History of Republican Period China Research Papers (original) (raw)

In 1918 the Chinese scholar Cai Yuanpei published a series of essays regarding the Great War. In one of such essays Cai describes political and military actions taken by the main participants in the war as proof of influence or validity of three different philosophical theories: Nietzsche’s philosophy of power, Tolstoj’s Non-resistance and Kropotkin’s mutual aid, despite their explicit anarchic features. This paper analyses the essay step by step and tries to shed some light on the possible reasons for Cai’s interpretation.

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- Friedrich Nietzsche, First World War, History of Republican Period China, China studies
- by Sergius L. Kuzmin and +1
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- East Asia, East Asian Studies, China, Modern Chinese History

in: 1943: China at the Crossroads (Cornell East Asia Series, 2015)

- by Judd Kinzley
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- Soviet History, Cold War, Xinjiang, China

Municipal Art Museum of Tianjin, established in 1929, is one of the earlist art museum in Republican Era China.Its collecting activity is comprehensive and long-lasting. This paper reveals its collecting condition with several aspects... more

- by Shu Ai
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- History of Republican Period China, Art Collecting

Feng Yuxiang (馮玉祥) - an article from Big Russian Encyclopedia

- by jasnea sarma
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- China, Modern Chinese History, History of Republican Period China, China studies

Reviews "China Marine: An Infantryman's Life after World War II" by E. B. Sledge (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002). This sequel to Sledge's celebrated "With the Old Breed: At Peleliu and Okinawa" (1983) has three themes -- how one Marine experienced a short deployment to China in the aftermath of World War II, his return to civilian life, and his discovery of another cultural world -- China. The memoir offers a basic template for how an American can get to know another society. The article also profiles Father Marcel Van Hemelrijck (1904-1981), a Belgian missionary who Sledge's intercultural learning.

The prism of professionals and their professional associations has provided scholarship with an entry point to interrogate the complex social dynamics that existed in late nineteenth and early twentieth century China. Much of this work, however, has been focused on men. Informed by sociological approaches and paying due attention to the cultural and social contexts of late Qing and early Republican China, this paper analyses the historical circumstances, training programmes, and educational processes surrounding women doctors in the medical profession in Fujian 福建at the turn of the twentieth century. It scrutinises the process of this emergence and suggests that intimate female-dominated communities and networks in the early stages of women’s involvement in the medical profession were critical in cultivating the conditions for the engagement of women in later professional associations, and in the profession more generally.

This article explores popular religious conceptualizations of the environment and disasters in early twentieth-century China. In 1931, the city of Wuhan experienced a catastrophic flood. Soon a rumor began to circulate suggesting that the disaster had been caused by the recent demolition of a local Dragon King Temple. This article examines this rumor as a mode of popular discourse, using it to illustrate debates among members of the local population regarding the link between the environment, religion, and disasters. It describes the place of Dragon Kings in late imperial religious environmental management, before discussing how the status of these deities was devalued during the early twentieth century. It argues that, in spite of vigorous attempts at secular reform, for a large section of the population the experience of disasters continued to be dominated by popular religious conceptualizations of the environment. While modern critics disparaged what they saw as lamentable superstitions, for many people rainmaking Dragon Kings continued to exist.

Hai Weiliang a.k.a. Badr al-Din (Hayy) al-Sini (1912–?), a Chinese Muslim from rural Hunan, led a deeply transnational life. Hai was the only Chinese Muslim known to have studied in both India and Egypt in the modern period, spending considerable time at the Nadwat al-‘Ulama in Lucknow and al-Azhar in Cairo. After Chinese, he learned four more languages in two decades: Arabic, Urdu, English, and Persian. While the Second World War transformed him into a Guomindang diplomat, his time at the Nadwa and al-Azhar in the 1930s was largely devoted to questions of Islamic unity. Hai first pursued these questions in a doctrinal mode informed by Salafi currents, then in a political mode influenced by his translation of Iqbal’s “Allahabad address.” His move to Cairo brought him closer to the network of al-Fath and its editor Muhibb al-Din al-Khatib, a strong voice on behalf of Islamic unity, but geopolitics soon intervened. Disillusioned by the failure of the East Turkistan Republic, Hai coped by turning toward a cultural-historical mode of imagining Islamic unity, one that required no immediate political action. The eventual result was his Arabic-language opus, Relations between the Arabs and China (1950). Overall, Hai’s story defies both Sino-centric and Arabo-centric understandings of Chinese Islam, showing that early-twentieth-century Chinese Islam can be used to write a highly integrated history of the modern Islamic world. To that end, this article contrasts Hai’s numerous Arabic and Chinese writings to show how he embodied the tensions between national and transnational community felt across the Islamic world during this period.

- by John Chen
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- Islam in China, Xinjiang, Global History, History of the Islamic World
- by Jeff Kyong-McClain
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- Chinese Studies, Sinology, Urban History, History of Missions

Trained at University of Liverpool in both theoretical and experimental physics, William Band accepted in 1929 an appointment at Christian Yenching University in Beijing, China, where he established his career through the 1930s, heading the physics department and nurturing dozens of distinguished Chinese researchers in its MSc program. Despite the Japanese occupation of Beijing in summer 1937, Band continued his work at Yenching—an American property and an oasis of freedom for Chinese students in North China. In the wake of Pearl Harbor, Band joined a breathtaking and successful escape from Yenching, just before the Japanese raid reached the campus. He sought refuge in Communist guerrilla bases in North China, where he taught calculus, college physics, and radio theory to radio technicians of guerrilla forces. After trekking one thousand miles through Japanese occupied areas, escorted by Communist guerrillas, Band arrived first in Yan’an, the Chinese Communist headquarters, where he met and conversed with Mao Zedong and Zhou Enlai, and then in Chongqing, China’s wartime capital, where he served in the Sino-British Science Cooperation Office to help war-ridden Chinese scientists until his departure for Britain in December 1944. Band’s adventure provides a unique and useful lens to explore uncharted aspects of science in Republican China.

The Second World War has been understood as a war of production, not only in instruments of assault and defense, but also in the civic imagination of the nation-state. Mass mobilization for war fundamentally reshaped the relationship between the state and the knowledge industry. In China, the retreat of the Nationalist Government from Nanjing to Chongqing saw China’s worst refugee crisis, but it also resulted in the country’s most dramatic growth of public-funded education for primary and secondary schools and resulted in a shift in how knowledge came to be embodied in the materiality of wartime textbooks. Based on archival research, this article tells the story of the Sino-Japanese War by tracing the lives of textbooks produced and consumed during this period and assesses how the wartime experience fundamentally changed the textbook industry.

History of Chinese Cinema, in Portuguese.

- by André Murai
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- Chinese Studies, China, History of Republican Period China, Chinese Cinema

Translations of the Peking Gazette Online is a comprehensive database of approximately 7,000 pages of English-language renderings of official edicts and memorials from the Qing dynasty that cover China’s long nineteenth century from the Macartney Mission in 1793 to the abdication of the last emperor in 1912. As the mouthpiece of the government, the Peking Gazette is the authoritative source for information about the Manchu state and its Han subjects as they collectively grappled with imperial decline, re-engaged with the wider world, and began mapping the path to China’s contemporary rise.

- by Lane J. Harris
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- Chinese Studies, State Formation, China, Modern Chinese History

The CERD database is a register of engineers from the Chinese Republican period (1912–1949). The digital analysis of historical registers has led to a prosopographic catalogue of persons, educational institutions, and companies. The data can be put in relation to one another by researchers to answer individual research questions. This paper describes the architecture of the database, explains how it works, and presents ways of analysing the data.

- by Yue "Mara" DU 杜樂
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- Human Trafficking, Gender, History of Republican Period China, Marriage

When Wendi Deng (邓文迪 ), from China magically fell into the pan-national world of international business and married the media billionaire Rupert Murdoch, (who had abandoned Australia for the same stateless realm of five star hotels), at once we recognized that age old story of the gold digger and the sugar daddy. Perhaps though our belief in a simple storyline was, if not wrong, at least incomplete. Origins matter after all. As a teacher to young women in Zhengzhou, central China for three years recently, I could sense the conflicting currents of duty, ambition and the hope for love that tossed them about in relationships. The mix for each modern girl was individual, and Deng herself is a product of those choices. It is surely no accident then that Wendi Deng and another high profile Chinese-American transplant, Florence Sloan, were co-producers of Snow Flower and the Secret Fan, a film which deals directly, though often through a veil of tears, with just these dilemmas.

- by Thorold (Thor) May
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- Sociology, Cultural Studies, Media Sociology, Political Sociology

This paper examines the role played by the missionary West China
Union University Museum of Art, Archaeology and Ethnology in
shaping notions of nationalism and internationalism in China’s
southwest. Located in Chengdu, a place of multiethnic and global
encounters on China’s borderlands, this paper argues that the
West China Museum was at the forefront of global efforts
surrounding the development of museums which sought to
advance scholarly research and education for citizens of both
China and the world. Although nationalism and internationalism
converged in the museum’s displays and exhibitions, such a
process was not without tensions. As Christianity faced the
challenge of rising Chinese nationalism during this period, the
missionary museum and its curators played a pivotal role in
mediating the demands of both sides by engaging with local
communities and the extensive use of their transnational networks.

- by Xavier Bouvier
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- Chinese Music, History of Republican Period China, Cultural Diplomacy

A study of China's modernisation is arguably the most important research project that Sinologists could embark on in close collaboration with China oriented scientists from various quarters ready and willing to co-operate with each other.... more

- by Hans Kuijper
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- Modern History, Asian Studies, Early Modern History, Chinese Studies
- by Matt Galway
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- Military History, War Studies, Women and War Studies, Civil War

Tiraillés entre leur appartenance politique (à la République de Chine, donc à Taïwan) et leur localisation géographique (à quelques kilomètres seulement des côtes de la province chinoise du Fujian), les archipels de Kinmen et Matsu constituent un enjeu particulier et un révélateur original des relations sino-taïwanaises et de la trajectoire politique de la République de Chine. Avec les outils de la géopolitique, ce mémoire de recherche étudie la ainsi question de l'identité de ces territoires archipélagiques à l'aune de l'interaction entre trois strates identitaires principales : la sinité, la taïwanité et l'identité locale (de Kinmen et de Matsu).

- by Alexandre GANDIL
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- Geopolitics, Island Studies, Identity (Culture), Identity politics

Em "Punhos, Espadas E Livros - artes marciais no contexto da Primeira República Chinesa (1912-1949) - Volume 01", os autores examinam as artes marciais chinesas tendo como foco alguns conceitos fundamentais e, também, suas relações com o primeiro período republicano chinês. Esse período, concluem os autores, foi definidor dessas artes tal como as conhecemos e praticamos atualmente dentro e fora da China.

This article examines how sex affected the larger politics of the
Sino–US alliance during World War II. By early 1945, Chinese from
across the social spectrum resented the US military presence, but
just one issue sparked a violent backlash: sexual relations between
American soldiers (GIs) and Chinese women. Two interrelated, patriarchal
narratives about sex emerged that spring. Starting in March,
government-backed newspapers began criticizing “Jeep girls,” an
epithet coined to describe the Chinese women who consorted with
American servicemen. Rumors also circulated that GIs were using
Jeeps to kidnap “respectable” women and rape them. Each narrative
portrayed women’s bodies as territory to be recovered and
inextricable from national sovereignty. These narratives resonated
widely, turning Jeep girls into the catalyst through which all variables
causing resentment against the US military presence intersected
and converged. With Japan on the ropes, China’s allied
friends now stood in the way of irreversibly consigning foreign
imperialism to the past. Sexual relations were not the Sino–US
alliance’s seedy underside, but the core site of its tensions.

- by Zach Fredman
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- American History, Military History, War Studies, Gender and Sexuality
- by Yin Shoufu
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- Song Dynasty, History of Republican Period China

This article examines the emergence of an increasingly vociferous public debate in China over the true contribution made by the KMT in the war against Japan. Following years of rigid adherence to the traditional Maoist line that the CCP won the war almost single-handedly, the party has finally moved towards a more realistic and honest assessment that recognises the pivotal role played by the KMT in defeating the Japanese. The rationale for conceding this point is ultimately linked to the question of nationalist legitimacy. At a time of increasing socio-economic uncertainty and in an effort to fill the ideological void left by the demise of Chinese Marxism, the party is trying hard to bolster its nationalist credentials. One way that it is doing this is by presenting a united patriotic front on the war against Japan, with itself at the helm. However, things have not materialised in the way the party had anticipated. Along with strong expressions of national pride in China's war effort, some members of the public have responded with sympathy towards the KMT veterans who fought the Japanese. With this sympathy has come antipathy towards the CCP who are accused of persecuting KMT soldiers after 1949, of re-writing the history of the war for its own propaganda purposes and of betraying the nation by, amongst other things, avoiding armed conflict with Japan and leaving the KMT to fight the war on its own. In light of this growing (although not necessarily majority) public reaction, we argue that instead of fortifying the party's nationalist legitimacy, the official reappraisal of the KMT's role in the war runs the risk of eroding that legitimacy.

- by Qiang Zhang
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- Nationalism, Political Legitimacy, Second World War, Chinese Nationalism
- by Justin Jacobs
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- Archaeology, Xinjiang, Modern Chinese History, History of Republican Period China
- by Cristian-Radu Staicu
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- China, History of Republican Period China

Two major famine crisis in China during the 1920s resulted in the response of the international community. The elevated compassion for the affected populations in Northern China materialized through famine relief action. This essay is focusing on how relief actors coordinated against the background of interwar international volatility and the general troubled fragmentation of Republican China. The international famine relief in 1920s China operated under a loose defined humanitarian hegemony. British, the US and Chinese historical actors
were its main humanitarian stakeholders with each one carrying own distinctive relief traditions, ideas and practices. The China International Famine Relief Commission (CIFRC) and the American Red Cross(ARC) were the two of the main and most influential providers of
famine relief in synergy with other non-state actors, US, British and Chinese official authorities. During the first famine (1920-1921) the relief was relatively successful based on consensus and compromise of interests and humanitarian principles. However, during the
second largest in scale famine(1928-1930), the ARC decided to stop providing relief breaking the fragile hegemonic humanitarian alliance mostly due to its differentiated perception of the nature of the famine relief and against a destabilizing international environment.

- by Sergius L. Kuzmin
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- Chinese Studies, Tibetan Studies, Colonialism, Tibet

Electronic version of the book of papers based on presentations at the International Conference 'Baron R.F. von Ungern-Sternberg in Mongolian History', devoted to the 100-years anniversary of the restoration of Mongolia's independence by baron R.F. von Ungern-Sternberg in 1921 (Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar, February 4, 2021).
Texts in Mongolian, Russian and English languages.

- by Sergius L. Kuzmin
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- Russian Studies, Nationalism, Mongolian Studies, History of Mongolia

The Development of the English-language Historiography of Sun Yat-Sen's role and legend in the 1911 Xinhai Revolution since the 1950s.