Partial Least Squares Research Papers (original) (raw)

Sustainable forest production demands a continuous supply of high quality seeds for the production of seedlings in the nursery or for direct sowing. Here, we demonstrated the potential of near infrared spectroscopy as a rapid technique to... more

Sustainable forest production demands a continuous supply of high quality seeds for the production of seedlings in the nursery or for direct sowing. Here, we demonstrated the potential of near infrared spectroscopy as a rapid technique to discriminate viable and empty seeds of Pinus patula Schiede & Deppe. Near infrared spectra were collected from single seeds in transmittance and reflectance modes. To discriminate viable and empty seeds, multivariate classification models were developed with partial least squares (PLS) regression using the digitized spectra as a regressor and a y-vector of artificial values (1 for viable and −1 for empty seeds) as a regressand. Viable and empty seeds were perfectly distinguished by PLS models computed on full and selected transmittance spectroscopy data, while those derived from ‘full’ NIR reflectance spectra recognized 96 % of viable and 88 % of empty seeds. Analyses made on selected NIR reflectance spectra improved the classification rate of empty seeds to 100%. Difference spectra and PLS weights indicated that the origin of spectral differences between viable and empty seeds was attributed to differences in fatty acids and proteins that were totally absent in empty seeds. The result shows the prospect of developing rapid filter-based sorting equipment that can easily be automated.

The authors propose a CTA-PLS assessment routine for measurement models. This routine applies confirmatory tetrad analysis (CTA) in a manner which is consistentwith partial least squares (PLS) pathmodeling assumptions. The... more

The authors propose a CTA-PLS assessment routine for measurement models. This routine applies confirmatory tetrad analysis (CTA) in a manner which is consistentwith partial least squares (PLS) pathmodeling assumptions. The conceptualization employs a bootstrapping procedure to accomplish an appropriate statistical test examining vanishing tetrads in CTA-PLS. The approach allows distinguishing a formative indicator specification from a reflective indicator specification. Applications using experimental and empirical data demonstrate the usefulness and effectiveness of CTA-PLS. As a means of evaluating PLS path modeling results, the routine assists researchers in avoiding potentially unrepresentative consequences of measurement model misspecification.

When estimating moderating effects in partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM), researchers can choose from a variety of approaches to model the influence of a moderator on a relationship between two constructs by... more

When estimating moderating effects in partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM), researchers can choose from a variety of approaches to model the influence of a moderator on a relationship between two constructs by generating different interaction terms. While prior research has evaluated the efficacy of these approaches in the context of PLS-SEM, the impact of different data treatment options on their performance in the context of standard PLS-SEM and consistent PLS-SEM (PLSc-SEM) is as yet unexplored. Our simulation study addresses these limitations and explores if the choice of approach and data treatment option has a pronounced impact on the methods’ parameter recovery. An empirical application substantiates these findings. Based on our results, we offer recommendations for researchers wishing to estimate moderating effects by means of PLS-SEM and PLSc-SEM.

Purpose: We present partial least squares (PLS) as an evolving approach to structural equation modeling (SEM), highlight its advantages and limitations and provide an overview of recent research on the method across various fields.... more

Purpose: We present partial least squares (PLS) as an evolving approach to structural equation modeling (SEM), highlight its advantages and limitations and provide an overview of recent research on the method across various fields. Design/methodology/approach: In this review article we merge literatures from the marketing, management, and management information systems fields to present the state-of-the art of PLS-SEM research. Furthermore, we meta-analyze recent review studies to shed light on popular reasons for PLS-SEM usage. Findings: PLS-SEM has experienced increasing dissemination in a variety of fields in recent years with non-normal data, small sample sizes and the use of formative indicators being the most prominent reasons for its application. Recent methodological research has extended PLS-SEM’s methodological toolbox to accommodate more complex model structures or handle data inadequacies such as heterogeneity. Research limitations/implications: While research on the PLS...

The notions of dynamic capabilities, intellectual capital, and innovation performance have been examined in many competitive advantage scholarly papers. However, there have been small numbers of management studies that consider the link... more

The notions of dynamic capabilities, intellectual capital, and innovation performance have been examined in many
competitive advantage scholarly papers. However, there have been small numbers of management studies that consider the link
of dynamic capabilities and intellectual capital in respect of innovation performance. Previous studies tend to argue that dynamic
capabilities played a mediator or moderator role on intellectual capital and innovation performance linkage. Therefore, this study
seeks to propose a new perspective that dynamic capabilities are the antecedents of intellectual capital leading to innovation
performance. Thus, the rationale for this study is to propose a conceptual model and to provide empirical support on the mediator
role of intellectual capital in dynamic capabilities and innovation performance linkage. By using accidental and snowballs
sampling techniques, this study distributed questionnaires to 297 small and medium enterprises of the garment manufacturing
in Indonesia. Partial least square offers the main statistics methodology for data analysis. Results show that dynamic capabilities
had a significant influence on intellectual capital and innovation performance. Moreover, intellectual capital partially mediated
dynamic capabilities’ influence on innovation performance. Therefore, it is expected that organisations should grow, implement
and maintain their dynamic capabilities in order to improve their intellectual capital and innovation outcomes. Lastly, some
future studies are suggested.

For many authors the adoption of management control by companies is justified by the positive correlation between the implementation of this system and the increase of the organizational performance of the company. In Morocco, a single... more

For many authors the adoption of management control by companies is justified by the positive correlation between the implementation of this system and the increase of the organizational performance of the company. In Morocco, a single study focused on understanding the determinants of the choice of implementation of management control in the Moroccan context (Ahsina K., 2012), that is why we had the idea of developing a conceptual model adapted to Moroccan public hospitals. As a result, our problem is as follows: What is the impact of the determinants of management control on the organizational performance of the Moroccan public hospital ? This article presents, in a first point a review of the literature and the formulation of research hypotheses, in a second point the research methodology and in a last point the results of the descriptive analysis of the research. Résumé: Pour plusieurs auteurs l'adoption du contrôle de gestion par les entreprises est justifiée par la corrélation positive entre la mise en place de ce système et l'augmentation de la performance organisationnelle de l'entreprise. Au Maroc, une seule étude s'est intéressée à la compréhension des déterminants des choix de la mise en place du contrôle de gestion dans le contexte Marocain (Ahsina K., 2012), c'est pourquoi nous avons eu l'idée de développer un modèle conceptuel adapté aux hôpitaux publics Marocains.

We developed a model of the adoption of business process outsourcing (BPO) based on risk–benefit analysis. The model was tested in the German banking industry in four areas of transaction processing. Our results showed that, in general,... more

We developed a model of the adoption of business process outsourcing (BPO) based on risk–benefit analysis. The model was tested in the German banking industry in four areas of transaction processing. Our results showed that, in general, perceived BPO benefits have a substantially stronger impact on intention to increase the level of BPO than perceived risks. However, the experience that banks have with the BPO process, [whether already decided on BPO (Pro), still in the pre-decision phase (Neutral), or opted against BPO (Contra)], moderated the impact of factors affecting the perceived risks and benefits of BPO. Banks that opted for BPO were mostly driven by a desire to focus on their core business while considering financial risks. Banks in the neutral position had the most balanced view of risks and benefits, mainly financial and performance ones, and also focusing on the core business and increased business process performance. Those banks that decided against BPO mostly focused on benefits while the perceived risks were mostly formed by strategic and performance risks rather than financial ones. The results point out the path dependencies of the BPO decision.

This paper outlines the findings of a study employing a partial least squares (PLS) structural equation methodology to test a customer satisfaction model of the drivers of student satisfaction and loyalty in higher education settings.... more

This paper outlines the findings of a study employing a partial least squares (PLS) structural equation methodology to test a customer satisfaction model of the drivers of student satisfaction and loyalty in higher education settings. Drawing upon a moderately large sample of students enrolled in four ‘types’ of Australian universities, the findings suggest that student loyalty is predicted by student satisfaction, which is in turn predicted by the perceived image of the host university. While the perceived quality of “humanware” (e.g., people and process) and “hardware” (e.g., infrastructure and tangible service elements) has an impact on perceived value, this was found to be weak and indeterminate. Of most importance was the impact of the institution’s institutional image, which strongly predicted perceived value, and to a lesser extent student satisfaction. The findings have implications for newer, less prestigious universities seeking to compete in a more deregulated, market driven environment.

This paper investigates the nexus of military expenditures and inequality and profits. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first systematic quantitative study about the relationships between these three variables as a whole. The... more

This paper investigates the nexus of military expenditures and inequality and profits. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first systematic quantitative study about the relationships between these three variables as a whole. The effects of military expenditures on economic growth are examined in many studies. Dunne and Uye (2010) review hundreds of such papers. Some other works focus on the relationship between military expenditures and profits (Elveren and Hsu 2015). There are also studies explaining the relationship between military expenditures and income inequality (Ali 2007; Töngür and Elveren 2016). This Threevariate setting of MIP is quite important since it provides a better picture of the internal relationships of the dependent variables together with their respective explanatory blocks of variables. We treat military expenditures, inequality and profit as three latent variables in an inner model and employ their corresponding blocks of factors as manifest variables in an outer model. The approach, we follow in this paper is the non-parametric technique of Partial Least Squares Path Modelling (PLS-PM) which is formulated first by Wold (1975). It is a soft modelling technique, which is particularly useful when the theoretical foundation of the problem, such as in the Threevariate setting, is scarce, measurements are not well-defined and the empirical distributions of the dependent variables are not clear. The study finds out the variables, which are statistically important in the modelling. The findings of the general pooled analysis, based on 21 countries for the period of 1988-2008 suggest that while military expenditures have a negative effect on income (inequality), and income (inequality) has a negative impact on profit rates, military expenditures have (relatively small) positive effect on profit rates. However, these results remarkably change once unobserved heterogeneity is considered. Accordingly, based on four segments, although the negative effect of income (inequality) on profits remains the same for each segment, for some segments the effect of military expenditures on income (inequality) and on profit rates become positive.

The aim of this paper was to test Enlows morphological predictions of the “balloon model” of cranial head form patterns. This model predicts specific suites of morphological features in relation to basicranial flexure and skull... more

The aim of this paper was to test Enlows morphological predictions of the “balloon model” of cranial head form patterns. This model predicts specific suites of morphological features in relation to basicranial flexure and skull globularity.2D geometric morphometrics and partial least squares analysis (PLS) were used for simultaneous analysis of lateral and frontal X-rays of 41 adult males and females of a Japanese population with geometric morphometrics and partial least squares analysis.Reduction of the relative distance between basion and the posterior face, either because of basicranial flexure or overall basicranial re-orientation, was significantly related to increase of relative upper facial and dental arcade widths and a forward shift of the mandibular symphysis. These changes were unrelated to facial variations in height.In this population some aspects of Enlow's balloon model are supported while others should be modified, which challenges the balloon model of overall integration and cranial sphericity. This study suggests that variation in the posterior part of the cranium including the petrosals is unrelated to variation in facial and anterior basicranial regions. Partial least squares analysis is a useful tool for investigating craniofacial problems that require combining different X-ray views of the same individuals.