Human behavior Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

We use a dynamical systems approach to model the origin of bargaining conventions and report the results of a symmetric bargaining game experiment. Our experiment also provides evidence on the psychological salience of symmetry and efficiency. The observed behavior in the experiment was systematic, replicable, and roughly consistent with the dynamical systems approach. For instance, we do observe unequal-division conventions emerging in colmnunities of sylnmetricaily endowed subjects.

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- Applied Mathematics, Game Theory, Statistics, Dynamical Systems

Learning in class is a frustrating mission for the hearing-impaired student. While speech-reading is a necessary solution, there are some essential problems using it fluently in the class. This paper suggests an Information System to support aural communication via speech-reading, in order to enable equal conditions for hearing-impaired students. The main problem for a hard of hearing student, who relies

- by Becky Schocken
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- Computer Mediated Communication, Human behavior, Cued Speech, Hearing Impaired
- by Ilan Sharon
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- Archaeology, Near Eastern Archaeology, Geochemistry, Zooarchaeology
- by Daniel Ilgen and +1
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- Performance Appraisal, Human behavior

Some of Law and Economics’ basic claims have come to be criticized as a result of empirical findings that question their viability. Particularly, the premise that agents consistently act rationally and with their self-interest in mind seems problematic. What the consequences of the criticism mean for Law and Economics’ tenability depends largely on the questions whether (1) some elements are unassailable to the alternative’s objections and (2) the alternative is a systematic whole. It is argued that Law and Economics may be salvaged, if it is minimized and its ambitions are tempered. This means focusing on the stable, a priori, elements inherent to it.

- by Jasper Doomen
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- Economic History, Psychology, Applied Psychology, Behavioural Science

Bangladesh is a small country of South—East Asia. It is a low-lying coastal area surrounded by India on three sides and Bay of Bengal in one side. It is one of the densely populated countries in the world. Natural disaster is a common phenomenon in this country. Most of the people live in villages and depend on agriculture for the livelihood. Agriculture is responsible for 32% of the total GDP (An overview or the current economic growth in Bangladesh at www.GlobalPolicyNetwork.org). But there is no specific management level in agricultural sector as it is still running with old style fashion. Motivation as an incentive of inspiring employees in all sectors appears strongly in private sector enterprises and slightly in govt. sector organizations and Non Govt. Organizations (NG0s).
Government sector organizations are counting loss year after year due to inappropriate training, shortage of skilled
workers, poor salary, weak administration, poor ethical standard, corruption and overall lacking of motivation.
Skilled and honest workers are being motivated in private sector organizations. Government organizations were
never been designed according to any predetermined criteria. They were established and their goals were set by
executive orders considering other factors like social, economic and technological environment. Here motivation of employees is not so important. The highest level of cabinet can play a significant role in removing misunderstanding, resolving conflict and helping reach consensus on vital issues.
On the other hand, private sector organizations are creating the stairs to up raising the position for individuals. Senior, junior designation, ethnicity and religion are not a barrier to explore potentiality and reward. Most of the private HRM structures are divisional. Some of the giant organizations have experimented with matrix structure to overcome the difficulties of the big projects. Unlike public/ govt. sector organizations, there are no trade unions in private sector firms. So the employees here have no right to bargain collectively with the employer for their demands. Another characteristic of such organizations is that they have different motivational schemes and training programmes for their staffs. Motivation is a measure to raise the employee morale and make him
enthusiastic to his work. It could be done in many ways. Every measure is not appropriate everywhere. Particularly in LDCs, it is proved that people are motivated mainly by higher salary and other economic benefits.

- by MD SAJJAD HOSAIN and +1
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- Human behavior
- by Ryan Olson
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- Organizational Behavior, Experimental Design, Human behavior, Shared Knowledge

Humans sometimes forage or distribute the products of foraging in ways that do not maximize individual energetic return rates. As an alternative to hypotheses that rely on reciprocal altruism to counter the costs of inefficiency, we suggest that the cost itself could be recouped through signal benefit. Costly signaling theory predicts that signals can provide fitness benefits when costs are honestly linked to signaler quality, and this information is broadcast to potential mates and competitors. Here, we test some predictions of costly signaling theory against empirical data on human food acquisition and sharing patterns. We show that at least two types of marine foraging, turtle hunting and spearfishing, as practiced among the Meriam (a Melanesian people of Torres Strait, Australia) meet key criteria for costly signaling: signal traits are (1) differentially costly or beneficial in ways that are (2) honestly linked to signaler quality, and (3) designed to effectively broadcast the signal. We conclude that relatively inefficient hunting or sharing choices may be maintained in a population if they serve as costly and reliable signals designed to reveal the signaler's qualities to observers.

- by Douglas Bird
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- Cognition, Resource sharing, Strategy, Biological Sciences

In recent years, there is a growing interest about assisted living environments especially for the elderly who live alone, due to the increasing number of aged people. In order for them to live safe and healthy, we need to detect abnormal behavior that may cause severe and emergent situations for the elderly. In this work, we suggest a method that detects abnormal behavior using wireless sensor networks. We model an episode that is a series of events, which includes spatial and temporal information about the subject being monitored. We define a similarity scoring function that compares two episodes taking into consideration temporal aspects. We propose a way to determine a threshold to divide episodes into two groups that reduces wrong classification. Weights on individual functions that consist the similarity function are determined experimentally so that they can produce the good results in terms of area under curve in receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve.

- by Vangelis Metsis
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- Human behavior, Classification, ROC Curve, Wireless Sensor Network

We offer three reasons why economics matters more to species protection than many people think and what this implies for the ongoing debate over the reauthorization of the Endangered Species Act of 1973. Economics matters because (1) human behavior generally, and economic parameters in particular, help determine the degree of risk to a species; (2) in a world of scarce resources, the opportunity cost of species protection-the costs of reduced resources for other worthwhile causes-must be taken into account in decision making; and (3) economic incentives are critical in shaping human behavior, and consequently the recovery of species. Endangered species protection that explicitly addresses these basic principles can avoid wasting valuable resources that yield no gain in species protection.

- by Don L. Coursey and +1
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- Decision Making, Conservation Biology, Conservation, Endangered Species

Osteoporosis has recently been recognized as a major public health problem by some governments and health care providers. Despite significant progress in knowledge about osteoporosis, public awareness is required for effective management if precautions are to be taken. The aim of this study was to evaluate the educational status of osteoporotic individuals, and their awareness about the disease and sources of information. We also aimed to compare the variables between the geographical regions of the country, since significant differences exist in socioeconomic status and lifestyle within the same cultural context. This multicenter study was carried out in eight cities located in six different geographical regions between September 2001 and January 2002. To our knowledge, this is the first multicenter study in Turkey evaluating the relationship between awareness of osteoporotic patients and other variables such as educational level and economic factors. Ten centers took part in this ...

- by kiymet ikbal karadavut
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- Culture, Physical Activity, Public Health, Adolescent

Since 9/11, hospitals and health authorities have been preparing medical response in case of various mass terror attacks. The experience of Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center in treating suicide-bombing mass casualties served, in the time leading up to the war in Iraq, as a platform for launching a preparedness program for possible attacks with biological and chemical agents of mass destruction. Adapting Quarantelli's criteria on disaster mitigation to the bmicroinfrastructureQ of the hospital, and including human behavior experts, we attempted to foster an interactive emergency management process that would deal with contingencies stemming from the potential hazards of chemical and biological (CB) weapons. The main objective of our work was to encourage an organization-wide communication network that could effectively address the contingent hazards unique to this unprecedented situation. A stratified assessment of needs, identification of unique dangers to first responders, and assignment of team-training sessions paved the way for program development. Empowerment through leadership and resilience training was introduced to emergency team leaders of all disciplines. Focal subject matters included proactive planning, problem-solving, informal horizontal and vertical communication, and coping through stress-management techniques. The outcome of this process was manifested in an boperation and peopleQ orientation supporting a more effective and compatible emergency management. The aim of article is to describe this process and to point toward the need for a broad-spectrum view in such circumstances. Unlike military units, the civilian hospital staff at risk, expected to deal with CB casualties, requires adequate personal consideration to enable effective functioning. Issues remain to be addressed in the future. We believe that collaboration and sharing of knowledge, information, and expertise beyond the medical realm is imperative in assisting hospitals to expedite appropriate preparedness programs. D

- by Pinchas Halpern and +1
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- Terrorism, Mental Health, Resilience, Health Planning

Motor learning is an essential part of human behavior, but poorly understood in the context of walking control. Here, we discuss our recent work on locomotor adaptation, which is an error driven motor learning process used to alter spatiotemporal elements of walking. Locomotor adaptation can be induced using a split-belt treadmill that controls the speed of each leg independently. Practicing split-belt walking changes the coordination between the legs, resulting in storage of a new walking pattern. Here, we review findings from this experimental paradigm regarding the learning and generalization of locomotor adaptation. First, we discuss how split-belt walking adaptation develops slowly throughout childhood and adolescence. Second, we demonstrate that conscious effort to change the walking pattern during split-belt training can speed up adaptation but worsens retention. In contrast, distraction (i.e., performing a dual task) during training slows adaptation but improves retention. Finally, we show the walking pattern acquired on the split-belt treadmill generalizes to natural walking when vision is removed. This suggests that treadmill learning can be generalized to different contexts if visual cues specific to the treadmill are removed. These findings allow us to highlight the many future questions that will need to be answered in order to develop more rational methods of rehabilitation for walking deficits.

- by Gelsy Torres-Oviedo
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- Cognitive Science, Motor Learning, Locomotion, Learning

Given the high relevance of visual input to human behavior, it is often important to precisely monitor the spatial orientation of the visual axis. One popular and accurate technique for measuring gaze orientation is based on the dual search coil. This technique does not allow for very large displacements of the subject, however, and is not robust with respect to translations of the head. More recently, less invasive procedures have been developed that record eye movements with camera-based systems attached to a helmet worn by the subject. Computational algorithms have also been developed that can calibrate eye orientation when the head's position is fixed. Given that camera-based systems measure the eye's position in its orbit, however, the reconstruction of gaze orientation is not as straightforward when the head is allowed to move. In this paper, we propose a new algorithm and calibration method to compute gaze orientation under unrestrained head conditions. Our method requires only the accurate measurement of orbital eye position (for instance, with a camera-based system), and the position of three points on the head. The calculations are expressed in terms of linear algebra, so can easily be interpreted and related to the geometry of the human body. Our calibration method has been tested experimentally and validated against independent data, proving that is it robust even under large translations, rotations, and torsions of the head.

- by Renaud Ronsse
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- Cognitive Science, Algorithms, Linear Algebra, Human behavior

According to the self-organized criticality theory, the sandpile model is built to investigate the evolutionary dynamics of empires in the history of China. The methods of agent-based modeling and simulations are applied to capture empires' mechanism of rising and falling cycles, and to obtain the observed life cycle pattern of empires in history. Under the self-organized criticality theory, natural systems and human empires systems have similar structures and mechanisms, which makes systems reaches the critical states automatically. Therefore, the rising and falling dynamics of empires can be reflected by the sandpile model as well. With the sandpile modeling and simulations, the optimal solution of parameters can be found, based on which the satisfactory fitness of results can be achieved. Under the optimal solution, we run the simulations for 10 0 0 times to check the fitness and robustness. First, the number of empires can be matched. There were 22 empires in the history of China, and the same number of empires can be obtained via sandpile model simulations, and the amount of empires follows the normal distribution with the mean of 22 empires; Second, the distribution of empire durations follows the power-law distribution, for both simulated and historical empires; Third, for less than 22 simulated empires, we drop empires with tiny durations in history to compare the 19, 20, and 21 pairs of counterparts respectively, and the fitness can be guaranteed as well; finally, for more than 22 empires, we drop simulated empires with tiny durations to compare the 23, 24, and 25 pairs, the matching degree is satisfactory as well. It indicates that multiple simulations have more robust and stable outcomes than one, even the best, simulation.

Sound is essential to enhance visual experience and human robot interaction, but usually most research and development efforts are made mainly towards sound generation, speech synthesis and speech recognition. The reason why only a little attention has been paid on auditory scene analysis is that real-time perception of a mixture of sounds is difficult. Recently, Nakadai et al have developed real-time auditory and visual multiple-talker tracking technology. In this paper, this technology is applied to human-robot interaction including a receptionist robot and a companion robot at a party. The system includes face identification, speech recognition, focus-of-attention control, and sensorimotor task in tracking multiple talkers. The system is implemented on a upper-torso humanoid and the talker tracking is attained by distributed processing on three nodes connected by 100Base-TX network. The delay of tracking is 200 msec. Focus-of-attention is controlled by associating auditory and visual streams with using the sound source direction and talker position as a clue. Once an association is established, the humanoid keeps its face to the direction of the associated talker.

- by Hiroaki Kitano
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- Speech Synthesis, Speech Recognition, Auditory Scene Analysis, Human behavior

Since the 1970s, researchers on motivation and behavior have taken the stance that important human behaviors are determined by specific attitudes, intentions, and goals. In the present article, we review evidence suggesting that, in addition to specific motivational constructs, general goals of action and inaction are also vital determinants of many important human behaviors. This research examines the effects of these goals on motor behavior, cognitive performance, and political participation. Furthermore, we connect these general action and inaction goals with other important areas in psychology, including affect, approach/avoidance, energization, material resources, mindsets, and power. Finally, we conclude with a discussion of individual and regional/cultural differences in action and inaction. Overall, general goals for action and inaction are shown to influence a vast array of important behaviors, suggesting that in addition to considering specific attitudes, intentions, and goals, researchers may gain important insight into human behavior by considering general motivations.

- by Dolores Albarracin
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- Psychology, Cognitive Science, Political Participation, Cognition

The site of Umm el Tlel (El Kowm Basin, Syria) has revealed an extremely rich stratigraphic sequence, in particular for the Middle Paleolithic, which allows synchronic and diachronic approaches to the analysis of occupation dynamics. Complex VI3 corresponds to a lacustrine phase during which the site was regularly covered by water and sedimentary deposits. Nine archeological layers are present, dating to around 70 ka. The assemblage from layer VI3a has revealed the co-existence of at least two chaînes opératoires of reduction: (a) recurrent Levallois focused on the production of points associated with quadrangular and overshot flakes; (b) recurrent Levallois focused on the production of points, laminar and quadrangular flakes. Other data, such as that related to the remains of hunted fauna recovered in this layer, complement these results and also contribute to a better understanding of the status of the site of Umm el Tlel and, more generally, its role within a broader territory that we can now better define. In a diachronic perspective, occupation dynamics can also be addressed by the study of all of the archeological layers in complex VI3. Based on results of analyses completed, these layers are remarkably uniform throughout this specific geological context, from all perspectives (reduction techniques, hunting strategies and faunal treatment, sites functions, etc.). Thus, the human behaviors revealed by the material recovered from complex VI3, although relatively complex, seem to have been quite stable. This stability, at present difficult to quantify in terms of duration, suggests a degree of rigidity in Mousterian territories where, despite intermittent occupations, human groups regularly returned to the same places to carry out the same range of activities.

- by Antoine Lourdeau
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- Human behavior

The paper reports on a qualitative analysis of 15 personal interviews with holocaust survivors in Israel concerning their perceptions of similarities and differences between socially-assisted dying and the holocaust policies. The design of the study was exploratory/descriptive and asked the following questions: "Some discussions have expressed similarities between Nazi Germany and euthanasia. Do you believe the comparison is justified? In what ways are euthanasia and the holocaust similar? In what ways are they different?" Participants concluded that profound differences existed between Nazi Germany and socially assisted dying. These differences were established from four different perspectives in 10 different themes, and demonstrated by 24 different examples of the themes. Informants further cautioned philosophers about comparisons between the holocaust and other human behaviors. The survivors perceived that such a comparison has negative consequences for their own well-b...

- by Ronit Leichtentritt
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- Sociology, Anthropology, Euthanasia, Social Perception

This article appeared in a journal published by Elsevier. The attached copy is furnished to the author for internal non-commercial research and education use, including for instruction at the authors institution and sharing with colleagues. Other uses, including reproduction and distribution, or selling or licensing copies, or posting to personal, institutional or third party websites are prohibited. In most cases authors are permitted to post their version of the article (e.g. in Word or Tex form) to their personal website or institutional repository. Authors requiring further information regarding Elsevier's archiving and manuscript policies are encouraged to visit: http://www.elsevier.com/copyright

- by Christen Mullane
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- Psychology, Depression, Medicine, Students

The advance of computing technology has provided the means for building intelligent vehicle systems. Drowsy driver detection system is one of the potential applications of intelligent vehicle systems. Previous approaches to drowsiness detection primarily make pre-assumptions about the relevant behavior, focusing on blink rate, eye closure, and yawning. Here we employ machine learning to datamine actual human behavior during drowsiness episodes. Automatic classifiers for 30 facial actions from the Facial Action Coding system were developed using machine learning on a separate database of spontaneous expressions. These facial actions include blinking and yawn motions, as well as a number of other facial movements. In addition, head motion was collected through automatic eye tracking and an accelerometer. These measures were passed to learningbased classifiers such as Adaboost and multinomial ridge regression. The system was able to predict sleep and crash episodes during a driving computer game with 96% accuracy within subjects and above 90% accuracy across subjects. This is the highest prediction rate reported to date for detecting real drowsiness. Moreover, the analysis revealed new information about human behavior during drowsy driving.

- by Aytul Ercil
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- Eye tracking, Machine Learning, Data Mining, Ridge Regression

THE EXPLOSION OF KNOWLEDGE about the brain and its functions that occurred during the last two decades is informing psychosocial knowledge relevant to graduate and undergraduate social work education and to practice in several areas (Farmer, 2009; Garrett, 2003). These areas include, for instance, human development and behavior across the lifespan, cognition, memory, emotions, stress and trauma,

- by Terri Combs-orme
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- Social Work, Critical Thinking, Human Development, Life course

Research in learning algorithms and sensor hardware has led to rapid advances in artificial systems over the past decade. However, their performance continues to fall short of the efficiency and versatility of human behavior. In many ways, a deeper understanding of how human perceptual systems process and act upon physical sensory information can contribute to the development of better artificial systems. In the presented research, we highlight how the latest tools in computer vision, computer graphics, and virtual reality technology can be used to systematically understand the factors that determine how humans perform in realistic scenarios of complex task-solving.

- by Lewis Chuang
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- Computer Vision, Face Recognition, Virtual Reality, Human behavior

The smart house under consideration is a service-integrated complex system to assist older persons and/or people with disabilities. The primary goal of the system is to achieve independent living by various robotic devices and systems. Such a system is treated as a human-in-the loop system in which humanrobot interaction takes place intensely and frequently. Based on our experiences of having designed and implemented a smart house environment, called Intelligent Sweet Home (ISH), we present a framework of realizing human-friendly HRI (human-robot interaction) module with various effective techniques of computational intelligence. More specifically, we partition the robotic tasks of HRI module into three groups in consideration of the level of specificity, fuzziness or uncertainty of the context of the system, and present effective interaction method for each case. We first show a task planning algorithm and its architecture to deal with well-structured tasks autonomously by a simplified set of commands of the user instead of inconvenient manual operations. To provide with capability of interacting in a human-friendly way in a fuzzy context, it is proposed that the robot should make use of human bio-signals as input of the HRI module as shown in a hand gesture recognition system, called a soft remote control system. Finally we discuss a probabilistic fuzzy rule-based life-long learning system, equipped with intention reading capability by learning human behavioral patterns, which is introduced as a solution in uncertain and time-varying situations.

humana tem avançado desde a fundação da Psicologia. Aspectos biológicos e culturais, psicológicos e neurológicos, emocionais e racionais foram privilegiados separadamente em diferentes épocas e perspectivasa visão de mente foi por vezes focalizada e por vezes relegada à caixa preta da ciência psicológica. Contemporaneamente, assiste-se a buscas de integração entre mente e comportamento humanos. A mente é vista como objeto da ciência e produto da seleção natural na evolução da espécie do Homo sapiens sapiens. Este trabalho visa apresentar uma breve história das principais transformações na concepção da mente, e de modelos evolucionistas de mente que contemplem a razão, a emoção e as ações humanas. Busca-se integrar e discutir as evidências das pesquisas de diversas disciplinas (Antropologia, Etologia, Primatologia, Psicologia, etc) oferecendo uma compreensão evolucionista da mente humana, de sua filogênese e ontogênese. Comportamentos cooperativos e competitivos serão discutidos a partir dessas perspectivas.

- by maria emilia yamamoto
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- Evolutionary Psychology, Natural Selection, Human behavior, Homo Sapiens

and their colleagues were in evidence as early as 1964 in the homes, schools, and clinics of inner-city Kansas City, Kansas, at the Juniper Gardens Housing Project. The work continues relatively uninterrupted, having contributed extensively to the literature of applied behavior analysis and the lives of community residents. This article describes the project and illustrates how applied behavioral research was initiated and extended, how the work addressed general concerns in psychology, and how it continues to address contemporary concerns within the community.

- by Debra Kamps and +1
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- Psychology, Cognitive Science, Community-Based Mental Health Services, Applied Behavior Analysis

The aim of this study is to make a brief review of the research on Human Behavior Models (HBMs) in military simulations. The need to represent the behavior of individual combatants as well as teams and larger organizations is expanding as a result of increasing use of simulations for training, systems analysis, mission rehearsal, systems acquisition, joint force analysis and command decision aiding. Both for training and command decision aiding, the behaviors that are important to represent realistically are those that can be observed by the other participants in the simulation, including physical movement, detection and identification of enemy forces, as well as the aspects of behavior influenced by the cultural background, such as Beliefs, Desires and Intents. Innovative technologies provide opportunities to train the required skills in an interactive and realistic setting, for this reason are needed adequate models that generate the behavior of virtual players. Areas of modelling...

- by Papachristopoulos Kostas
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- Organizational Behavior, Computer Science, Decision Making, Military
- by Elliot Gershon
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- Genetics, Personality, Biological Sciences, Biological Psychiatry

Natural warning signs of tsunamis include ground shaking from earthquakes and unusual sea-level fluctuations, wave forms, and sounds. These signs can alert people to impending tsunamis, but no research has explored the recognizability of these signs or the social-cognitive factors that affect human behavioral response to them. Of 663 interviewees, 24% felt ground shaking during the earthquake; 69% saw something unusual about the ocean before the first wave reached land, mostly a receded shoreline; and 55% heard something unusual. Despite these levels of observation, most people did not evacuate. In fact, 65% saw other people in the danger zone at the time of the tsunami impact. Most respondents had to run for their lives but could not identify a safe place. There are major differences in experience among north, central, and southern coastal Thailand, reflecting social, topographical, and hydrological factors.

- by Chris Gregg
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- Civil Engineering, Sea Level, Earthquake, Human behavior

This paper describes an investigation into the refinement of context -based human behavior models through the use of experiential learning. Specifically, a tactical agent was endowed with a context -based control model developed through other means and tasked with a mission in a simulation. This simulation-based mission was employed to expose the agent to situations possibly not considered in the model’s original construction. Reinforcement learning was used to evaluate and refine the performance of this agent to improve its effectiveness and generality. Introduction and Background How one makes a decision when faced with a task can be described as that person’s behaviour. The Oxford dictionary [1], defines “behaviour” as ‘the actions or reactions of a person or animal in response to external or internal stimuli’. Human behaviours are, consequently the actions or reactions of a human in response to some external or internal stimuli. The external stimuli include touch, smell, sight, ...

- by Avelino Gonzalez
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- Computer Science, Reinforcement Learning, Experiential Learning, Human behavior

Transit-oriented development (TOD) has become the dominant urban growth planning paradigm in the United States. Yet scant evidence has been proffered to indicate that it will produce significant environmental and social benefits commensurate with the costs of the major transportation system improvements that it requires. Sixteen distinct planning issues will determine whether TOD significantly changes travel behavior in a metropolitan region. While some analysis exists, understanding of these issues needs improvement. In particular, more research is needed on non-work travel, retail market dynamics, and the likely constraints this $2.3 trillion area of business and human behavior imposes on TOD.

The idea is to conceive an intelligent computing system of decision-making aid, in this context of teaching training, the quantification of the human behaviors is the key to this system's innovation. Seeing that it gives opportunity of measuring the professional acts of the teachers in class. This makes it possible to locate these practices compared to the pedagogical theories, into force and especially compared to the constructive approach. In addition, this system helps to identify the student's styles of learning; therefore it places, at the disposal, information which facilitates to the teachers the adaptation of their pedagogical methods so that the student benefit a maximum assimilation. For what concerns them, the students also profit from an innovating alternative: result of the web based performances analysis in summative evaluation. It is a generated report, for each pupil, automatically at the end of the seizure of the marks stipulating in details their weak points and specifying the adequate remedies in terms of activities to be realized to proceed to reflexive regulations in order to raise their levels of assimilation. An able system, starting from observable behaviors in classrooms and of performances seized remotely via the Web, to quantify in a rational way the cognitive and emotional states of the actors of the context of teaching training. An expert system whose general objectives would be: classifying the profiles of the teachers starting from their professional competences based on their pedagogy, behavior and attitude, classifying the learners' profiles by analyzing their interactions and analyzing their performances in summative evaluations, adapting the resources of the teacher's pedagogical methods in order to have a better coherence with the profiles of identities, the profiles of motivation and the profiles of comprehension of learner.

- by mohamed fethi
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- Expert Systems, Statistics, Cognition, Evaluation
- by Audrey Begun
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- Social Work, Social Work Education, Substance Abuse, Social Context

Humor is one of the most interesting and puzzling aspects of human behavior. Despite the attention it has received in fields such as philosophy, linguistics, and psychology, there have been only few attempts to create computational models for humor recognition or generation. In this paper, we bring empirical evidence that computational approaches can be successfully applied to the task of humor recognition. Through experiments performed on very large data sets, we show that automatic classification techniques can be effectively used to distinguish between humorous and non-humorous texts, with significant improvements observed over apriori known baselines.

- by Rada Mihalcea
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- Computational Humor, Computer Model, Human behavior, Empirical evidence

Observational methods are fundamental to the study of human behavior in the behavioral sciences. For example, in the context of research on intimate relationships, psychologists' hypotheses are often empirically tested by video recording interactions of couples and manually coding relevant behaviors using standardized coding systems. This coding process can be time-consuming, and the resulting coded data may have a high degree of variability because of a number of factors (e.g., inter-evaluator differences). These challenges provide an opportunity to employ engineering methods to aid in automatically coding human behavioral data. In this work, we analyzed a large corpus of married couples' problem-solving interactions. Each spouse was manually coded with multiple session-level behavioral observations (e.g., level of blame toward other spouse), and we used acoustic speech features to automatically classify extreme instances for six selected codes (e.g., "low" vs. "high" blame). Specifically, we extracted prosodic, spectral, and voice quality features to capture global acoustic properties for each spouse and trained gender-specific and gender-independent classifiers. The best overall automatic system correctly classified 74.1% of the instances, an improvement of 3.95% absolute (5.63% relative) over our previously reported best results. We compare performance for the various factors: across codes, gender, classifier type, and feature type.

- by Brian Baucom
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- Cognitive Science, Linguistics, Speech Communication, Human behavior

Water conservation policy is a natural laboratory for addressing general issues of relevance to policy analysis and public administration, particularly the relative effectiveness of policies in changing human behavior. Using multivariate regression analysis of a dataset comprised of more than 200,000 monthly observations of more than 19,000 household accounts over six years, this paper makes three main contributions. First, it contributes to the substantive area of water conservation policy by analyzing what works. Second, it contributes to our understanding of generic policy instruments. Third, it raises an important issue regarding standard assumptions about selection bias. The results support earlier work warning that offsetting behavior can negate engineering solutions to policy problems, but further indicate that adding communication to engineering solutions can create cooperation that overcomes offsetting behavior. They also provide evidence that appropriate regulation can be effective, and that pricing can be effective even when price elasticities of demand are low.

- by Heather Campbell
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- Public Administration, Policy, Policy Analysis, Price Elasticity
- by John Laird
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- Artificial Intelligence, Human behavior, Real Time, Distributed Simulation

Heuristic knowledge has been integrated with analytical tools to support decision making for flood management. Development of an expert system called Intelligent Flood Management System for the selection of appropriate flood damage reduction measures for a given area is described. The selection of flood damage reduction measures is based on hydraulic, hydrological, geotechnical, environmental, and economic factors related to the river system and the area to be protected from floods. The knowledge base of the Intelligent Flood ...

- by sajjad ahmad
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- Civil Engineering, Behavior, System Dynamics, Decision support system

Page 1. Neuropsychological Assessment and Intervention with African Americans Introduction NINA A. NABORS, JOVIER D. EVANS, AND TONY L. STRICKLAND 3 Attempts to address the impact of race and ethnicity on human behavior have increased in... more

- by Nina Nabors and +1
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- Genetics, Comparative Research, African American, Human behavior

From a behaviorist perspective, the desire to upload “minds” is already being realized on a mass, hyper-industrial scale thanks to the convergence of cognitive computing and Big Data. The accusation is that the “mind” is not an entity that exists intracranially. Instead, it is conceived as a process of individuation, which occurs in different modes and numbers. Some narratives of mind-uploading and technics in popular culture are explored: Transcendence (2014, dir. Wally Pfister) and Player Piano by Kurt Vonnegut. The discussed issues consider Bernard Stiegler’s phenomenological notion of originary default and Thierry Bardini’s analysis of junk. Several questions are raised regarding miscalculations, accidents, in addition to Nicolas Agar’s discussion on the end of humanity, and Daniel Dennett’s Multiple Drafts theory within the context of exteriorization, which is considered as constitutive of interiority.

- by Adrian Mróz
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- Cognitive Psychology, Philosophy, Posthumanism, Human Information Behavior

Purpose -The dependence on human involvement and human behavior to protect information assets necessitates an information security awareness program to make people aware of their roles and responsibilities towards information security. The purpose of this paper is to examine the feasibility of an information security vocabulary test as an aid to assess awareness levels and to assist with the identification of suitable areas or topics to be included in an information security awareness program. Design/methodology/approach -A questionnaire has been designed to test and illustrate the feasibility of a vocabulary test. The questionnaire consists of two sections -a first section to perform a vocabulary test and a second one to evaluate respondents' behavior. Two different class groups of students at a university were used as a sample. Findings -The research findings confirmed that the use of a vocabulary test to assess security awareness levels will be beneficial. A significant relationship between knowledge of concepts (vocabulary) and behavior was observed. Originality/value -The paper introduces a new approach to evaluate people's information security awareness levels by employing an information security vocabulary test. This new approach can assist management to plan and evaluate interventions and to facilitate best practice in information security. Aspects of cognitive psychology and language were taken into account in this research project, indicating the interaction and influence between apparently different disciplines.

- by Hennie Kruger and +1
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- Information Systems, Cognitive Psychology, Information Security, Information Management

Visual surveillance is an active research topic in image processing. Transit systems are actively seeking new or improved ways to use technology to deter and respond to accidents, crime, suspicious activities, terrorism, and vandalism. Human behavior-recognition algorithms can be used proactively for prevention of incidents or reactively for investigation after the fact. This paper describes the current state-of-the-art image-processing methods for automatic-behavior-recognition techniques, with focus on the surveillance of human activities in the context of transit applications. The main goal of this survey is to provide researchers in the field with a summary of progress achieved to date and to help identify areas where further research is needed. This paper provides a thorough description of the research on relevant human behavior-recognition methods for transit surveillance. Recognition methods include single person (e.g., loitering), multipleperson interactions (e.g., fighting and personal attacks), personvehicle interactions (e.g., vehicle vandalism), and person-facility/ location interactions (e.g., object left behind and trespassing). A list of relevant behavior-recognition papers is presented, including behaviors, data sets, implementation details, and results. In addition, algorithm's weaknesses, potential research directions, and contrast with commercial capabilities as advertised by manufacturers are discussed. This paper also provides a summary of literature surveys and developments of the core technologies (i.e., low-level processing techniques) used in visual surveillance systems, including motion detection, classification of moving objects, and tracking.

- by Lohith Kumar
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- Civil Engineering, Image Processing, Terrorism, Data Analysis

This research empirically examines the underlying mechanisms of fairness theory , namely counterfactual thought processes. Study 1 used a policy-capturing design to examine the relative importance of contextual variables in predicting counterfactual thoughts and fairness perceptions. Study 2 utilized a between-subjects design and asked participants to generate their own counterfactuals in response to an unfortunate event. Results of both studies showed that fairness perceptions are influenced by contextual variables (i.e., outcome severity, target knowledge and expertise, sin of commission vs. omission) and counterfactual thinking. Counterfactual thoughts partially mediated the effects of contextual variables and fairness perceptions in Study 1. Exploratory analyses from Study 3 revealed that the measurement of counterfactual thoughts (frequency vs. strength) may capture different underlying constructs. Implications are discussed.

We are facing rapid changes in the global climate, and these changes are attributable to human behavior. Humans produce this global impact through our use of natural resources, multiplied by the vast increase in population seen in the past 50 to 100 years. Our goal in this article is to examine the underlying psychosocial causes of human impact, primarily through patterns of reproduction and consumption. We identify and distinguish individual, societal, and behavioral predictors of environmental impact. Relevant research in these areas (as well as areas that would be aided by greater attention by psychologists) are reviewed. We conclude by highlighting ethical issues that emerge when considering how to address human behavioral contributions to climate change.

- by Janet Swim
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- Psychology, Cognitive Science, Social Psychology, Consumer Economics
- by P. V. (Sundar) Balakrishnan
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- Social Cognition, Performance, Judgment, Human behavior

The link between the built environment and human behavior has long been of interest to the field of urban planning, but direct assessments of the links between the built environment and physical activity as it influences personal health are still rare in the field. Yet the concepts, theories, and methods used by urban planners provide a foundation for an emerging body of research on the relationship between the built environment and physical activity. Recent research efforts in urban planning have focused on the idea that land use and design policies can be used to increase transit use as well as walking and bicycling. The development of appropriate measures for the built environment and for travel behavior is an essential element of this research. The link between the built environment and travel behavior is then made using theoretical frameworks borrowed from economics, and in particular, the concept of travel as a derived demand. The available evidence lends itself to the argument that a combination of urban design, land use patterns, and transportation systems that promotes walking and bicycling will help create active, healthier, and more livable communities. To provide more conclusive evidence, however, researchers must address the following issues: An alternative to the derived-demand framework must be developed for walking, measures of the built environment must be refined, and more-complete data on walking must be developed. In addition, detailed data on the built environment must be spatially matched to detailed data on travel behavior.

- by Marlon G. Boarnet
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- Education, Health Promotion, Health Behavior, Urban Planning

Behavioral Finance researches the influence of psychology on those carrying out financial transactions as well as on the market behavior afterwards. Behavioral Finance is an interesting topic in that it helps explain why financial markets are less effective and how they are less effective. In this study, important issues such as behavior, Behavioral Finance, literature review related to the behavioral patterns of investors, behaviors of those carrying out financial transactions, over-confidence, financial conceptual incompatibility, theory of regret, and theory of expectations have been discussed. This study also aimed to determine the influence of color and shapes on the credit card choice of people. Data were collected via survey documents sent via email to 130 people who are all credit card users.

- by Okan Acar
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- Psychology, Behavior, Behavioral Finance, Human behavior

Several studies have shown that odors have an effect on human behavior. Consumer's behavior is also affected by odors. An experiment was carried out in a restaurant where lemon and lavender aromas were diffused and compared to a no-aroma control condition. Results showed that lavender-but not lemon aroma-increased the length of stay of customers and the amount of purchasing. The hypothesis that lavender produces a relaxing effect is offered to explain the results. r

- by Christine PEtr
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- Marketing, Consumer Behavior, Tourism, Human behavior