stamina, help build lean muscle, and help to burn excess fat. There are many health and nutritional supplements available in the market for the athletes. It is a difficult choice to choose the suitable and appropriate nutraceutical for oneself. The present article will introduce the athlete to a variety of different nutritional health supplements available in the market including fat burners, conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), numerous essential fatty acids (EFAs), creatine, whey proteins, glutamine, Tribulusterrestris, beta-hydroxy beta-methylbutyrate (HMB), methoxyIsoflavone, and Cordyceps.

Dolpo is one of the most geographically isolated, economically disadvantaged and the least populated areas of Nepal. It is a remote region where education is one of the most scarce resources. The aim of this article is to explore the... more

Dolpo is one of the most geographically isolated, economically disadvantaged and the least populated areas of Nepal. It is a remote region where education is one of the most scarce resources. The aim of this article is to explore the context of setting up and managing two educational facilities located in Dolpo: Tapriza Culture School and Kula Mountain School. In both cases the underlying idea is to combine modern education with local cultural preservation. The main purpose is to give an access to education to the underprivileged children and to improve the quality of life of the local community. Both educational projects seem to exemplify successful joint effort of the local communities and western based NGOs. Schools are managed locally with financial and institutional support from Europe and USA with fullest respect directed towards local traditions and customs.

The aim of present study was determination effects of dietary administration of C. militaris spent mushroom substrate (SMS) on mucosal and serum immune parameters, disease resistance, and growth performance of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis... more

The aim of present study was determination effects of dietary administration of C. militaris spent mushroom substrate (SMS) on mucosal and serum immune parameters, disease resistance, and growth performance of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Two hundred twenty five fish of similar weight (37.28 ± 0.10 g) were assigned to the following diets [0 (T1- Control), 5 (T2), 10 (T3), 20 (T4) and 40 g kg(-1) (T5) SMS]. After 60 days of feeding trial, growth performance, skin mucus lysozyme and peroxidase activities as well as serum innate immune were measured. In addition, survival rate and innate immune responses were calculated after challenge test (15 days) against Streptococcus agalactiae. The results revealed that regardless of inclusion levels, feeding Nile tilapia with SMS supplemented diets significantly increased skin mucus lysozyme and peroxidase activities as well as serum immune parameters (SL, ACH50, PI, RB, and RB) compared control group (P < 0.05). The highest incremen...

Cordyceps Sinensis, known as winter worm and summer grass. This review summarized the overview of C. sinensis; chemical constituents and its biological studies. Further the bibliometric analysis performed which will help to broaden the... more

Cordyceps Sinensis, known as winter worm and summer grass. This review summarized the overview of C. sinensis; chemical constituents and its biological studies. Further the bibliometric analysis performed which will help to broaden the knowledge and understanding of its research, topics, and growing trends. The search term “Cordyceps sinensis” was typed in google scholar and the appeared articles (total 1,134 articles) are selected, having citations more than 100 are 40 articles. Further evaluated according to the journal, year of publication, manuscript type, and first author. To make it more comprehensive the articles having more than 10 citations in the year 2017-18, at least 1 citation in 2019, and all articles of the year 2020 were also presented separately. The average number of citations among the top 40 manuscripts was 189, ranging from the highest 636 to lowest is 102 citations. The maximum number of articles in the top 40 were published in the Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin (n=5) and Life sciences (n=5), followed by the Phytomedicine (n=3). The highest cited paper is by Zhu JS, “the scientific rediscovery of an ancient Chinese herbal medicine: Cordyceps sinensis Part I”, published in 1998 with total citation 636. The most prevalent theme in the title is a polysaccharide (n=13) followed by antioxidant (n =4). Most of the research is performed by Chinese researchers. This bibliometric analysis identified the most influential articles in the field of C. sinensis research and discussed the overview on it.

During one of my trips back to my mother's home as a stressed-out student, I experienced one of the most energizing moments of my life. My mother believes in the power of Chinese medicinal herbs and throughout my life, my sister and I... more

During one of my trips back to my mother's home as a stressed-out student, I experienced one of the most energizing moments of my life. My mother believes in the power of Chinese medicinal herbs and throughout my life, my sister and I have endured, without much questioning, soup after mysterious soup meant for our health, wellness and longevity. Oftentimes I would ignore the various ingredients in the bowl, recognizing at times, the taste of ginseng or birds nest, but that time I noticed peculiar worm-like shapes that were somewhat chewy but pleasantly edible. That evening, I probably experienced the best sleep of my life, and the next morning I remembered feeling positively invigorated and raring to go. My mother of course then began to educate me on what I had partaken of in the soup the night before. It was, literally translated from the Chinese, winter caterpillar grass – a medicinal fungus that promised energy, health and longevity. Caterpillar grass is also known as caterpillar fungus or in Tibetan, yartsa gunbu. 1 There is of course, the proper scientific appellation, cordyceps sinensis. 2 It is often referred to as a mushroom or a fungus but it is actually much more than that. In one of those astonishingly time-lapsed filmed nature segments from BBC's Planet Earth, a jungle bullet ant is struggling, and acting in an odd manner. 3 It keeps climbing upwards as if propelled by an unknown force. It is also shunned by the rest of the ant colony. Sir David Attenborough's calm expert tones do not help dispel the sinister changes the ant is undergoing, and soon over a period of time, it is dead with a stalk emerging out of its head bursting into spores

Abstract BACKGROUND: The medicinal plants and the associated Bhutanese traditional medicine (BTM) are protected by the country's constitution and receive both government support and acceptance by the wider public. More than 1000 medicinal... more

Abstract
BACKGROUND:
The medicinal plants and the associated Bhutanese traditional medicine (BTM) are protected by the country's constitution and receive both government support and acceptance by the wider public. More than 1000 medicinal plants are described in the BTM but currently collects only 300 species for daily formulations of BTM. These medicinal plants have been one of the drivers of the 'Gross National Happiness (GNH)' and biodiscovery projects in Bhutan. However, no review covering the systematic evaluations of the contributions of medicinal plants and the BTM to the GNH and biodiscovery exist till date.
METHODS:
This paper, therefore addresses this information gap. It is based on the review of the existing traditional and scientific literature, government websites and policy documents. The descriptions and discussions of the paper is straightened, authenticated and enhanced by the data collected through the informal discussions with the BTM practitioners and also through the authors' many years of practical observations of the impact of the medicinal plants programs and the BTM practices in Bhutan.
RESULTS:
This paper found the following: a) the medicinal plants generates income to the farmers elevating their living standard and the economic status, b) it serves as the bulk ingredients of the BTM facilitating the provision of free traditional health care services to the patients, c) helps the conservation of medicinal plants and their pristine environment through recognition of their spiritual, social and economic values, d) preserves the rich BTM cultural heritage, and e) guides the biodiscovery projects based on their ethnobotanical information. The paper also identified the challenges and research gaps, and recommends appropriate strategies that can help secure the sustainable future of the medicinal plants, the BTM and the biodiscovery projects.
CONCLUSIONS:
The medicinal plants play significant role in the country's biodiscovery projects and the internationally renowned development policy of 'Gross National Happiness'

In China gilt er als das «Viagra des Himalaya»: Der seltene Pilz Yartsa Gunbu lockt jedes Jahr Zehntausende Glückssucher nach Dolpo. Gewalt und Kriminalität halten Einzug.
Publiziert in: Die Alpen. 2015/2: S44-45.

during last decades. At present, some herbs are used to enhance muscle strength and body mass. Emergent evidence suggests that the health benefits from plants are attributed to their bioactive compounds such as Polyphenols, Terpenoids,... more

during last decades. At present, some herbs are used to enhance muscle strength and body mass. Emergent evidence suggests that the health benefits from plants are attributed to their bioactive compounds such as Polyphenols, Terpenoids, and Alkaloids which have several physiological effects on the human body. At times, manufacturers launch numerous products with banned ingredient inside with inappropriate amounts or fake supplement inducing harmful side effect. Unfortunately up to date, there is no guarantee that herbal supplements are safe for anyone to use and it has not helped to clear the confusion surrounding the herbal use in sport field especially. Hence, the purpose of this review is to provide guidance on the efficacy and side effect of most used plants in sport. We have identified plants according to the following categories: Ginseng, alkaloids, and other purported herbal ergogenics such as , Cordyceps Sinensis. We found that most herbal supplement effects are likely due to...

In an attempt to clarify the potential role of endophytic fungi in integrated pest management, the compatibility of an endophytic isolate of Lecanicillium lecanii (Zimmermann) Gams & Zare (Hyphomycetes) with nine insecticides used against... more

In an attempt to clarify the potential role of endophytic fungi in integrated pest management, the compatibility of an endophytic isolate of Lecanicillium lecanii (Zimmermann) Gams & Zare (Hyphomycetes) with nine insecticides used against Aphis gossypii Glover (Homoptera : Aphididae) was examined both in vitro over 14 days and in planta. In the laboratory, most insecticides partially or completely inhibited the germination of conidia and growth of hyphae in nutrient-rich conditions. Endosulfan completely inhibited the germination of conidia and hyphal growth. In contrast, all insecticides were compatible with L. lecanii in planta, and the fungus was readily recovered from inoculated, colonized leaves. These data support the hypothesis that endophytic L. lecanii will be unaffected by insecticides and could be integrated in the management of pests in cotton.

Cordyceps militaris is one of the well described mushrooms and has been extensively used in Traditional Chinese Complementary Medicine (TCCM) since many centuries. It has been cultivated naturally or in submerged culture using different... more

Cordyceps militaris is one of the well described mushrooms and has been extensively used in
Traditional Chinese Complementary Medicine (TCCM) since many centuries. It has been cultivated naturally or
in submerged culture using different types of media. Fungal mycelia contain adenosine, cordycepin, and
polysaccharides, which are responsible for its biological activities. Cordycepin is the best-known and most
potent mushroom-derived substances possessing anticancer, antitumor and immunomodulating activities. This
mushroom characterized by very low growth rate when grown in solid agar medium for inoculum preparation
during cultivation process. Thus, there was enormous need to increase the growth rate of this type of mushroom
on solid medium to reduce the time of inoculum preparation stage. In this study, optimization of agar cultivation
medium for rapid cell growth using modified potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium culture supplemented with
specific amount of malt extract (ME) together with yeast extract (YE) was investigated. The mycelial growth
diameter was monitored during 21 days of cultivation using two series of experiments of different medium
supplements: 2, 4, 6 and 8 g of ME and 6 g of ME with 0, 2, 4 and 6 g of YE to the PDA medium. The obtained
results clearly demonstrate that the highest mycelial growth diameter of about 7.5 cm was obtained in PDA
medium supplemented with 6 g/L ME and 4 g/L. YE.

Cordyceps species have been traditionally used for the enhancement of sexual function, however, there is few direct evidence to prove this. We investigated the spermatogenic effect of Cordyceps militaris (CM) by supplementation with CM... more

Cordyceps species have been traditionally used for the enhancement of sexual function, however, there is few direct evidence to prove this. We investigated the spermatogenic effect of Cordyceps militaris (CM) by supplementation with CM mycelium to subfertile boars. Seventeen Duroc and 12 Landrace boars (29 to 40 months old) were selected to feed with regular diet (control groups, n = 8 and 6, respectively) or diet supplemented with CM mycelium (treatment groups, n = 9 and 6, respectively) for 2 months. Semen was collected once a week. The quality of fertile sperm (normally greater than 62% of motility and 70% of normal morphology) and the quantity (semen volume, and total sperm number) were compared in these boars. The result showed that sperm production was enhanced significantly at the end of first month ( p < 0.05), peaked at the second month ( p < 0.01) of supplementation with CM and was maintained for 2 weeks after stopping the treatment ( p < 0.01). Plasma cordycepin ...

Cordyceps species have been traditionally used as for the enhancement of sexual function, but its direct evidence is lacking. We investigated the spermatogenic effect of Cordyceps militaris (CM) as supplementation with CM mycelium to... more

Cordyceps species have been traditionally used as for the enhancement of sexual function, but its direct evidence is lacking. We investigated the spermatogenic effect of Cordyceps militaris (CM) as supplementation with CM mycelium to 7-week-old male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. Ninety rats (30 for each group) were selected to regular diet or diet supplemented with CM mycelium (1% and 5%) for 6 weeks. Epididymal sperm were collected from 6 animals per group at each interval of observation. They were allowed to recover for one week. The quality and quantity of sperm were compared in these rats. The CM supplementation resulted in an increase of serum cordycepin concentration ( n = 6, each group) that correlated with treatment time and the cordycepin level was significantly higher ( p < 0.05) in 5% group as compared to 1% group at the 5th and 6th week. Epididymal sperm count was enhanced significantly from the control, at the 5th week and peaked at the 6th week in both groups supplement...

during last decades. At present, some herbs are used to enhance muscle strength and body mass. Emergent evidence suggests that the health benefits from plants are attributed to their bioactive compounds such as Polyphenols, Terpenoids,... more

during last decades. At present, some herbs are used to enhance muscle strength and body mass. Emergent evidence suggests that the health benefits from plants are attributed to their bioactive compounds such as Polyphenols, Terpenoids, and Alkaloids which have several physiological effects on the human body. At times, manufacturers launch numerous products with banned ingredient inside with inappropriate amounts or fake supplement inducing harmful side effect. Unfortunately up to date, there is no guarantee that herbal supplements are safe for anyone to use and it has not helped to clear the confusion surrounding the herbal use in sport field especially. Hence, the purpose of this review is to provide guidance on the efficacy and side effect of most used plants in sport. We have identified plants according to the following categories: Ginseng, alkaloids, and other purported herbal ergogenics such as , Cordyceps Sinensis. We found that most herbal supplement effects are likely due to...

Introduction: Metal elements and their excess intake have significant influence on general health. Aim: There is only little information how Far Eastern herbs resemble European’s regarding their purity and essential metal element content.... more

Introduction: Metal elements and their excess intake have significant influence on general health. Aim: There is only little information how Far Eastern herbs resemble European’s regarding their purity and essential metal element content. The aim of the authors was to determine metal elements in different Chinese and European herbs and extracts. Method: The studied European herbs included Calendula officinalis petals, Achillea millefolium, Epilobium parviflorum herba, Urtica dioica leaves, Crataegus monogyna flowers while Far Eastern herbs were Cordyceps sinensis, Ganoderma lucidum, Ginkgo biloba leaves, Panax ginseng and Curcuma longa roots. The analysis was performed using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy. Results: There was no considerable difference in essential metal elements and the Ca:Mg concentration ratio between European and Far Eastern drugs and extracts. Conclusions: The extracts are preferential metal element sources and their magnesium content a...

Cordycepin is one of the most important bioactive compounds produced by species of Cordyceps sensu lato, but it is hard to produce large amounts of this substance in industrial production. In this work, single factor design,... more

Cordycepin is one of the most important bioactive compounds produced by species of Cordyceps sensu lato, but it is hard to produce large amounts of this substance in industrial production. In this work, single factor design, Plackett-Burman design, and central composite design were employed to establish the key factors and identify optimal culture conditions which improved cordycepin production. Using these culture conditions, a maximum production of cordycepin was 2008.48 mg/L for 700 mL working volume in the 1000 mL glass jars and total content of cordycepin reached 1405.94 mg/bottle. This method provides an effective way for increasing the cordycepin production at a large scale. The strategies used in this study could have a wide application in other fermentation processes.

Cordyceps sinensis, an edible mushroom growing in Himalayan regions, is widely recognized in traditional system of medicine. In the present study, we report the efficacy ofCordyceps sinensisin facilitating tolerance to hypoxia using A549... more

Cordyceps sinensis, an edible mushroom growing in Himalayan regions, is widely recognized in traditional system of medicine. In the present study, we report the efficacy ofCordyceps sinensisin facilitating tolerance to hypoxia using A549 cell line as a model system. Treatment with aqueous extract ofCordyceps sinensisappreciably attenuated hypoxia induced ROS generation, oxidation of lipids and proteins and maintained antioxidant status similar to that of controls via induction of antioxidant gene HO1 (heme oxygenase-1), MT (metallothionein) and Nrf2 (nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-like 2). In contrast, lower level of NFκB (nuclear factor kappaB) and tumor necrosis factor-αobserved which might be due to higher levels of HO1, MT and transforming growth factor-β. Further, increase in HIF1 (hypoxia inducible factor-1) and its regulated genes; erythropoietin, vascular endothelial growth factor, and glucose transporter-1 was observed. Interestingly,Cordyceps sinensistreatment under no...