Herbal & Unani Medicines Research Papers (original) (raw)

Berberis aristata DC and Nigella sativa L. are officially listed in various Indian Pharmacopoeia and AYUSH official documents. Prescribed for different ailments for proven medicinal activities, they thus became part of polyherbal medications. With reverse pharmacology and scientific validation, more than 30 patents are filed on different formulations of B. aristata and granted. Nigella sativa L. has been broadly studied for its therapeutic potential and wide range of activities against cardiovascular, diabetic, cancer, and life style disorders. Thus, this study is aimed at standardizing B. aristata and N. sativa and their antineoplasia activity in 7, 12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)-induced mouse models. Molecular docking was done using the Schrodinger program Maestro 9.0. Herbal extracts and essential oil (B. aristata and N. sativa) were standardized and quantified using high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) (CAMAG) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS) (Agilent 2010GC System) with validated methods. DMBA was administered orally once a week (1mg/ 200 µL) to each animal except the normal control. Hematology, histopathology, and immunoassays were performed, and data were analyzed and depicted with GraphPad and SPSS. In molecular docking, thymoquinone showed the highest docking score (9.519, 9.211, and 9.042, respectively) in the active site pockets of IL6 (PDB ID: 4CNI and 5FCU), TNF (PDB ID: 2AZ5), and VEGF (PDB ID: 4KZN). Out of all four target sites, thymoquinone and berberine showed good binding affinity with IL6 (PDB ID: 4CNI) compared to αand β-pinenes. HPTLC analysis of the hydroalcoholic extract showed the presence of berberine both qualitatively and quantitatively (5.4% berberine), and thymoquinone detected 0.17% in the N. sativa extract. GCMS for essential oil showed 26 compounds including ±pinene. Leukocytes and erythrocytes of N. sativa and B. aristata were analyzed, and significant improvements were recorded (P < 0.05) and graphically presented. Mean survival time was calculated by the Kaplan Meier method (119 days). Immunoassay analyses were conducted, namely, TNF-α and VEGF, and interpreted and marked.

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- Herbal & Unani Medicines, HPTLC, Pharmacopoeia, Nigella sativa
- by Tzvi Langermann
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- Neoplatonism and late antique philosophy, History of Medicine, Ayurveda, Ibn Sina

Plumbago zeylanica L. (Pz) is one of the most important medicinal plant belonging to the family Plumbaginaceae. It is a perennial shrub, growing throughout India and most places of Sri Lanka. It contains various bioactive compounds like alkaloids, flavonoids, naphthoquinones, glycoside, saponins, steroids, tri-terpenoids, coumarins, phenolic compounds etc. Of all the chemical constituents, plumbagin is the principal active compound. Plumbagin (5-hydroxy-2-methyl-1, 4-naphthoquinone-C11H8O3) is primarily present in roots in higher amounts with only about 1% in the whole plant. The literature reveals that the root and root bark have a wider claim in traditional medicines a gainst various diseases as a memory enhancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, wound healing, anti-malarial, anti-infertility, anticancer, blood coagulation, and anti-oxidant activities. The present study aims to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties of this plant.

- by mohd aleem
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- Phytochemistry, Ayurvedic Medicine, Traditional Medicine, Ayurveda

Euphorbiaceae is the family of Euphordia hirta. It is istributed throughout the indo-pak subcontinent, often found in waste places along the roadsides. The plant parts are widely used in traditional system of medicines, in the treatment of respiratory diseases, gastrointestinal disorders, wound healing, pulmonary disorders, urinogenital disorders, tumors, lactation in women etc. The plant has also been used as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antitumour, antidiabetic and free radical scavenging, anti allergic, analgesic and antianaphylactic, antioxytic, sedative, antiarthritic, antidiarrhoeal, spasmogenic, antithrombocytopenic, diuretic, GI tract, burn wound healing, immune stimulatory, sperm motility, genotoxic, synergic, antiviral, antihelmentic, immunoprohylatic, antimalarial, antimicrobial, herbicidal, antimolluscidal, larvicidal property and so on. In this report we explore investigations related to taxonomy, monographs, distribution, morphology, phytochemistry, traditional uses and pharmacological uses of the plant.

Ficus caricais the most popular member of the genus Ficus, and the family Moraceae. In the Mediterranean region it is so widely used, both fresh and dried, that it is called “the poor man’s food.” The dried fruits of F. carica have been reported as an important source of vitamins, minerals, carbohydrates, sugars, organic acids, and phenolic compounds. The plant has been used in traditional medicine for a wide range of ailments related to digestive, endocrine, reproductive, and respiratory systems, and also cancer. Additionally, it is also used in gastrointestinal tract and urinary tract infection.Phytochemical studies on the leaves and fruits of the plant have shown that they are rich in phenolics, organic acids, and volatile compounds. However, there is little information on the phytochemicals present in the stem and root. Reports on the biological activities of the plant are mainly on its crude extracts which have been proven to possess many biological activities. Some of the most interesting therapeutic effectsinclude anticancer, hepatoprotective, hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, and antimicrobial activities. Thus, studies related to identification of the bioactive compounds and correlating them to their biological activities are very useful for further research toexplore the potential of F. carica as a source of therapeutic agents.

Blood Purifiers are the integral part of Unani system of medicine and remain the fascinating way of treatment among Unani Physicians. They have long been used by Unani physicians and claimed to be effective in number of diseases specifically skin diseases. However, there are only few scientific studies carried out on these products because of several reasons, mainly the lack of communication amongst ancient healers, physicians and scientists. Blood purifiers have been used in numerous disorders on the principle of Musaffi-e-Dam (removal of unwanted and waste products of the blood). The objective of this paper is to translate this old concept to modern understanding, providing possible explanation and exploring previous studies for scientific validation and establish medicinal plants which are commonly used as blood purifiers by extensively reviewing the subject and related issues in classical Unani literature, also journals on authentic website.

- by Adnan Mastan
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- Herbal & Unani Medicines

In: L’espace du sens. Approches de la philologie indienne / The Space of Meaning. Approaches to Indian Philology. Sous la direction de / edited by Silvia D’Intino & Sheldon Pollock ; avec la collaboration de / with the collaboration of Michaël Meyer. Paris : Collège de France, 2018. Publications de l’Institut de civilisation indienne, Fasc. 84. P. 431-448.

- by Fabrizio Speziale
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- Translation Studies, Persian Literature, History of Medicine, Indian studies

The Unani system of medicine originated from Greece. Hippocrates is the father of medicine who initiated the humoural theory. Then Arab and Persian physicians like Rhazes, Avicenna constructed and developed this system. The aim of this study is to provide comprehensive review in cupping therapy which is now practiced effectively worldwide. This review was done by analyzing authentic Unani texts, thesis reports and published scientific journals. According to that the humoural theory which consists four humours, and proper balance of these humours ensures efficient metabolism, prevents the build-up of toxins, and maintains optimum health. Imbalance is often the root cause for origin and development of diseases. When treating such ailments, it is carried out by correcting qualitative and quantitative imbalances of humours. Hijamah is a method used to correct, evacuate or divert morbid humours in Unani medicine. According to Avicenna ‗cupping depurates and balances the humours. Thus cupping removes bad or morbid matters from the body, neutralizes the humours and helps to regain the health. Nowadays, it is being proved by various clinical trials that cupping therapy has beneficial effects on human beings. According to latest scientific interpretation, the mechanism of action most likely involves a local increase and activation of blood flow and increases the elimination of metabolites or moves them from one part to another part of body. Furthermore it activates the immune system. Therefore it removes the pathogenic factors lead to ease local symptoms and helps to regain the health. 9 | P a g e

- by Dr Shiffa and +1
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- Pharmacology, Health Sciences, Pharmacy, Medicine

This review is aimed at conferring the efficacy of anticancer property of different phytochemicals from Nayantara (Catharanthus roseus). Cancer is one of public health burden in developed and developing country. Cancer chemo preventive agents, many of which are natural products, are capable of preventing or inhibiting the process of carcinogenesis. Herbal anticancer drug are obtained from Catharanthus roseus is wildly used because of their well defined mechanism of action as anticancer drug. The main alkaloids of Catharanthus roseus is vinca alkaloids which is important for being cancer fighters. There are four major vinca alkaloids in clinical use: vinblastine (VBL), vinorelbine (VRL), vincristine (VCR) and vindesine (VDS). Recently vinflunine is discovered as new anticancer agent of vinca alkaloids. In this review, an attempt has been made to summarize the pharmacological effect of the above plant against anticancer property in a precise way to help the scientist and learners to understand the basis medicinal value of the plant.

- by Md Masum Billah
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- Medical Sciences, Geriatrics, Ayurvedic Medicine, Medical Education
- by Dipayan Pal
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- History, History of Science and Technology, Medical Sciences, History of Medicine

Higher incidences of adverse reaction associated with the prolonged use of synthetic drugs has once again increased the faith of humans in the traditional systems of medicine and motivated them to return back towards the clinical proven remedies for the treatment. It is also true that number of modern medications used in the present scenario, were developed from various plants. In Unani System of medicine, numerous herbal drugs are mentioned for medicinal purpose. Siras (Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth.) is one of them. It is found all over India. Almost all parts of this plant are used for the treatment of ailments such as migraine, conjunctivitis, diarrhea, jaundice, skin problems, asthma etc. Many chemical constituents have been isolated from Albizia lebbeck such as lebbekannin, echinocystic acid, flavonoids, Linoleic acid, saponins etc. This review highlights the medicinal properties and therapeutic uses of Albizia lebbeck and scientific studies conducted on the drug in human and animal models that will provide the further research direction.

- by Amber Amber
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- Pharmacology, Herbal & Unani Medicines
- by Adnan Mastan
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- Herbal & Unani Medicines, Dermatophytosis

Background: Gilbert’s Syndrome (GS) is the most common form of congenital, non haemolytic, mild Unconjugated Hyperbilirubinaemia. Familial cases linked with mutation in enzyme UDP glucoronosyl transferase 1producing decreased conjugation of bilirubin which accumulates in the form of unconjugated bilirubin. Hyperbilirubinaemia is mild (<6 mg/dl) while liver enzymes & histology are always found normal. It is clinically characterized by vague symptoms like loss of appetite, abdominal pain, weight loss and mild Jaundice. A review of Unani literature showed disease similarity clinically with Su-e-Mizaj Jigar Har Yabis, with dominating features of Safra (yellow bile). Material & Methods: We report our experience with such a case of GS by validated integrative assessment and management with Unani Medicine e.g Arqayat (Makoh+Kasni+Biranjasif), Jigreen, Sharbat-e-Bazoori and Majoon Dabid-ul-Ward along with a short review of literature. Results were analyzed based on clinical and LFT outcomes. Results: Significant symptomatic relief was achieved over 5 weeks of treatment. Bilirubin levels normalized but rose after 5 weeks. Literature review showed disease similarity with Su-e-Mizaj Har Yabis Sadaa which under the aggravating factors progressed to Su-e-Mizaj Har Safrawi. Conclusion: As single abnormal gene in the GS runs in the families & leads to reduced enzymatic expression. This decreases conjugation of unconjugated bilirubin and ultimately unconjugated hyperbilirubinaemia. There by normal levels of bilirubin were achieved for concise period of time with symptomatic relief which proves the effectiveness of Unani medicine in GS but establishment of the therapy needs planned study on multiple patients.

Health of women is one of society's most critical issues because women must be physically, mentally and emotionally well before they can devote themselves to serve their families and to consider other important social issues. There are many Gynaecological disorders found in women that needs to be timely diagnosed and cured to avoid major health problems. Common gynaecological disorders most of the females suffer are Usr-e-tams wa Ehtabas-e-tams (Dysmenorrhoea and Ammenorrhea), Kasrat-e-Haiz (Menorrhagia), Sailan-e-reham (Leucorrhoea),Hikkat-ul-Farj (Pruritis vulvae),Warm-e-Farj wa Mehbal (Vulvitis and Vaginitis),Warm-e-Reham (Metritis), PCOD (Polycystic ovarian disease) and Uqr-Banjhpan (Sterility). The Unani System of Medicine which is holistic in nature deals with these issues in a systematic manner as evident from classification of diseases available in ancient Unani literature and the number of plant drugs and its combinations thereby available for the treatment. These herbal medicines have greater significance in the treatment and management of various Gynaecological disorders.

- by Research in Pharmacy and Health Sciences and +1
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- History of Unani Medicine, UNANI MEDICINE, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Herbal & Unani Medicines

Traditional medicine is finding more significance and application today, particularly when we are facing difficulty in the management of numerous medical conditions. More effective and palatable drug dosage forms are needed in the modern era. The recent trend in traditional medicine dosage forms is to enhance the solubility, bioavailability, pharmacological activity, stability, reduce the toxicity and increase the compliance, etc. Oral dosage form which can address these factors are granules (effervescent and rapid release granules), tablets (fast dissolving and rapid disintegrating tablet), capsules, suspension, syrups, etc. and topical dosage form includes toothpaste, natural hair dye, face pack, hand wash, liniment spray and roll-on, gel, creams (emulsion), shampoo, etc. Contemporary, traditional pharmacies including several Ayurvedic pharmacies have already implemented these new trends and launched several new dosage forms apart from traditional under cover of conventional knowledge; few of such Unani products have also been launched. There is an immense need to adopt these recent trends in respect of the dosage form in Unani and another Indian traditional medicine pharmacy for adaptation on Global scenario.

- by Mohd Akhtar Ali
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- History of Unani Medicine, UNANI MEDICINE, Herbal & Unani Medicines

This paper looks at the biographies of 261 Unani physicians of Dehli between 17th to 20th Century. There are ample photographs. Original book was in Urdu, it has now been translated into English and published from Aligarh in July 2021. Author Prof Zillur Rahman is the Director Ibn Sina Academy, Aligarh, author of more than 50 books, recipient of many awards. Translated into English by Zakaria Virk, Toronto.

- by Zakaria M Virk
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- Herbal Medicine, UNANI MEDICINE, Indian History, Herbal & Unani Medicines

Diabetes is a leading cause of death. In India, total number of diabetic patients is expected to be 79.4 million in 2030. It is a multifactorial disease leading to several complications. Traditional medicines are being looked up once again for its treatment; the WHO also recommended its further investigation. In this review, these drug its pharmacological activity and its formulation in Greco-Arab or Unani Medicine in India is explored. Single-drug used in formulation with reported anti-diabetic and related beneficial property are Gymnema sylvestre, Azadirachta indica, Aloe vera, Momordica charantia, Acacia arabica, Eugenia jambolana, Trigonella foenum graecum, Punica granatum, etc. Phytomedicine used in Unani medicine presents an exciting opportunity for the development of new types of therapeutics for diabetes mellitus with a holistic approach, which includes various photochemical groups such as alkaloids, terpenes, and phenolics. Beside hypoglycemic activity, these drugs also have antioxidants, bitter and other activity related to disturbance in carbohydrate metabolism. They are used in the form of decoctions, infusions, tablets, pills, and powder such as Qurse Dhayabitus, Qurse Tabasheer, Safoof Gilo, Qurse Marwareed, Qurse Gulnar, Dawaul Misk Talkh, Sharbate Afsanteen, Roghane Qusht, and Ma-Us-shaeer and common marketed formulation is Dolabi tablets, Qurs Kushta baiza murgh, Qurs Kushta Zamarrud, Qurs Ziabetus, Safoof Ziabtes, Diab-eaze, etc. There is the tremendous scope of Unani single and compound formulations in the comprehensive management of diabetes particularly Type-2 diabetes; it can also be utilized as an adjuvant with the conventional drug due to its diverse and related beneficial pharmacological activity in diabetes.

- by Mohd Akhtar Ali
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- Herbal & Unani Medicines

Unani (Greco-Arabian-Indian) System of Medicine (USM) is one of the classic and prestigious therapies among Indian system of medicine. It offers full range of medication through natural products. Various plants and their parts & products are the main source of drugs in USM. Black pepper is the commonest drug being used for range of diseases. Although it is considered as one of the well known spice as well as medicinal plant throughout the Globe but it is the most famous spice used in Indian and Indian sub-continent kitchens. Black Pepper in various forms is good home remedies for lot of common ailments. In USM it is best drug for common cold and cough. In this paper authors try to explain the medicinal aspects of Black pepper in USM.

Maul-Jubn (Whey) a by-product of the dairy industry is used since thousands of years as nutraceuticals in the traditional system of medicine. For several years it was thought to be insignificant and was either used as an animal feed or it was disposed off as waste. But Over the last years several studies were carried out concerning the importance of nutritional value of whey and the properties of its ingredients. It is now accepted that its main content, whey proteins, have antimicrobial, antiviral and anti-oxidant properties, can offer a kind of protection against cancer and heart diseases and assist at the enhancement of immune defence. In Unani medicine the importance of Maul-Jubn in the prevention and treatment was well known to Unani physicians since ancient time, and abundant literature regarding the use and methods of preparation have been discussed. The present study attempted to discuss the importance of Maul-Jubn in the perspective of Unani medicine with addition of some recent scientific reports.

Gout (Niqras) is a common metabolic disorder which causes inflammatory arthritis generally presenting as monoarthritis. It is a true crystal deposition disease caused by formation of monosodium urate crystals hinge joints and other tissues. Unani classical text provides a comprehensive detail on the concept of Niqras. According to Ibn Sina Niqras is a type of pain which starts sometimes from fingers, toe, and sometimes heel. Owing to dreadful complications of Gout and lack of safe and effective drug for its management, it becomes a thrust area for research, in every field of medical science. Unani medicine has a variety of safe and effective drugs for the management of Niqras. And Unani medicine claims have been successful in treating this disease since a long time without any unwanted effects.

- by Atqia Asnah
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- History of Unani Medicine, UNANI MEDICINE, Herbal & Unani Medicines, Gouty Arthritis

Medicinal plants are the gift of nature and play an important role as a part of our diet to maintain health. They also serve as a versatile weapon to combat against a number of diseases. Every civilization has its own experience and knowledge of therapeutic uses of plants. The belief and observations regarding traditionally used medicinal plants, increasing the interest of people to use them against urolithiasis. Urolithiasis is a common problem afflicted for many centuries with high recurrence. World population of about 12% suffers with urolithiasis. All over the world in different countries and cultures people use plants for the prevention and cure of kidney stone according to their ethnopharmacological information. These formulations are very effective that's why these are used for hundreds of years. This review covers the eighty (80) medicinal plants of most cited family Asteraceae against urolithiasis along with their historical antiurolithiatc background shared in well-known books of Dioscorides, Pliny the Elder, Al Razi and Ibn Sina. This information was extracted to compose antiurolithiatic plants with their parts and formulations used in 21 countries such as Algeria, Scientifically proved pharmacological activities of the same part of plant have direct (litholytic) and in direct pharmacological effects like analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, astringent, demulcent, diuretic, litholytic, lithotriptic, antiurolithiatic, antispasmodic, ACE inhibition and Phospholipase A2 inhibition also shared as a plausible mechanism of action. The route of administration is oral in all cases. Hopefully, this book will not only be useful for the general public but also attract the scientific world for antiurolithiatic drug discovery. This valuable ethnopharmacological information will provide the opportunities for the future research and development of new natural antiurolithiatic compounds.

- by Salman Ahmed
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- Pharmacology, History of Medicine, Pharmacognosy, Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry

Regimental therapy is an established therapeutic modalities now. Regimental therapy is special
technique /physical methods of treatment to improve the constitution of body by removing waste
materials and improving the defense mechanism of the body and protect health. In other words these
are the best known “detoxification methods”. Therapeutic approach in Unani system are Ilaj-bilTadbeer (Regimental therapy), Ilaj-bil-Giza (Dietotherapy), Ilaj-bil-Dawa (Pharmacotherapy) and Ilajbil-Yad (Surgery) these are important modalities of Tibb for treating disease and maintenance of
health. Among above said four modes Ilaj-bil-Tadbeer is very important, most of regimes are used
independently or in combination with medicines. Regimental therapy improves the quality of health by
improving the defense mechanism of the body. Asbab-e-satta zarooria (six essentials of life) are very
important for maintaining healthy life, regarding this maintaining health and treating the disorders of
body are achieved through modulating Asbab-e-satta zarooria. Old nomenclature of Ilaj-bil-Tadbeer is
Molijat-e-khususi. By application of regimental therapies normal health can be restored. Riyazat
(Exercise), Dalak (Massage or Friction), Takmeed (Fomentation), Nutool (Pouring of medicated
water), Zimaad/ Tila (Medicated Paste/ Liniments), Tareeq (Sweating), Idrar-e-baul (Diuresis),
Hammam (Bath), Ishaal (Purgation), Qai (Emesis), Hijama (Cupping), Fasd (Venesection/Blood
letting), Taleeq (Leeching) and Kai (Cauterization) etc. are essential part of regimental therapies and
are used for therapeutic and preventive purpose since centuries by ancient Unani physicians.

- by Salman Ahmed
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- Herbals, Herbal Pharmaceuticals, Herbal Medicine, Herbal medicines

Asian Medicines: Encounters, Translations and Transformations
Asian medicines are engaged in complex global networks of actors: conservators who watch the changing supplies of wild plants in Asian mountains, medical botanists who study the substitution practices of collectors and marketers in Asia, policy makers who control or prevent the entry of drugs into European countries, corporations who seek to exploit drugs based on Asian medical knowledge, professional associations who seek to regulate Asian medical practice. ICTAMs VII and VIII both took place in Asia (2009 in Bhutan, 2013 in Korea). The European location of ICTAM IX will allow us to take stock of the current state of Asian medicine and to examine the global flows of medical knowledge, practice and materials from a different but equally significant vantage point.
Traditional Asian medicines play a significant role in improving the wellbeing of people worldwide, both as a health care system in their own right, and as a resource for bio-discovery projects. Their applications will only grow, and to reach a full understanding of traditional Asian medicine, it is crucial to integrate professionals from many disciplines, including medical anthropologists, traditional medicine practitioners, clinical trial specialists, ethnobotanists, ethnopharmacologists, ethnopharmacognosists, ethnochemists, herbalists, businessmen, historians, economists, political scientists, conservationists, botanists, translators and more. ICTAM IX will bring together these professionals to share their experience, findings and knowledge, and work out appropriate strategies and networking to enhance research on traditional medicines.

Background: The concept of Mizaj (Temperament) is unique to Unani system of Medicine and the whole system is based on these fundamentals of Mizaj. The Hippocrates (460-370BC), father of Medicine was the first to propose the principles of Mizaj (temperament). The theory of Mizaj states that the individual temperament (Mizaj) of a person is fixed and cannot be changed. Just as a fingerprint cannot be changed, so our fundamental temperament (Mizaj) cannot be changed. Each individual may have their own likes, dislikes, interests and skills. These all characteristics make up the unique disposition or temperament (Mizaj). People of one type of mizaj (temperament) may be prone to a particular group of diseases in different phases of their life. Hippocrates rightly said, "It is more important to know what sort of person has a disease, than to know what sort of disease a person has". A person"s temperament (Mizaj) has a direct influence on the state of health and inclination towards illnesses. Unani physicians have classified the mizaj (temperament) of an individual into four types namely Damvi (sanguine), Balghami (phlegmatic), Safravi (bilious) and Saudavi (melancholic). Thus, knowledge of temperament can help in planning a diet that is optimum for an individual and physical activities that promote a happy, healthy and productive lifestyle enabling people to live in harmony with self and world around them. Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) is a major source of short and long-term morbidity amongst the women in reproductive age group, perhaps also the most important avoidable cause of female tubal factor infertility. Objectives: This study tried to assess and establish the temperament (Mizaj) of patients of Pelvic Inflammatory Disease. The consideration of this study had the potential to prevent and treat Pelvic Inflammatory Disease based on classical theory of Tibbia College, Karol Bagh, New Delhi-05. 60 subjects with confirmed clinical diagnosis of PID complying inclusion and exclusion criteria"s were included in the study. Mizaj (temperament) of the subjects was assessed by a standard questionnaire of temperament. Literature Review: All the renowned classical Unani textbooks were searched for the term "Warm-e-Rahm", such as Kitab al-Hawi, Al-Qanoon fil-Tib, Al-Moalijat-i Buqratiya, Zakhira Khwarzam Shahi, Kitab al-Mukhtarat-fit-Tibb, Kitab al-Taisir, Tarjuma Shara Asbab, etc. The etiology, sign and symptoms and management were carefully studied and recorded. Modern medicine texts such as Dutta"s Textbook of Gynecology, Shaw"s Textbook of Gynaecology, etc were also searched for references. Beside this, related articles from authentic journals in PubMed and Google Scholar were also explored. Results: 60 subjects were enrolled for the study. The maximum number of subjects was found in 25-29 years age group. Highest number of subjects was of balghami mizaj (phlegmatic temperament) (n=30) followed by saudawi (melancholic temperament) (n=14). 10 patient of damvi (sanguine temperament) and 6 patients of safrawi (bilious temperament) were found. Conclusion: In light of this study, it can be concluded that patients with damvi (sanguine) and safravi (bilious) mizaj are prone to develop acute form of PID and with subsequent shift of acute inflammation towards mild and chronic grade; the mizaj (temperament) also shows predominance of balghami (phlegmatic) and saudaviyat (melancholic) constitution. So the temperament of a patient may be considered as an important factor in the pathogenesis of PID. KEYWORDS: Pelvic inflammatory disease, mizaj, temperament, damvi, balghami, safravi and saudavi mizaj.

- by Adnan Mastan
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- Herbal & Unani Medicines, Pelvic Inflammatory Disease

Adusa is a well-known herbal remedy used in Unani system of medicine for its beneficial effects, especially in bronchitis. The herb containing fresh, dried, ripe leaves of Adhatoda vasica Nees, Family Acanthaceae, is a sub-herbaceous bush which grows and found throughout the year in plains and sub-Himalayan tracts in India, ascending up to 1200 m., flowering occurs during February-March and also at the end of rainy season. Adusa leaves, bark, root bark, fruit and flowers help to remove intestinal parasites. Adusa herb is used in the treatment of cold, cough, bronchitis and asthma. In acute bronchitis especially when the sputum is thick and sticky, it gives unfailing relief. Its action on liquefying the sputum makes it easier for body to expel sputum. It's dried leaves may be smoked to get relief from asthma. Local application of poultice of adusa leaves is also used with beneficial results over rheumatic joints, inflammatory swellings and fresh wounds. Scabies and other skin diseases may also be treated with a warm decoction of its leaves. In this paper general medicinal uses and pharmacological activities of various parts of this plant have been discussed and reviewed.

- by Adnan Mastan
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- Herbal Medicine, UNANI MEDICINE, Herbal & Unani Medicines, Health benefits

Arisaema jacquemontii Blume (Araceae) is a medicinally important plant and is used for the treatment of different diseases specially in dermatological disorders. Alkaloids, phenols, terpenes, flavonoids, glycosides, tannins have been reported from this plant. Antioxidant, antifungal, antibacterial and anticancer activities are also shown by Arisaema jacquemontii. The present review is an attempt to compile all the previous data on the basis of its medicinal uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology reported in the previous articles.

- by Salman Ahmed
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- Pharmacology, Biochemistry, Botany, Pharmacy

Traditional medicines / drugs are helpful for management of life style disorders and chronic and acute diseases. Khatmi (Althea officinalis Linn.) is a one of the commonly used drugs that has potential for management of many diseases. The meaning of Khatmi (Marshmallow) is Kaseer-al-manafe (Multi actions) in Unani literature. Roots, flowers and seeds of Khatmi are used as a medicament. According to Unani texts the main actions of Khatmi are demulcent, expectorant, defragment, concoctive, astringent, detergent and repellent. It is also used as part of many traditional recipes. Analgesic, emollient, antitussive and diuretic activity are the most ethnobotanical and traditional medicine considerations; also used in Unani medicine for the treatment of the different inflammatory conditions e.g., metritis (Warme reham), enteritis (Warme amaa), mastitis (Warme pistan), arthritis (Waja ul mafasil) etc. Alkaloids, terpenoids, tannins, Flavonoids, Polysaccharides, Phytosterols, Fatty acids, Mucilages, Hydroxybenzoic acid etc. are its main Chemical constituents. The whole plant parts yields mucilage in decoction and infusions, which is very useful in case of several ailments of mucous membranes. The scientifically proven / reported pharmacological activities are antitussive, antimicrobial, immunomodulatory, UV exposure protective, anti-inflammatory, immune stimulating, antioxidant, antifungal, hepatoprotective, ulcer protective etc. These all findings reveal immense utility of Khatmi and scope for developing as a potent therapeutic tool particularly in contemporary lifestyle and also in immune susceptible diseases which is an emerging concern.

- by Mohd Akhtar Ali
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- Herbal & Unani Medicines

Unani form of traditional medicine is prevalent in Bangladesh, whose practitioners are
known as Hakims. The objective of the present study was to document the medicinal plants and formulations of a Unani folk medicinal practitioner in Bhola district of the country. This type of practitioners are not registered and do not have training from established Unani colleges but practice on the basis of their own experience and study of available Unani treatises. The Hakim was observed to use a total of 38 plants distributed into 31 families in his formulations, some of which were simple and some exceedingly complex polyherbal formulations. The Hakim treated a wide variety of diseases including helminthiasis, fever, respiratory tract disorders, bleeding from nose and mouth, gastrointestinal disorders, weakness of nerves, cuts and wounds, skin disorders, loss of memory, leprosy, paralysis rheumatism, piles, toothache, diabetes, hoarseness of voice, burns, decreased urinary output, swellings of hands or legs, kidney and gall bladder stones, liver and spleen disorders, pain, jaundice, sexual disorders, snake bite, leucorrhea, and hysteria. The use of multiple plants in formulations to treat diverse diseases suggests that the Hakim possessed a
good knowledge of the medicinal properties of plants, both singly and in combination.

- by Ahmed Abrar Muttaki
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- Biochemistry, Ethnobotany, Natural Products Chemistry, Biotechnology
- by SUMBUL REHMAN
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- Bioengineering, Pharmacology, Biochemistry, Microbiology

Urolithiasis is a common worldwide problem with high recurrence. This review covers thirteen (13) antiurolithiatic plants of family Boraginaceae, twenty (20) from Brassicaceae, twenty three (23) from Malvaceae and twenty four (24) from Poaceae used globally in different countries. Hopefully, this review will not only be useful for the general public but also attract the scientific world for antiurolithiatic drug discovery.

- by Salman Ahmed
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- Pharmacology, Biochemistry, Botany, Pharmacy

Unani medicine is a component of Ayurveda, Yoga & Naturopathy, Unani, Homoeopathy (AYUSH) stream of nonconventional
medical systems in India. Since centuries, these systems have been flourishing with the social and
cultural acceptance of the general masses. However, standardization/quality control of herbal formulations
belonging to these system have become the Achilles’ heel. The national and international regulatory agencies have
given guidelines for standardization/quality control of herbal formulations in terms of batch to batch quality control
and quality assurance. The present study was an effort to prepare and standardize Habb-e-Asgand, a Unani
polyherbal pharmacopoeial formulation, used as an anti-inflammatory drug, especially for arthritis/joint diseases.
The various parameters performed for the finished products including organoleptic characteristics, physicochemical
analysis in order to establish its standardization.
Keywords: Standardization, AYUSH, Habb-e-Asgand, anti inflammatory drug, arthritis

- by Editor iajps
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- Herbal & Unani Medicines

Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) represents the third most common cause of death in the world. It is resistant to most chemotherapeutics and associated with a poor prognosis. Unani system of medicine offers effective treatment for various chronic liver diseases. These treatments have shown reversal of inflammation and fibrosis in various clinical conditions. In the present study, we have reviewed Unani formulations to identify plant drugs that are valuable for the development of novel and effective drugs in management of HCC. Method: PubMed and Google Scholar were searched using mesh terms 'hepatocellular carcinoma'; 'liver diseases' 'name of individual Unani formulation and plant drug'. The outcome of interest included formulations used for liver diseases; phytochemical and pharmacological information of individual plant drugs. The additional information sources were the National Formulary of Unani Medicine and Unani Pharmacopoeia of India (Formulation). The outcome of interest was the composition and applications of formulations prescribed for liver diseases. Result: Total of 710 unique formulations were searched, out of which 59 formulations having hepatoprotective, hepatotonic, deobstruents, and astringent activity was selected for the present study. They were reviewed for individual ingredients. About 16 plant drugs among these were repeated in more than 7 formulations, each having a specific role in treatment options. They were further searched using PubMed and Google Scholar for phytochemical content and pharmacological activity and were found to have a high potential for use in HCC. Conclusion: The exhaustive review of 59 Unani formulations used for the treatment of liver dysfunctions identified about 16 traditionally proven plant drugs for exploration in the treatment of HCC. INTRODUCTION: The liver is a glandular organ of digestive system. It has a complex role in metabolism of the body. More than 100 vital functions are known to have an association with the liver.

- by Manasi Deshpande and +1
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- Herbal & Unani Medicines, Chronic liver diseases

Antibiotic resistance in every corner of the planet is growing to dangerously high levels. New mechanisms of resistance are emerging and spreading globally which threatens our ability to treat common infectious diseases. Many scientists documented some plants having antimicrobial properties. Zingiber officinale Roscoe (ZO), the most recognised member of Zingiber, is one of them. This review aims to validate the antimicrobial activity of ginger. The information and data on ZO were collated from various resources like ethnobotanical textbooks, Pub Med, Google Scholar, Science Direct, Web of Science, and Scopus. ZO has many medicinal, nutritional and ethnomedical values and is commonly used as a spice, flavouring agent and herbal remedy worldwide. In addition to giving ginger its pungent aroma, volatile oil gingerol and other pungent principles are the most medically potent since they inhibit the production of prostaglandin and leukotriene, which are chemicals that affect blood flow and inflammation. Traditionally, it has been used as an herbal remedy for centuries in Ayurvedic, Tibb-Unani, Chinese, Islamic, Africans, the Caribbean and many other medicinal systems to cure a variety of diseases like throat infections, asthma, inflammation, dyspepsia, loss of appetite, palpitation, constipation and indigestion, colds, arthritis, nausea, hypertension, migraines, and many more. It has a high proportion of α-Zingiberene, β-sesquiphellandrene, (E,E)-α-farnesene, geranial and ar-curcumene. The ZO extracts, essential oil and chemical constituents exhibited antimicrobial, anticonvulsant, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antiulcer, immunomodulatory, and other beneficial activities. The research suggests that there are marked antimicrobial activities in the ginger that could be beneficial and applied in various research areas, such as the pharmaceutical and food industries. To understand the molecular mechanisms by which these effects are exerted, more research may be required.

- by mohd aleem
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- Ethnobotany, Ayurvedic Medicine, Ayurveda, Ethnopharmacology

Background and objectives: Gastritis is a painful or inflammatory state of the stomach and the mucosa covering it. The most common cause of gastritis is helicobacter pylorus. It is caused by certain infection, or by the routine use of antiinflammatory painkiller. Unani Physician has identified various medicinal products in classical text indicated for the treatment of gastritis. Therefore, a clinical trial was conducted to evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of Unani Formulation in gastritis on scientific parameters. Methods: The study was designed as single blind pilot study on 12 patients of gastritis. Unani Formulation (Amla-2 part, Asl-Us-Soos-2 part, and Badiyan-2part) was given in the form of powder at the dose of 6 g twice a day after meal for the period of 28 days. All the patients of were assessed weekly on subjective parameters (at 0, 7 th , 14 th , 21 th , and 28 th day) whereas objective parameters were assessed before and after the treatment. The outcome of intervention was analyzed using appropriate statistical methods. Results: The study effects on subjective parameters like pain in abdomen, epigastric burning, nausea & vomiting and early satiety were found significantly reduced significantly. The objective parameter VAS and 5 PLS was found highly significant when compared before and after with p<0.0001. The results were analyzed after using paired 't' test. Interpretation & Conclusion: The findings about the both parameters (subjective and objective) that the 'Unani Formulation is effective gastritis and the cure was significant. Safety parameters (SGOT, SGPT, Blood Urea and Serum Creatinine) were remains unchanged. Therefore, it can be concluded that the Unani Formulation is safe and effective in management of gastritis.

- by Shazia Farooqui
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- Herbal & Unani Medicines, Pilot study, Gastritis

Qooba (Dermatophytosis) is a clinical condition caused by fungal infection of skin in humans and other vertebras. The fungi that cause dermatophytosis feed on keratin, the material found in the outer layer of skin, hair and nails. The... more

- by Fara Naaz
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- Temperament, Herbal & Unani Medicines, Dermatophytosis, Mizaj

Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is an ascending infection in which pathogenic microorganisms spread from the lower genital tract to the upper genital tract of females. It is a disease that affects young, sexually active, reproductive-age women. Exact estimates of the incidence and prevalence of PID are unclear largely because PID is not a reportable disease. Knowledge of pelvic Inflammatory disease and its epidemiology is essential to understand reproductive morbidity in women. This study analyzes the effect of demographic factors and risk factors in pelvic inflammatory disease on women in their reproductive age. This is a prospective study in which 200 patients presenting with definitive diagnosis of pelvic inflammatory disease or presenting with clinical features suggestive of PID and later on diagnosed as acute pelvic infection were included in the study. Their demographic and epidemiological data were recorded. The highest number of women was observed in age group of 25-29 yrs. Maximum number of women were illiterate, belonged to the middle income group and were Muslims. All of them presented with heterosexual orientation and maximum number of females was using barrier methods for contraception. Most of the females in the study were found to be multiparous and all of them confirmed involvement with single partner only, however their husbands replied involvement with more than one partner.

- by Adnan Mastan
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- Herbal & Unani Medicines, Pelvic Inflammatory Disease

Raphanus sativus Linn. (Radish) is an annual herb of family Cruciferae or Brassicaceae and grown as an edible
root. Objectives : The aim of the study is to test the potentiality of
different solvent extracts (Ethanol, Methanol, Ethyl Acetate, Chloroform, Benzene, Aqueous hot and Aqueous cold) against various pathogenic bacterial strains E.coli (ATCC- 25922), Klebsiella pneumonia (ATCC-27736), Proteus vulgaris (ATCC-6380), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC-27853), Staphalococcus aureus (ATCC-25923), Shigella sonnie (ATCC-25931), Salmonella typhi (ATCC-25241) and Salmonella paratyphi (ATCC-9150). Methods : The antibacterial activity was performed in vitro using Agar well diffusion assay and diameter of zone of inhibition was measured. Results : Among all the extracts Ethanolic and Methanolic extracts showed maximum antibacterial activity against all the bacterial strain used with a zone of inhibition ranges from 12- 21mm and the least activity was observed in Aqueous cold extract with zone of inhibition ranges from 7-9mm. The test results were compared with standard antibiotics
chloramphenicol and Ciprofloxacine. Conclusions : The qualitative analysis of different extracts of Raphanus sativus seed reveals the presence of Alkaloids, Flavonoids, Glycosides, Phenols, Tannins, Saponin, Sterols and Protien which may be responsible for the observed antibacterial activity. The results suggest that ethnolic and
methnolic extracts can be used in the treatment of infection caused by these bacterial strains used in this study. antibacterial activity, phytochemical analysis, raphanus sativus, zone of inhibition.

- by Izhar Dr
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- Preventive Health, Herbals, Medicinal Plants, Herbal Medicine

When we hear the word "ringworm", we envision a collection of puny worms slithering around on our skin. Then we may have fallen prey to one of the many misconceptions about this common skin condition. In reality, ringworm is far less creepy than the name suggests. Probably the most pervasive ringworm myth, this one stems from the condition's name. Despite its creepy-crawly name, ringworm (also called tinea) is not caused by any worm. The culprit is actually a cluster of fungi called dermatophytes that can cause skin infections. Ringworm gets its name from the distinctive ring-like pattern red spots often form on the skin. In this article, we tried to review dermatophytosis while paying special attention to clear up some of the myths that continue to circulate about ringworm.

- by Adnan Mastan
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- Herbal & Unani Medicines, Dermatophytosis

Myrtus communis Linn. (MC) is an important medicinal shrub being used in Unani Medicine for the treatment of diarrhoea, peptic ulcers, leucorrhoea, urethritis, haemorrhoids, conjunctivitis, palpitation, pulmonary and skin disease. This review provides data on the botany, phytochemical, Preclinical & Clinical Studies and Unani traditional uses of MC, with an aim to make update of the current information and obtain opportunities for further therapeutic potential. The information was obtained from scientific literature databases including PubMed, Research Gate, Google Scholar, Web of Science and Science Direct. Additional information was gathered from classical Unani text books, and published materials. MC are used traditionally for the treatment so many diseases. The Anti-inflammatory, Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, Hypoglycaemic, Anticancer, Analgesic, Antidiarrheal properties have been widely investigated. More than 50 active ingredients have been isolated from this plant including monoterpene, sesquiterpene, oxygenated sesquiterpenes, tannins and flavonoids. The present review verifies the real identity of Myrtle, summarizes its valuable description in Unani literature, and its medicinal efficacy in haemorrhoid, aphthous stomatitis, chronic rhinosinusitis, bacterial vaginosis (BV) and other disorders. Phytochemical and pharmacological studies and clinical investigations on the crude drug and isolated principles proved the multipotent action of Myrtle.

- by mohd aleem
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- Phytochemistry, Ayurvedic Medicine, Ayurveda, Ethnopharmacology

Based on his own practice of Tibetan medicine, the author analyzes the rapprochement between Tibetan medicine, biomedicine and the industry of complementary and alternative medicine/integrative medicine. Discussed are the social, ethical and medical significance of the transformation of traditional Tibetan medicine in the context of Western (esp. American) normative public health policies .

Fragaria nubicola (Hoof.f) Linn. (Rosaceae) is a medicinally important plant commonly called Wild strawberry. Traditionally it has been used to treat different diseases. The study was carried out to compile all the previous data in review... more

Introduction: Kushta of Shangarf (KS) is in therapeutic use since long time in Unani and Ayurvedic medicine. It requires extensive assessment with respect to its safety and processing because of the presence of mercury. KS prepared with Shangarf (HgS), Phitkari (alum), and Jozbua (Myristica fragrans Houtt.) was selected for the study. It is indicated as tonic, increases blood production, and improves complexion of face. Preparation of KS by classical and contemporary method and its comparative physicochemical analysis was attempted in this work. Materials and Methods: Kushta was prepared by incinerating the drugs kept inside Buta in Bhatti with 24 kg of Uple (cow-dung cakes) and also in muffle furnace. Samples obtained were evaluated by Unani specifications (test), powder characterizations, loss on drying, pH, ash value, solubility, particle size, and qualitative estimation of organic and inorganic constituents, X-ray diffraction (XRD), quantitative estimation by inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectrometry, and so on. Results: Physicochemical standards set in were comparable in KS prepared by classical method (KSCM) and in KS prepared by muffle furnace method (KSMFM), except water-soluble ash and solubility in water were found slightly more in KSMFM. XRD study revealed the presence of aluminum oxide phase and absence of mercury in both the samples. Quantitative estimation of elements in both the samples in decreasing order are as follows: sulfur > aluminum > calcium > iron > arsenic. Arsenic was found more than iron in KSCM at parts per million level. Conclusion: Preliminary understanding suggests that muffle furnace method could be a better option with respect to safety and ease of preparation. Shangarf incinerated above 900°C with Phitkari and Jaiphal did not show presence of mercury in both the samples, indicating KS prepared by incinerating at higher temperature can be safer than unroasted preparation. Studied formulation can be recommended or used for its indications without the concern of mercury toxicity.

- by Adnan Mastan
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- Herbal & Unani Medicines, Dermatophytosis