HAZARD Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Plastics are polymers of higher molecular mass of synthetic or semi-synthetic organic solids used as inputs for industries. Over the
last few years, the need for biodegradable plastics has led to extended significance due to the extreme use of plastics and increasing
pressure being positioned on to be had capacities for plastic waste disposal. Lack of degradability and the closing of landfill sites
as well as growing water and land pollutant problems have caused the situation about plastics. Plastics are causing great difficulty
in environmental problems and consequently, this desires manufacturers to synthesize materials that do not have an impact on the
environment. The use of microorganisms in the surrounding to metabolize the molecular shape of plastic materials to produce
an inert humus-like material and this is much less dangerous to the surroundings, furthermore, expertise their interaction and
the biochemical adjustments they undergo are tremendously essential. In addition, the use of bio-active compounds coated with
swelling materials ensures that once it is far mixed, with heat and moisture, they make bigger the plastics molecular structure and
permit the bio-lively compounds to metabolize and neutralize the plastic. Thus, this overview article is revised to inspire and make
an impact on the importance of microorganisms on biodegradation plastic substances.

- by
- •
- Biodegradation, Plastics, Pollution, Microorganisms

Use of InSAR techniques in the study of unstable slopes has been suggested in recent works. However, in the ease of mass movements, which typically occur in high-relief terrain and are of limited areal extent, the detection of ground surface deformation is difficult. Moreover, the presence of vegetation cover and atmospheric effects introduces coherence loss and resolution problems in the analysis of interferometric pairs. Thus, extreme care must be taken in every step of interferometric SAR processing in order to obtain results that can be easily interpreted and be of practical utility in landslide hazard studies. The authors present the results of the application of InSAR and DInSAR techniques to a landslide test area located in the Southern Apennines. A number of SAR images was selected, whose dates coincide with periods of mass movement activity documented by in situ controls. DInSAR processing was conducted in order to assess the potential of satellite radar data for landslide monitoring. Coarse resolution is an important limiting factor for effective information extraction. Advanced processing approaches may help to overcome this limit

- by Alberto Refice
- •
- Geomorphology, Information Extraction, Erosion, InSAR

This study explores the use of discrete choice methods for airline passenger cancellation behavior. A discrete time proportional odds model with a prospective time scale is estimated based on the occurrence of cancellations (defined as refund and exchange events) in a sample of tickets provided by the Airline Reporting Corporation. Empirical results based on 2004 data from eight domestic US markets indicate that the intensity of the cancellation process is strongly influenced by both the time from ticket purchase and the time before flight departure. Higher cancellations rates are generally observed for recently purchased tickets, and for tickets whose associated flight departure dates are near. Cancellations rates are influenced by several other covariates, including departure day of week, market, and group size.

- by xia xue
- •
- Applied Mathematics, Methodology, Modeling, Revenue Management

The paper presents the results of research aimed at developing a risk assessment process that can be used to more thoroughly characterise risks associated with loader-and dozer-related fatal incidents in US mining. The assessment is based on historical data obtained from the US Mine Safety and Health Administration investigation reports, which includes 77 fatal incidents that occurred from 1995 to 2006. The Preliminary Hazard Assessment method is used in identifying and quantifying risks. Risk levels are then developed using a pre-established risk matrix that ranks them according to probability and severity. The resulting assigned risk value can then be used to prioritise risk control strategies. A total of 10 hazards were identified for loaders. The hazards 'failure to follow adequate maintenance procedure' and 'failure of mechanical/electrical/hydraulic components' were the most severe and frequent hazards and they fell into the category of 'high' risk. The same number of hazards was identified for dozers. The hazard 'failure to identify adverse site/geological conditions' was the most severe and frequent hazard and it fell into the category of 'high' risk.

- by William Groves
- •
- Mining Engineering, Risk Management, Public Health, Risk assessment

Transnational white-collar crime and risk

- by Carole Gibbs and +1
- •
- Criminology, Globalization, Electronics, Risk

Objectives. Our objective is to examine spatial relationships between modeled criteria air pollutants (i.e., nitrous oxides, carbon monoxide, and ozone) and sociodemographics in metropolitan Phoenix, Arizona. Modeled air pollution offers environmental justice researchers a new and robust data source for representing chronic environmental hazards. Methods. We used multiple regression equations to predict criteria pollution levels using sociodemographic variables at the Census block group level. Results. We find that Census block groups with lower neighborhood socioeconomic status, higher proportions of Latino immigrants, and higher proportions of renters are exposed to higher levels of criteria air pollutants. Proportion African American, however, is not a significant predictor of criteria air pollution in the Phoenix metro area. Conclusions. These findings demonstrate clear social-class and ethnic-based environmental injustices in the distribution of air pollution. We attribute these patterns to the role of white privilege in the historical and contemporary development of industrial and transportation corridors in Phoenix in relation to racially segregated neighborhoods. Although all people are implicated in the production of criteria pollutants, lower-income and ethnic-minority residents are disproportionately exposed in metropolitan Phoenix. This article examines the environmental justice implications of spatial relationships between modeled criteria air pollutants (nitrous oxides, carbon monoxide, and ozone) and sociodemographics in metropolitan Phoenix (Maricopa County). The use of modeled air pollution data offers environn Direct correspondence to Sara Grineski, Department of Sociology and Anthropology, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968 hsegrineski@utep.edui. Sara Grineski will share all coding information and data with those wishing to replicate the study. We acknowledge the contributions of Dr. Yu-Jin Choi, an environmental engineer at Arizona State University. Dr. Choi shared her pollution models with us and patiently answered our questions about them. We also acknowledge the assistance of Carol Atkinson-Palombo and

- by Bob Bolin
- •
- Air pollution, Environmental Justice, Multidisciplinary, Carbon Monoxide
- by Jason Moghaddas
- •
- Environmental Science, Behavior, Fire, Biological Sciences

The Florida Department of Transportation (DOT) has initiated multi-modal level-of-service (LOS) methodologies, including that for the bicycle travel mode. It has already adopted a bicycle LOS methodology for the roadway segment portion of the transportation network, the Bicycle Level of Service Model. Florida DOT’s ultimate goal is to develop corridor- and facilities-level LOS methodologies. Toward that goal, Florida DOT sponsored research to develop the first part of an intersection bicycle LOS methodology, the Intersection LOS for the bicycle through movement. This Intersection LOS for the bicycle through movement would provide a measure of the level of safety and comfort experienced by bicyclists riding through an intersection. The Intersection LOS model for the bicycle through movement is based on Pearson correlation analyses and stepwise regression modeling of approximately 1,000 combined real-time perceptions from bicyclists traveling a course through a typical U.S. metropolit...

- by Martin Guttenplan
- •
- Civil Engineering, Statistical Analysis, Service Quality, Vehicle Dynamics

In order to motivate flood insurance purchase and promote flood hazard awareness and mitigation, the Community Rating System (CRS) of National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP), credits floodplain management activities and awards premium discounts for insurance purchase. CRS, however, has been marked by a lack of active participation since its inception. Little empirical evidence exists to shed light on what factors influence the local adoption of hazard mitigation activities. The objective of this project is to provide such evidence through an examination of patterns in CRS participation in 100 North Carolina counties from 1991 to 1996. Specifically, we examine the influence of flood experience, hydrological risk, local capacity, and socioeconomic factors on county hazard mitigation decisions. Results indicate that flood experience and physical risk factors increase likelihood of local hazard mitigation adoption. We find evidence that the proportion of senior citizens within a county has negative influence on CRS participation, and that flood hazard mitigation activities at the county level are more likely when a greater number of nested of municipalities participate.

- by jingyuan li
- •
- Engineering, Natural Hazards, Regulation, Community

Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) plants are a promising technology of renewable energy production, as witnessed by the increasing public and private investments during the last decade. The assessment of the associated risks of business interruption (loss of production) and loss of assets due to the occurrence of undesired internal or external events, such as failures of components, unfavorable environmental conditions, etc., brings added values by informing design modifications and contributing to production assurance, for rational Company investments in these environmentally sustainable power plants. This work presents and applies a methodology for assessing the risks associated to a CSP of innovative design. The methodology is derived from traditional system risk analysis, specifically focused only on the economic consequences of the internal events of failure behavior of components. The innovation in the design considered is particularly aimed at augmenting the CSP intrinsic capability of being equipped with thermal storage systems by the introduction of a molten salt mixture as heat transfer fluid. This technology presents evident advantages in terms of system simplification and reduction of production costs but on the other hand introduces a risk factor with regards to the solidification of the salt mixture that occurs at about 240 C.

- by Michele Compare
- •
- Mechanical Engineering, Design, Renewable Energy, Methodology

The advanced traveler information system (ATIS) is a type of intelligent transportation system application areas that implements emerging computer, communication, and information technologies to provide vital information to the users of a system regarding traffic regulation, route and location guidance, hazardous situations and safety advisory, and warning messages. ATIS requires a large amount of data for processing, analysis, and storage for effective dissemination of traveler information to users. A geographical information system (GIS) allows large data to be effectively processed, stored, analyzed, logically associated, and graphical displayed. Thus, GIS-based ATIS provides a convenient and powerful tool for storage and graphical representation of information, which can be useful users. Further, by availing the powerful GIS functionalities, a user can conceive a problem and allow the appropriate software to assist him in the decision-making process regarding optimum route selec...

- by varun singh
- •
- Information Systems, Engineering, Civil Engineering, Computer Science

A risk matrix is a mechanism to characterize and rank process risks that are typically identified through one or more multifunctional reviews (e.g., process hazard analysis, audits, or incident investigation). This paper describes a procedure for developing a fuzzy risk matrix that may be used for emerging fuzzy logic applications in different safety analyses (e.g., LOPA). The fuzzification of frequency and severity of the consequences of the incident scenario are described which are basic inputs for fuzzy risk matrix. Subsequently using different design of risk matrix, fuzzy rules are established enabling the development of fuzzy risk matrices. Three types of fuzzy risk matrix have been developed (low-cost, standard, and high-cost), and using a distillation column case study, the effect of the design on final defuzzified risk index is demonstrated.

- by Adam Markowski
- •
- Engineering, Design, Fuzzy Logic, Risk Management

For the food security of more than 1.3 billion people, India has to keep on producing more but safe
food. Various techniques have been developed over the time for keeping a check on the quality of
food. Of those, HACCP i.e., Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points is one which ensures the
quality of food during the production or the processing of food. HACCP is based on seven
principles and is a risk management system that identifies, evaluates, and controls hazards
(biological, chemical and physical) related to food safety throughout the food supply chain. The
concept first came to light in 1960s and in India it started early in 2000. HACCP is a protocol for
all the stakeholders involved in food industry for the production of safe food. As the HACCP lays
emphasis on “Clean Production”, therefore, it ensures the use of every single resource whether it
may be water, energy or any raw material in an efficient way leading to manufacture of a priced
commodity and letting out less harmful and meager waste products.

- by Granthaalayah Journals and +1
- •
- Food Safety, Production, Haccp, Principles

This article examines the heuristic value of a model of risk communication outlined by Peter Sandman. It tests and expands the proposed constructs and seeks to establish a measurement model. Results in the first laboratory study indicated congruence between the model and data, while the second demonstrated the capacity for manipulation of the constructs. A field study then extended the measurement model in both scope and usefulness by demonstrating its utility in an applied setting. Descriptive analyses indicate differences in perceptions of risk on the basis of sex and race. Implications for the use of the model are discussed.

- by Kenneth Lachlan
- •
- Engineering, Communication, Psychometrics, Crisis Communication

Users who downloaded this article also downloaded: ,"Halal tourism: state of the art", Tourism Review, Vol. 0 Iss 0 pp.-<a href="https://doi. ,"The effects of the winery visitor experience on emotions, satisfaction and on post-visit behaviour intentions", Tourism Review, Vol. 0 Iss 0 pp.-<a href="https://doi. If you would like to write for this, or any other Emerald publication, then please use our Emerald for Authors service information about how to choose which publication to write for and submission guidelines are available for all. Please visit www.emeraldinsight.com/authors for more information. About Emerald www.emeraldinsight.com Emerald is a global publisher linking research and practice to the benefit of society. The company manages a portfolio of more than 290 journals and over 2,350 books and book series volumes, as well as providing an extensive range of online products and additional customer resources and services. Emerald is both COUNTER 4 and TRANSFER compliant. The organization is a partner of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) and also works with Portico and the LOCKSS initiative for digital archive preservation.

Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Geológicas Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México rmcg@geociencias.unam.mx ISSN (Versión impresa): 1026-8774 MÉXICO ... 2003 Laura Patricia Perucca / Juan de Dios Paredes FALLAMIENTO CUATERNARIO EN LA ZONA DE... more

- by laura perucca
- •
- Seismic Hazard, HAZARD, Fault location, Economic Loss

Triboelectric charge accumulation both poses problems and offers opportunities for dry particulate processing. It generates hazards in many industrial systems, but is exploited in several important applications, including electrophotographic toner charging and triboelectric separation. However, the charging of continuous particulate flows on solid surfaces is poorly understood, and design of devices to optimise triboelectric behaviour is often qualitative or based on trial and error. This study attempts to identify the main charging mechanisms for a continuous particulate flow on a flat surface. The proposed charging models incorporate contact time, velocity and mode of contact. A model incorporating contact area effects arising from sliding and rolling contact is consistent with experimental data, as long as a charge limit is imposed on bouncing particles. A mechanism for this charge limit, involving separation discharge, is proposed. The effect of delocalised image charge on the system is estimated and found to be negligible. Some general design principles are proposed for triboelectric optimisation of particle processing devices.Triboelectrification produces hazards and offers opportunities for dry particle processing. Charging mechanisms for a continuous particulate flow on a flat surface are identified and modelled, for sliding, rolling and bouncing contact. These models are then validated using existing experimental data. Some general design principles are proposed for triboelectric optimisation of particle processing devices.

- by Peter Ireland
- •
- Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Design, Modeling

The emphasis on risk factor intervention at the individual level has predominated in efforts to reduce mortality and promote health. Interest in social and other nonmedical interventions, particularly socioeconomic status (SES) influences, has increased in recent years. This article focuses on the interaction of social structure and socioeconomic status with other influences in complex pathways to affect health, and their contribution to health disparities. It examines both social class as an explanation of health differences and competing hypotheses concerning prenatal and early nutrition and cognitive capacity. Although education is associated with income, wealth, occupation, and other SES indicators and may not be the most important SES determinant, it influences a variety of pathways to health outcomes and offers strategic leverage for intervention because of social and political consensus on its value beyond health.

- by David Mechanic
- •
- Demography, Nutrition, Cognition, Health Disparities

A large tectonic earthquake occurred on Kamchatka peninsular on New Year's Day of 1996 along a SW-NE trending fracture system. Just two days after the earthquake and at a distance of about 10-20 km to the north, a simultaneous eruption of two separate volcanoes followed. These were Karymsky Volcano and Akademia Nauk Volcano, the latter having its first eruption in historical records. In this paper I use numerical models in order to elaborate the static stress transfer between the earthquake and the volcanic system during the sequence that culminated in the January 1996 volcano-tectonic events. The models were designed to consider (i) the geodetically identified pre-eruptive period of doming in order to calculate stress changes at the nearby SW-NE trending fracture zone, and (ii) the January 1996 Mw 7.1 earthquake in order to calculate the dilatation and stress changes at the magma plumbing system.

- by july manconi
- •
- Earth Sciences, Physical sciences, HAZARD, Numerical Model

Hazardous materials are potentially harmful to people and environment due to their toxic ingredients. Although a significant portion of dangerous goods transportation is via railroads, prevailing studies on dangerous goods transport focus on highway shipments. We present an analytical framework that incorporates the differentiating features of trains, notably volume and nature of cargo, in the assessment of transport risk. We focus on hazardous materials that are airborne upon an accidental release into the environment. Each railcar is a potential source of release, and hence risk assessment of trains requires representation of multiple release sources in the model. We propose a risk approximation approach, which is not only effective but also robust with regards to the positioning of hazardous cargo in the train. We report on the use of the proposed approach for the assessment of population exposure associated with "Ultra-train" that passes through the city of Montreal everyday.

- by Manish Verma and +1
- •
- Applied Mathematics, Risk assessment, Risk Analysis, Multiplicity

This article discusses the covert research relationship. Specifically, it explores the ethical dimensions of fieldwork with reference to a six-month covert ethnography of 'bouncers', in Manchester. Drawing from sociological literatures, the article wishes to raise for scrutiny the management of situated ethics in covert fieldwork which, despite having some increased recognition via debates about risk and danger in fieldwork, remains glossed over. The standard discourse on ethics is abstracted from the actual doing, which is a mediated and contingent set of practices.Traditionally, professional ethics has been centralized around the doctrine of informed consent with covert methodology being frowned upon and effectively marginalized as a type of 'last resort methodology'.What I highlight here is the case for covert research in the face of much conventional opposition. I hope the article will open debate and dialogue about its potential role and possible creative future in the social science community.

- by David Calvey
- •
- Sociology, Ethics, Ethnography, Risk

This article introduces a new SAS procedure written by the authors that analyzes longitudinal data (developmental trajectories) by fitting a mixture model. The TRAJ procedure fits semiparametric (discrete) mixtures of censored normal, Poisson, zero-inflated Poisson, and Bernoulli distributions to longitudinal data. Applications to psychometric scale data, offense counts, and a dichotomous prevalence measure in violence research are illustrated. In addition, the use of the Bayesian information criterion to address the problem of model selection, including the estimation of the number of components in the mixture, is demonstrated. demonstrates a new SAS procedure, called TRAJ, developed by the authors for estimating developmental trajectories. The procedure is based on a semiparametric, group-based modeling strategy. Technically, the model is a mixture of probability distributions that are suitably specified to describe the data to be analyzed. The approach is intended to complement two well-established methods for analyzing developmental trajectories-hierarchical modeling Raudenbush 1987, 1992; and latent growth curve modeling . In hierarchical modeling, individual variation in developmental trajectories, which are commonly called growth curves, are captured by a random coefficients modeling strategy.

- by Bobby L Jones
- •
- Sociology, Criminology, Statistics, Psychometrics

This paper introduces a management system suitable for hazardous technology organizations which has been developed based on the assumptions that in these organizations safety is a critical strategic factor, the existence of an enhanced safety culture is a crucial condition for safety and that safety culture enhancement implies in organizational changes. The management system was theoretically developed and then implemented at a Brazilian nuclear research and development installation, as a case study, in order to validate the theoretical propositions assumed in the system development. The developed management system comprises a day-to-day based organizational framework which treats safety as one of the organization strategic perspectives and provides a continuous adaptation of the complex causal inter-relationships which occur between the implementation of new management practices – designed and implemented according to the requirements of the criteria of excellence of the Brazilian quality award management assessment model – and the organization safety culture. The results achieved in the case study permitted to demonstrate the validness of all the system theoretical propositions and to conclude that the continuous and systematic operation of the management system makes an effective safety culture enhancement possible and simultaneously facilitates that the new management practices be effectively implemented, thus making continuous organizational improvement possible.

- by Mario Cesar Vidal
- •
- Management, Engineering, Technology, Organizational Change

Relative vs. absolute measures of benefit and risk: whatÕs the difference? Citrome L. Relative vs. absolute measures of benefit and risk: whatÕs the difference? Objective: When appraising evidence clinicians are confronted with two types of comparisons: ratios, such as relative risk, and absolute differences, such as number needed to treat (NNT) or number needed to harm (NNH). Method: A review of the definition, calculation and interpretation of relative measures such as relative risk, odds ratio and the hazard ratio, and how they are different from absolute measures such as NNT and NNH. Results: Relative and absolute measures provide different perspectives. Ratios can be misleading and exaggerate clinical differences, but NNT can appear to trivialize the risk of potentially important adverse events. Conclusion: There is a need to understand both relative and absolute differences in order to make informed decisions.

- by LESLIE CITROME
- •
- Evidence Based Medicine, Evidence Based Practice, Risk assessment, HAZARD

The Los Angeles County Repeat Offender Prevention Program (ROPP) was designed to improve school performance and prevent reoffending among the enrolled juvenile offenders through a milieu of social services. It was a 3-year pilot project established as part of a statewide juvenile correctional program funded by the California State Legislature, which commenced in 1999 and ended in 2001. A true experimental design was employed, and a total of 327 first-time juvenile probationers were randomly assigned to treatment and control groups. At the end of the project, 204 subjects (106 in the treatment group and 98 in the control group) had a successful program termination. The data show that subjects in the treatment group were more likely to have better school performance than those in the control group. In the first 6-month period after program enrollment, they were also less likely to have new criminal offenses than their counterparts in the control group; however, no significant effect was found in any additional 6-month periods. Both groups were not significantly different in their probation technical violations.

- by Doris Mackenzie
- •
- Criminology, Criminal Justice, Juvenile Delinquency, Control

For 12 year the University of Wollongong landslide research team has been developing a Geographic Information System based Landslide Inventory of the Wollongong Local Government Area and surrounding areas. This inventory can now provide data in near real-time via the World Wide Web. The inventory includes 569 landslide sites with a total of 956 landslide ‘events’ (includes all known occurrences and recurrences). Of these, four landslide sites are fully automated and continuously monitored, with data from them immediately accessible with a PIN access via the World Wide Web. Emergency response organisations and utility managers, as well as researchers and other stakeholders can monitor the movements, and this is especially important during times of high risk when direct access may be difficult. With an average annual rainfall across the city in the range 1200mm - 1600mm, landslides in Wollongong are primarily triggered by periods of prolonged heavy rainfall. The value to risk manageme...

- by Robin Chowdhury
- •
- Risk Management, World Wide Web, HAZARD, Hazards

AbstractThe advanced traveler information system (ATIS) is a type of intelligent transportation system application areas that implements emerging computer, communication, and informa-tion technologies to provide vital information to the... more

- by varun singh
- •
- Information Systems, Engineering, Civil Engineering, Computer Science

In recent years there has been a re-focus on the valuation of a statistical life from the ex post or human capital method to an ex ante willingness to pay (WTP) approach. This is in part a recognition that we may have been undervaluing the cost of fatalities and injuries to society associated with crashes, but also a strong belief in the need to focus on establishing the amount, ex ante, that individuals are willing to pay to reduce the risk of exposure to circumstances that might lead to death or degree of injury on the road network. This study has developed a framework in which to identify the degree of preference heterogeneity in willingness to pay by individuals who are drivers or passengers in cars to avoid being killed or injured. A stated choice experiment approach is developed. The empirical setting is a choice of route for a particular trip that a sample of individuals periodically undertakes in Australia. The particular trip is described in enough detail to provide the respondent with a familiar market environment, providing all the relevant background information required for making a decision. Mixed logit models are estimated to obtain the marginal (dis)utilities associated with each influence on the choice amongst the attribute packages offered in the stated choice scenarios. These estimates are used to obtain the WTP distributions for fatality and injury avoidance, which are then aggregated to obtain estimates of the value of risk reduction (VRR), of which the fatality class is also known as the value of a statistical life (VSL).

- by Juan de Dios Ortuzar
- •
- Statistics, Death, Human Capital, Urban And Regional Planning
- by Quan Minh
- •
- Violence, Fire, Electrical, Clean

Ten moderate to large (magnitude 6-7) earthquakes have occurred in southwestern British Columbia and northwestern Washington in the last 130 years. A future large earthquake close to Vancouver, Victoria, or Seattle would cause tens of billions of dollars damage and would seriously impact the economies of Canada and the United States. An improved understanding of seismic hazards and risk in the region has been gained in recent years by using geologic data to extend the short period of instrumented seismicity. Geologic studies have demonstrated that historically unprecedented, magnitude 8 to 9 earthquakes have struck the coastal Pacific Northwest on average once every 500 years over the last several thousand years; another earthquake of this size can be expected in the future. Geologic data also provide insights into the likely damaging effects of future large earthquakes in the region. Much of the earthquake damage will result directly from ground shaking, but damage can also be expected from secondary phenomena, including liquefaction, landslides, and tsunamis. Vancouver is at great risk from earthquakes because important infrastructure, including energy and transportation lifelines, probably would be damaged or destroyed by landslides and liquefaction-induced ground failure.

- by John Clague
- •
- History, Psychology, Seismic Hazard, Risk
- by Dr. Rakhi Agarwal
- •
- Toxicology, Forensic Toxicology, Molecular Toxicology, HAZARD

Alcoholic beverages (fermented or not) have been consumed for more than three thousand years and, generally, they have been considered safe because of their alcohol content. However, in recent years adulteration (i.e., use of lowcost, inappropriate alcohol) has made rapid progress in this field. Food and drink control and safety can be assured within the frame of strict adherence to quality and safety systems (ISO 9000 series, HACCP and TQM). The flow diagrams for the production of several alcohol drinks were shown, and an extensive hazard analysis critical control point (HACCP) analysis was carried out in order to reveal the weaknesses of the production line and to suggest the critical limits in compliance with legislation and the corresponding preventive and corrective measures.

- by Julian Andres
- •
- Wine, Beer, CCP, Haccp

- by Phil Flentje
- •
- Risk Management, World Wide Web, HAZARD, Hazards

In this paper an attempt has been made to highlight the eco-centric approach of Ghani Khan with the objective to create awareness among the public in general and young poets in particular. For this purpose his famous book " De Ghani Kuluyat " (Ghani " s Collection) was reviewed. This collection comprises 447 poems, taken from three books namely Da Panjray Chaghhar (Cry of Cage), Plawashay (light beam) and Panoos (sky lantern). The review of his Kuluyat revealed that Ghani-khan was very much inspired from nature and cared for it. A total of 53, out of 447 poems addresses environment out of which 10 speak on wild animals/birds and its importance. A significant numb er of 30 poems are indirectly mentioning various flora and fauna by comparing its characteristic and behaviors with that of human beings. 20 poems are talking about the ecological cycle and can used to motivate young generation to respect each other and invite them toward love and affection. The novel " silent spring " published in 1962 and is called the first book in the field of public awareness. Ghani Khan wrote a poem " Chingi (The insects) " which is on pesticides and its associated health and environmental problems with no date on it. Therefore history of pesticides mentioned in his poem was searched out and reviewed. The review revealed that the poem " Chinji " appeared after 1962 and was the first in the Asian sub-continent regions. Hence, it is very important to review this poem and translate it in various local and national languages and interpret it into various shapes and forms such as painting, fictions and dramas. It will strengthen environmental education and awareness programs in Pakistan in general and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in particular.

- by Nafees Mohammad and +1
- •
- Literature, Pesticides, Environmental awareness, HAZARD

This paper presents a warranty forecasting method based on stochastic simulation of expected product warranty returns. This methodology is presented in the context of a high-volume product industry and has a specific application to automotive electronics. The warranty prediction model is based on a piecewise application of Weibull and exponential distributions, having three parameters, which are the characteristic life and shape parameter of the Weibull distribution and the time coordinate of the junction point of the two distributions. This time coordinate is the point at which the reliability 'bathtub' curve exhibits a transition between early life and constant hazard rate behavior. The values of the parameters are obtained from the optimum fitting of data on past warranty claims for similar products. Based on the analysis of past warranty returns it is established that even though the warranty distribution parameters vary visibly between product lines they stay approximately consistent within the same product family, which increases the overall accuracy of the simulation-based warranty forecasting technique. The method is demonstrated using a case study of automotive electronics warranty returns. The approach developed and demonstrated in this paper represents a balance between correctly modeling the failure rate trend changes and practicality for use by reliability analysis organizations. q

- by Andre Kleyner
- •
- Engineering, Monte Carlo, Forecasting, Mathematical Sciences
- by Cham Raeun HD
- •
- HAZARD

Agriculture sector in Malaysia is one of the most fast-pace growing industry. Agriculture sector acts as the main food security for human beings to sustain living. Malaysia was one of the top listed agriculture distributors and exporters to the other countries such as Thailand, China and Japan. To maintain the agriculture productivity, fertilizer industry also need to grow as fast as agriculture industry. Thus, the fertilizer manufacturing sectors in Malaysia have to sustain the safety, health and environment in the workplace as well as fulfilling the sustainable development of the industry.
Therefore, this study was conducted to identify the potential hazards posed by the activities associated within a fertilizer manufacturing plant, evaluate the risk and determine the awareness level of safety, health and environment at their workplace. The study also focuses on sustainability development in the fertilizer industry which focuses on three components which are social, economy and environment. The components are now further elaborated to see the contributions towards the 17 Sustainable Development Goals by United Nations.
From this study, there are two findings from factory site visit observation that are human negligence and hazardous chemicals. While from the survey shows safety, health and environmental awareness within fertilizer manufacturing workers are almost high level. For the sustainable development part, the survey shows majority are satisfy with the benefits provided and enjoy with their working life. Based on the data analysis, the integration of perceptions of occupational safety, health and environment and sustainable development for every goals mostly having positive correlation. Based on correlation coefficient (r), the management acknowledge that they play roles for employees to help company's productivity and quality of health of employees (r=0.525), while providing safe work conditions for them (r=0.396) and environmental awareness (r=0.452). Thus, the fertilizer industry sustainability development can be affected by safety, health and environment performance. Nevertheless, the employees’ awareness on safety, health and environment can affect the business growth, sociality and disturbance to natural resources. The effectiveness of safety, health and environment management system and implementation of sustainable development in the organization could increase the fertilizer industry demands and ensure prolong growth of business.

Despite decades of research, the study on tomography continues to be a subject of great scientific interest. Amongst all the kinds of tomography available, electrical resistance tomography (ERT) has been chosen as the field of study because of its advantages of being low cost, suitable for various kinds and sizes of pipes and vessels, having no radiation hazard, and being non-intrusive. In the development of ERT systems for conducting vessel walls, prior knowledge of the fundamental process of the ERT system whilst improving the design and operation of the process equipment is essential. In this paper, a review of the application of ERT for the conducting vessel wall is presented, providing information about its evolution over the years. The limitations and advantages of different strategies of ERT are also presented besides an overview of the system. Electrode fabrication on the conducting vessel wall is addressed.

- by Suzanna Aw
- •
- Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Design, Powder technology

Industrial and economic growth has been grossly affected by industrialization on a global level and consequently the income and quality of life have undergone a sea change resulting in the increase of accidents in the workplace and the manufacturing industry. However, in India people are not much conscious about safety as well as the health of the workers in the industrial sectors. The study in hand depicts the safety and health measures to be taken into consideration in various fields of industry and it highlights the benefits of 'Occupational Safety and Health Practices'. In addition to that, the study identifies various types of hazards such as physical injuries and accidents at any workplace. The survey was conducted at a manufacturing unit of Reflection India in Panipat, India. The data was collected at Reflection India, an Export House for handlooms and Textile, at Panipat, Haryana, India by using a qualitative method. It includes both primary and secondary data. During the survey at Panipat, it is found that very few industries are applying Safety and Health Practices or they are conscious or worried about the health and safety of their employees. However, it is worth noting that Export Houses have to do compliance to the requirements of the importers and as a result, most of the Export Houses have taken OSHP into consideration whereas the smaller units who are working for domestic levels are not very strict about OSHP and lack willingness to understand its importance even.

- by Giulio Barbieri
- •
- Civil Engineering, Cartography, Geomorphology, Soil Mechanics

Drinking water supply is an essential public function but is at the same time exposed to risks. Since a totally risk-free society is not attainable, risks need to be managed efficiently to achieve an acceptable level of risk. A reliable supply of safe drinking water is vital and the World Health Organization emphasises an integrated risk management approach, including the entire drinking water system from source to tap. An integrated approach is important as there are interactions between different parts of a system. Efficient risk management requires appropriate risk analyses to characterise risk and support decision-making. Risk analysis based on an integrated approach facilitates well-informed decision-making and efficient use of resources for risk reduction. However, guidance on methods for integrated risk analysis of drinking water systems is limited. To support risk management of drinking water systems, a method for integrated and probabilistic risk analysis has been developed...

- by Andreas Lindhe
- •
- Civil Engineering, Mathematics, Mathematical Statistics, Water Engineering

M aking informed and justifiable decisions is the essential beginning to any successful development project. However, critical steps must be taken to help ensure that the decisions made will achieve the desired results. These steps rely on systematic processes and tools-collectively known as "needs assessment"-that help decision makers resist the temptation to select solutions before results have been clearly identified and defined.

- by Maurya Meiers and +1
- •
- Marketing, Chemistry, Political Economy, Epidemiology

En las empresas en donde se sacrifican y benefician pollos, se realiza un control de calidad de todos los productos; no obstante, se presentan deficiencias, disminuyendo así la aceptación por parte de los consumidores y el valor agregado del producto final, razón por la cual es necesario determinar las causas que generan problemas de inocuidad (por presencia de bacterias, virus, hongos, plaguicidas, medicamentos veterinarios, metales pesados, aditivos y materiales extraños) y de presentación para implementar métodos preventivos y correctivos. Con este trabajo se logró la aplicación de los principios del Sistema de Análisis de Peligros y Puntos Críticos de Control (HACCP) en una planta de beneficio y sacrificio de pollos mediante las siguientes etapas: reconocimiento del proceso de sacrificio y beneficio de pollos y evaluación de los lineamientos contenidos en el Decreto 3075 de 1.997 del Ministerio de Salud, con los cuales se elaboró el perfil sanitario; posteriormente, se realizó una descripción de las características de los productos mediante la utilización de fichas técnicas. Para la identificación de riesgos, se elaboró una hoja de análisis de riesgos biológicos, químicos y físicos detectados. La siguiente etapa fue la identificación de peligros y Puntos Críticos de Control (PCC); finalmente, se establecieron los límites críticos para cada PCC. Como resultado, se obtuvo un 64% de cumplimiento de las disposiciones contenidas en el Decreto 3075, la elaboración de fichas técnicas para las materias primas, insumos y productos; un cuadro de análisis de riesgos y la identificación de los puntos críticos.

- by Rodrigo Fernandez
- •
- Safety, Haccp, Contamination, HAZARD
- by Divya Singh
- •
- Nutrition and Dietetics, Accounting, Health Care, Interaction

A hazard is a naturally occurring process or event which has the potential to cause loss of life and property. Natural hazards are threatening events, capable of producing damage to physical and social space where they take place not only at the moments of their occurrence, but on a long term basis due to their associated consequence. In present day context, the applied geomorphologic knowledge has become very important for better understanding of natural hazards. The knowledge of geomorphology helps in mitigating various hazards or to reduce the impact to a great extent. This paper focuses on the role of Geomorphology in the prevention of various natural hazards with special emphasis to flood and erosion hazards caused by the dhansiri river of Golaghat district of Assam.

- by Dr. Shukla Acharjee
- •
- Physical Geography, Geomorphology, Remote Sensing, Assam
- by Daniel Haag-Wackernagel
- •
- Epidemiology, Virology, Tropical Medicine, Public Health

When cooling combustion flue gas for heat recovery and efficiency gain, the temperature must not be allowed to drop below the sulfur trioxide dew point. Below the SO 3 dew point, very corrosive sulfuric acid forms and leads to operational hazards on metal surfaces. In the present work, simple-to-use predictive tool, which is easier than existing approaches, less complicated with fewer computations is formulated to arrive at an appropriate estimation of acid dew point during combustion flue gas cooling which depends on fuel type, sulfur content in fuel, and excess air levels. The resulting information can then be applied to estimate the acid dew point, for sulfur in various fuels up to 0.10 volume fraction in gas (0.10 mass fraction in liquid), excess air fractions up to 0.25, and elemental concentrations of carbon up to 3. The proposed predictive tool shows a very good agreement with the reported data wherein the average absolute deviation percent was found to be around 3.18%. This approach can be of immense practical value for engineers and scientists for a quick estimation of acid dew point during combustion flue gas cooling for heat recovery and efficiency gain for wide range of operating conditions without the necessity of any pilot plant setup and tedious experimental trials. In particular, process and combustion engineers would find the tool to be user friendly involving transparent calculations with no complex expressions for their applications.

- by Alireza Bahadori
- •
- Mechanical Engineering, Carbon, Combustion, Heat Recovery