Policing Studies Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Responding to reports of missing persons represents one of the biggest demands on the resources of police organisations. In the UK, for example, it is estimated that over 300,000 missing persons incidents are recorded by the police each... more

Responding to reports of missing persons represents one of the biggest demands on the resources of police organisations. In the UK, for example, it is estimated that over 300,000 missing persons incidents are recorded by the police each year which means that a person in the UK is recorded missing by the police approximately every two minutes. However, there is a complex web of behaviours that surround the phenomenon of missing persons which can make it difficult to establish whether someone’s disappearance is ‘intentional’ or ‘unintentional’ or whether they might be at risk of harm from themselves or others. Drawing on a set of missing person case reconstructions and interviews with the officers involved with these cases, this paper provides insights into the different stages of the investigative process and some of the key influences which shape the trajectory of a missing person’s investigation. In particular, it highlights the complex interplay between actions which are ‘ordered and conditioned’ by a procedural discourse around how missing persons investigations
should be conducted, and the narratives that officers construct about how they approach investigations which are often shaped by a mix of police craft, ‘science’ and ‘reputational’ issues.

This study demonstrates that that the lion’s share of everyday policing and patrol in Onion Lake and Ahtahkakoop is administered by Peacekeepers and that their withdrawal would result in a significant impact on the effectiveness of the... more

This study demonstrates that that the lion’s share of everyday policing and patrol in Onion Lake and Ahtahkakoop is administered by Peacekeepers and that their withdrawal would result in a significant impact on the effectiveness of the RCMP who
heavily rely on their assistance and guidance. The vast majority of respondents do not wish to see the Peacekeepers become a police service under the “self-administered” option of the FNPP. Without exception, however, Peacekeepers, administrators, and
RCMP officers believe the Peacekeepers need funding for standardized training, better equipment, and uniforms as well as more formalized information sharing with the RCMP.
Under the current parameters of the FNPP, however, no such remedy is available. Without a change in the FNPP, the Peacekeepers will continue to act as underpaid, overworked and minimally trained first responders and role models upon whom the RCMP is, by their own admission, heavily dependent but unable to support. Given this state of affairs, it is recommended that the FNPP be revisited to allow for the possibility of plural forms of policing outside the First Nations Self- Administered (FNSA) and RCMP Community Tripartite Agreements (RCMP CTA) .
Peacekeepers are inexpensive and very effective. It would take very little to expand and improve their service provision and thereby free up the RCMP to also engage in more proactive and culturally appropriate mentorship and community involvement.

This Report was produced just before the Law Commission of Canada was defunded by the newly elected Conservative government. The Report argued for a new governance structure to oversee policing that incorporated the rapidly increasing... more

This Report was produced just before the Law Commission of Canada was defunded by the newly elected Conservative government. The Report argued for a new governance structure to oversee policing that incorporated the rapidly increasing private security sector. The Report was presented to Parliament but received little consideration as the topic of police oversight remains politically charged and the structural reforms suggested were ambitious.

This article explores from a comparative perspective some of the legal, evidential and procedural issues raised by undercover policing. It focuses on two of the more common, yet legally problematic, techniques of covert investigation:... more

This article explores from a comparative perspective some of
the legal, evidential and procedural issues raised by undercover policing.
It focuses on two of the more common, yet legally problematic,
techniques of covert investigation: namely, entrapment and covert interviewing.
The comparison draws on legal developments in Australia,
Canada and Europe.

In June/July 2016, the Centre for Translation and Interpreting Studies in Scotland (CTISS) brought together over 400 researchers and practitioners from across the world to discuss Future-proofing Interpreting and Translating during the... more

In June/July 2016, the Centre for Translation and Interpreting Studies in Scotland (CTISS) brought together over 400 researchers and practitioners from across the world to discuss Future-proofing Interpreting and Translating during the eighth Critical Link Conference (CL 8). Critical Link Conferences are the most important global forum for discussion and knowledge exchange amongst researchers in the field of interpreting and translation, and practitioners who work in multilingual public service settings.
In their Report, Professor Böser and her colleagues discuss the impact of this major Conference, and other research which is aimed at minors and some of the most vulnerable people in society.

Rapid adoption and expansion of the CCTV systems in Turkey as well as all over the world have produced a fair amount of ―technological determinism‖ among many law enforcement officials, which Norris and Armstrong (1999, p. 9) define as... more

Rapid adoption and expansion of the CCTV systems in Turkey as well as all over the world have produced a fair amount of ―technological determinism‖ among many law enforcement officials, which Norris and Armstrong (1999, p. 9) define as ―an unquestioning belief in the power of technology‖. As a matter of technological determinism, politicians and the public continue to myopically expect that the exclusive responsibility of preventing crime rest on the police-monitored CCTV cameras. Conversely, policy makers may be better informed if they consider why the law enforcement agencies should invest in the installation of the CCTV cameras in public areas based on the research. In fact, a well-designed evidence based paradigm in the CCTV literature is likely to reveal the truth about the question of ―does it work?‖
In addition to all previous methodological efforts, empirical evaluations in the CCTV literature are still needed to account for alternative perspectives to measure their effectiveness in the deterrence of crimes. Therefore, the present study focused on the concepts of environmental criminology, namely "crime risk at place". This research also considered the environmental risk values that might identify ―environmental conditions under which cameras would be most effective‖ (Caplan et al., 2011, p.271). Thus, the concept of ―Environmental risk value" provided a unique methodological approach to the police- monitored CCTV literature.
This study examined the impact of the metropolitan city of Bursa‘s city-wide system

and certain individual police-monitored CCTV camera‘s views used to scan the landscape, respectively on street level, including aggravated assault, auto theft, thefts from autos, and larceny theft crime incident numbers in a spatial distribution of locations; and analyzed whether the environmental risk value effects on the deterrent effect of police-monitored CCTV cameras on aforementioned crime types. To accomplish that statistical analyses (paired t test, location quotient, and regression models) and risk terrain modeling (RTM) were conducted in this dissertation.
Three important findings were found in this study. Firstly, city-wide system effect indicated that larceny thefts and thefts from auto experienced significant reduction. However, aggravated assaults and auto thefts were not. Secondly, the results from assessing the deterrent effect of certain individual police-monitored CCTV cameras on aggravated assaults, larceny thefts, thefts from autos and auto thefts were mixed. Finally, each individual CCTV camera has a unique environment – environmental risk value that influences its deterrent effect on – aggravated assaults, larceny thefts, thefts from autos and autos theft. Further, the affect was discernable and in positive direction for each crime type.
Environmental risk value assessments can advance our understanding of the deterrent effect of CCTV cameras at their viewshed areas. So environmental risk sites must be taken into account when the decision process concerning CCTV cameras is made by local and national level policy makers, police agencies and politicians who try to establish where the most appropriate location to install police-monitored CCTV cameras is. In this respect RTM can be considered as a pre intervention tool so that police agencies can measure the deterrent effect of CCTV before installation. Such a pre-evaluation process increases the capacity for effective police management and crime prevention strategies in police agencies.

Abstract: The primary aim of the conference was to engage in an exchange of views, concepts, and research findings among scientists, researchers, and practitioners from across a broad range of criminal justice and security studies,... more

Abstract: The primary aim of the conference was to engage in an exchange of views, concepts, and research findings among scientists, researchers, and practitioners from across a broad range of criminal justice and security studies, topics, and themes. The conference papers cover a variety of topics spanning all elements of the criminal justice system, as well as other forms of formal, and informal, social control. The diverse coverage of the many topics and themes by criminal justice and related scholars from around the ...

The name Broken Windows Theory was derived from an experiment conducted by Philip Zimbardo (1969), in which an abandoned automobile was placed in a high crime neighborhood where it remained untouched for a week until part of it was... more

The name Broken Windows Theory was derived from an experiment conducted by Philip Zimbardo (1969), in which an abandoned automobile was placed in a high crime neighborhood where it remained untouched for a week until part of it was smashed by a researcher. Within a few hours of the initial damage the car was destroyed. The theory posits that in certain neighborhoods if a broken window remains unrepaired then it alerts others that this is the 'norm', and breaking more windows becomes more acceptable; in other words, a failure to enforce minor public offenses contributes to a downward spiral in which residents become less involved and withdrawn from the community, thereby allowing for crime and vandalism to proliferate; and moreover, that disorder is indirectly linked to serious crime. The theory was derived by Wilson and Kelling (1982) from the findings of a foot-patrol experiment conducted in Newark, New Jersey by police administrators and social scientists (Police Foundation 1981). While swapping police officers from patrol cars to walking beats did not reduce the amount of crime in those neighborhoods as expected, residents did experience positive outcomes. Residents in neighborhoods that had foot patrols, felt more secure, believed that crime had decreased, and appeared to take fewer precautions to protect themselves from criminal activities. While the use of patrol cars, increases police mobility, expediting the response time to citizen service calls, and strengthening the control of central command, they also act as a barrier between the officer and the community. An officer on foot patrol is unable to separate himself from the street allowing for greater integration into the neighborhood, along with greater accessibility by residents. Thus fostering a sense of collective identity in which both formal and informal actors are collaborating at improving their respective community. Wilson and Kelling (1982) found that the level of disorder in a neighborhood provides a signal to motivated offenders that there is a lack of concern about the neighborhood. This indicates that there is a lack of social control, either formal (i.e. police officers) or informal (i.e. neighbors, family), which reduces that chances for apprehension. Therefore, offenders will target disorderly neighborhoods to commit offenses because the costs of their illegal actions are greatly reduced or eliminated. The theory predicts that a sequence of events (i.e. windows breaking) will then ensue. First, the ongoing accumulation of disorder in the neighborhood; second, individuals will perceive that violent crime is increasing and become more fearful of their community; third, the increased levels of fear will inhibit individuals from intervening in the neighborhood and limiting their use of public space; fourth, residential turnover will ensue, with individuals who are able to emigrate being replaced by individuals who are not attached to the neighborhood. Finally, serious crime (this includes drug dealing, prostitution, robberies, car theft, assorted violent crimes) will inevitably increase (Wilson and Kelling 1982).

El trabajo aporta al conocimiento del proceso de construcción del cuerpo policial en la provincia de Buenos Aires, atendiendo a un ciclo de reformas efectuadas al finalizar el siglo XIX. Se observa de qué manera se construyó una... more

El trabajo aporta al conocimiento del proceso de construcción del cuerpo policial en la provincia de Buenos Aires, atendiendo a un ciclo de reformas efectuadas al finalizar el siglo XIX. Se observa de qué manera se construyó una institución que concentrará funciones de policía, hasta entonces desplegadas en otras esferas estatales, como la justicia de paz. Se focaliza en una problemática poco transitada por la historiografía: la función central que estos cuerpos adquirieron para la producción del territorio. En primer lugar, se estudia la reforma de 1878 que estipuló la organización de las Comisarías Rurales en un diseño de operaciones descentralizado, para actuar en el ámbito de la campaña. En segundo lugar, se atiende a los debates legislativos de 1880, tras la federalización de Buenos Aires, a efectos de reorganizar el servicio, que por el contrario confluyeron en un diseño centralizado estructurado en torno a la Jefatura de Policía. PALABRAS CLAVES: Policía; Territorio; Reformas. ABSTRACT: The article contributes to the knowledge of Buenos Aires province police force building process, considering a cycle of reforms developed at the end of the 19th century. We study how an institution that will concentrate police functions, until then deployed in other state's spheres such as peace justice, was constructed. We focus on a perspective unconsidered by historiography: the central function that these bodies acquired for the production of the territory. First, we study the reform of 1878 that stipulated the organization of the Rural Commissariats in a decentralized operations design, to act in the campaign. In second place, we examine the legislative debates after Buenos Aires' federalization in 1880 to reorganize the service-which by contrast, defined a centralized design structured around the Central Police.

Convocation Address at Bethel University, August 29, 2016 about recent troubles in Minnesota, particularly the shooting of Philando Castille, and our responsibility as followers of the Gospel. There is an audio link also available. After... more

Convocation Address at Bethel University, August 29, 2016 about recent troubles in Minnesota, particularly the shooting of Philando Castille, and our responsibility as followers of the Gospel. There is an audio link also available. After you click the link, it's the first one in the queue; fast-forward to 15:00: https://itunes.apple.com/us/itunes-u/2016-2017-chapel-college-arts/id1148681753?mt=10

The spread of crimmigration policies, practices, and rhetoric represents an economically rational strategy and has significant implications for the lived experience of noncitizen immigrants. This study draws upon in-depth interviews of... more

The spread of crimmigration policies, practices, and rhetoric represents an economically rational strategy and has significant implications for the lived experience of noncitizen immigrants. This study draws upon in-depth interviews of immigrants with a range of legal statuses to describe the mechanics through which immigrants internalize and respond to the fear of deportation, upon which crimmigration strategies rely. The fear of deportation and its behavioral effects extend beyond undocumented or criminally convicted immigrants, encompassing lawful permanent residents and naturalized citizens alike. This fear causes immigrants to refuse to use public services, endure labor exploitation, and avoid public spaces, resulting in social exclusion and interrupted integration, which is detrimental to US society as a whole.

This paper explores methods for capitalizing on existing law enforcement intelligence capabilities to provide intelligence support to decision makers for a full spectrum of public safety and emergency service operations. Intelligence-led... more

This paper explores methods for capitalizing on existing law enforcement intelligence capabilities to provide intelligence support to decision makers for a full spectrum of public safety and emergency service operations. Intelligence-led mitigation is a management philosophy and business process to proactively guide strategic, operational, and tactical decisions for mitigating the effects of intentional, accidental, and natural incidents. There is currently a gap in the intelligence products needed by public safety and emergency service organizations to support their resource decisions, and the quantity and quality of intelligence products they are receiving. This breach between producer and consumer exists across the country and at all levels of government. The intelligence-led mitigation model was designed to demonstrate how the existing principles and processes of intelligence-led policing can be applied to a broader set of incidents, incident phases, and stakeholders in order to effectively and efficiently fill this critical intelligence gap.

Este artículo analiza los factores asociados a la elección de la carrera policial en agentes de la escala básica en Honduras. Se realizó con una metodología mixta, utilizando grupos focales y cuestionarios en una muestra de 828 aspirantes... more

Este artículo analiza los factores asociados a la elección de la carrera policial en agentes de la escala básica en Honduras. Se realizó con una metodología mixta, utilizando grupos focales y cuestionarios en una muestra de 828 aspirantes a policías. Los resultados indican tres dimensiones motivacionales de ingreso: búsqueda de estabilidad socioeconómica, servicio comunitario, influencia social de parte de familia y amistades. La permanencia es motivada por los vínculos sociales entre aspirantes, inversión en tiempo-esfuerzo, oportunidades de crecimiento laboral y académico. Las condiciones laborales percibidas en la comunidad de origen se vinculan con la motivación por la estabilidad socioeconómica, no así con la motivación por el servicio comunitario. La percepción de violencia no se relaciona con la elección de la carrera policial.

Cameras are ubiquitous and increasingly mobile. While CCTV has captured considerable attention by surveillance researchers, the new visibility of police activities is increasingly produced by incidental sousveillance and wearable... more

Cameras are ubiquitous and increasingly mobile. While CCTV has captured considerable attention by surveillance researchers, the new visibility of police activities is increasingly produced by incidental sousveillance and wearable on-officer camera systems. This article considers advocacy for policing’s new visibility, contrasting that of police accountability activists who film police with designers and early adopters of on-officer cameras. In both accounts, these devices promise accountability by virtue of their mechanical objectivity. However, to each party, accountability functions rather differently. By attending to the social and legal privileging of police officers’ perspectives, the article provides an explanation for design decisions that produced Taser’s AXON Flex on-officer cameras and for why police are embracing these new technologies. Critics of these cameras cite privacy concerns, officer discretion in operating cameras, and department disclosure of footage. Nonetheles...

Introduction Nigerians are highly religious people. The Gallup International (2012) ranked Nigeria as the second most religious country in the world, based on a survey that shows that 93 per cent of her population tended to be religious.... more

Introduction Nigerians are highly religious people. The Gallup International (2012) ranked Nigeria as the second most religious country in the world, based on a survey that shows that 93 per cent of her population tended to be religious. Religion plays an important role in the politics, economy and security of Nigeria as a nation. The Nigerian politicians understand this position and are obediently observing a non-writing code of a Christian-Muslim ticket in a political contest. This arrangement has gone a long way to reduce religious tension in the federation. Nigeria has witnessed a series of religious conflicts since the 1980s. There are frequent incidents of Christian-Muslim conflicts, and recently Islamic fundamentalists are proliferating in Nigeria. Certain religious doctrines and rituals are often manipulated to encourage violent conflict. A recent example is the campaign of terror in the Lake Chad region by the Nigerian based Islamist Boko Haram, which has killed over 23,000...

The issues of ‘race’ and ‘racism’ have been with us since the founding of our august republic. Unfortunately, they are perniciously still with us today. They were the reason we fought the Civil War (1861-1865) and have mired our history... more

The issues of ‘race’ and ‘racism’ have been with us since the founding of our august republic. Unfortunately, they are perniciously still with us today. They were the reason we fought the Civil War (1861-1865) and have mired our history throughout. There is no period in our history, the history of the United States, when ‘race’ has not been significant in some profound way. For many reasons too, the American Civil War is still with us today. It is still with us in every racial conflict we have had since. It is still being fought, perhaps unknowingly by many African-Americans, who have experienced ‘structural violence’ in some way, whether in terms of wanting better education, better housing, or a better job, or even rights for a normal life. And it is still with us today when African-Americans are targeted unfairly by law enforcement.

In the past two decades, a burgeoning plural policing literature has re-focused the attention on the plurality of sponsors and providers that populate policing landscapes throughout the world. This article coheres and advances this... more

In the past two decades, a burgeoning plural policing literature has re-focused the attention on the plurality of sponsors and providers that populate policing landscapes throughout the world. This article coheres and advances this research agenda in two ways. It provides the first critical examination of its conceptual and theoretical achievements, while also highlighting important gaps that remain in explaining how struggles over the political economy affect plural policing and vice versa. This requires applying political economy questions about power and resources to policing— " how, " by " whom, " and especially for " whose " benefit policing is delivered—and conceptualizing policing as one aspect of state–society relations. The article further elucidates strengths and weaknesses of the plural policing literature in a case study of Indonesia's contemporary plural policing landscape. The importance of plural policing goes beyond academic endeavor. Indeed, plural policing is ubiquitous throughout the world and affects how security is provided, and power exercised, in most social realms whether at local, national or international level. It is thus a phenomenon difficult to ignore for comparative politics, IR scholars, and policymakers alike.

In Europe, as in most countries of the world, building resilience to terrorism is a key concern at the moment. One way of building resilience out of many, is to normalise and depoliticise counterterrorist measures by giving powers over... more

In Europe, as in most countries of the world, building resilience to terrorism is a key concern at the moment. One way of building resilience out of many, is to normalise and depoliticise counterterrorist measures by giving powers over them to seemingly non-political and technical actors, the police. These attempts to build resilience to terrorism by normalising
counterterrorist procedures may lead to losing political powers to bureaucracies and even third states. The role of Europol in countering terrorism serves as an example to demonstrate this development. Since the police, including Europol, is seen as a technical, non-political actor,
its role in countering terrorism can be seen to facilitate and normalise anti-terrorist procedures. Simultaneously, however, Europol lacks accountability and democratic oversight and collaborates with organisations that are less accountable than itself such as intelligence services. What happens to data shared with the Counter Terrorism Group or Interpol? The article points to an alarming development that requires further scholarly attention.

La presente investigación muestra una descripción detallada de las actividades de prevención del delito y la violencia que desarrolla la Policía Nacional Civil, considerando los factores que ejercen influencia sobre ellas. Además, analiza... more

La presente investigación muestra una descripción detallada de las actividades de prevención del delito y la violencia que desarrolla la Policía Nacional Civil, considerando los factores que ejercen influencia sobre ellas. Además, analiza las percepciones ciudadanas acerca de estas actividades, especialmente de los grupos poblacionales que son los receptores de ellas. Se analiza el trabajo policial preventivo y cómo este se inserta en la misión general de la PNC, los retos que ha enfrentado y los límites para su implementación general. Además, se examinan las experiencias exitosas en la implementación de actividades preventivas, poniendo énfasis en la evaluación que la ciudadanía hace de ellas, considerando la construcción de confianza mutua, legitimidad y territorialidad. Se finaliza proponiendo una estrategia amplia de gestión territorial de la seguridad.

This essay examines the restructuring of policing currently taking place in developed democratic societies. It argues that restructuring is occurring under private as well as government auspices and will have profound effects on public... more

This essay examines the restructuring of policing currently taking place in developed democratic societies. It argues that restructuring is occurring under private as well as government auspices and will have profound effects on public safety, equity, human rights, and accountability. These effects are discussed, along with the trade-offs they represent for public policy. The driving forces behind restructuring are fear of crime, the inability of government to satisfy society's longing for security, the commodification of security, the rise of mass private property, and cultural individualism. The essay concludes with a prediction about the future of policing and suggests policies that are needed to avoid restructuring's harmful effects.

This paper examines the institutional, political and cultural conditions in which Aboriginal Community Police Officers work. The paper contends that as a result of these conditions and their interconnections, various kinds of work carried... more

This paper examines the institutional, political and cultural conditions in which Aboriginal Community Police Officers work. The paper contends that as a result of these conditions and their interconnections, various kinds of work carried out by Aboriginal Community Police Officers are inadequately recognised locally within the Northern Territory Police Force, as well as more broadly in the policymaking discourse that constitutes the ‘Aboriginal domain’ (Rowse 1992). While policymaking has fashioned the emergence of modern Aboriginal communities, in particular through the deployment of ‘Aboriginal culture’ as a definitional property, the institutional imaginary in which Aboriginal policing is conceived remains remarkably bereft of any specific notion of cultural work. This paper seeks to address the institutional imaginary by connecting the failure to think of the cultural work involved in Aboriginal community policing to the failure to conceive bureaucratic work as culturally specific. Through the analysis of research and data gathered through focus group interviews with Aboriginal Community Police Officers in the Northern Territory, I demonstrate how the policing bureaucracy inhibits the potential of Aboriginal policing. This analysis calls for the development of Aboriginal career pathways, suggesting that this would ameliorate the pressure placed on Aboriginal Community Police Officers to assimilate to non-Aboriginal policing. By simultaneously recognising and acting on the reproduction of the cultural and normative values of whiteness in the administration of policing, the institutional advancement of Aboriginal policing could strengthen existing Aboriginal Community Policing work, as well as catalyse the means to resist institutional racism.

Predictive policing generally refers to police work that utilises strategies, algorithmic technologies, and big data to generate near-future predictions about the people and places deemed likely to be involved in or experience crime.... more

Predictive policing generally refers to police work that utilises strategies, algorithmic technologies, and big data to generate near-future predictions about the people and places deemed likely to be involved in or experience crime. Claimed benefits of predictive policing centre on the technology’s ability to enable pre-emptive police work by automating police decisions. The goal is that officers will rely on computer software and smartphone applications to instruct them about where and who to police just as Uber drivers rely on similar technologies to instruct them about where to pick up passengers. Unfortunately, little is known about the experiences of the in-field users of predictive technologies. This article helps fill this gap by addressing the under researched area of how police officers engage with predictive technologies. As such, data is presented that outlines the findings of a qualitative study with UK police organisations involved in designing and trialing predictive policing software. Research findings show that many police officers have a detailed awareness of the limitations of predictive technologies, specifically those brought about by errors and biases in input data. This awareness has led many officers to develop a sceptical attitude towards predictive technologies and, in a few cases, these officers have expressed a reluctance to use predictive technologies. Based on these findings, this paper argues that claims about predictive software’s ability to neutralise the subjectivity of police work overlooks the ongoing struggles of the police officer to assert their agency and mediate the extent to which predictions will be trusted and utilised.

"Since ‘9/11’ and the global war on terrorism that followed, Muslim clerics and intellectuals in India have been under pressure from various quarters to publically denounce terrorism. This demand has come from media, political parties and... more

"Since ‘9/11’ and the global war on terrorism that followed, Muslim clerics and intellectuals in India have been under pressure from various quarters to publically denounce terrorism. This demand has come from media, political parties and fellow non-Muslim citizens. On 31May 2008, the leading Islamic Seminary Darul-Uloom Deoband (based in Uttar Pradesh) issued a public “Fatwa against terrorism” at a public rally of no less than 100,000 Islamic clerics in Delhi. This paper analyses the background to the declaration, the contents of the Fatwa by the Deobandis and the responses from the ruling Congress Party government, the right wing (Hindu fundamentalist) opposition BJP, the Delhi Police and also Muslim intellectuals."

A short presentation on the fundamentals of police use of procedural justice.

In studying the consistencies we find our purpose of establishing the consistencies of how variations of truth are assessed. The methodology used was a threefold assessment of short sections of a recorded interview that was later... more

In studying the consistencies we find our purpose of establishing the consistencies of how variations of truth are assessed.
The methodology used was a threefold assessment of short sections of a recorded interview that was later publicized.
From this we find normative and acceptable consistencies in the methods and responses, and we gain an insight into the internal workings of the law enforcement of law enforcers, supporting our social confidences.
In conclusion, the reinstatement of appropriate and correct boundaries are evident.

Racial discrimination in policing and its effect on police/minority youth relations were explored in a federally funded Canadian race relations initiative, using semistructured dialogue and voice-centered relational data analysis.... more

Racial discrimination in policing and its effect on police/minority youth relations were explored in a federally funded Canadian race relations initiative, using semistructured dialogue and voice-centered relational data analysis. Participants were front-line police officers and male youth of color. For enhancing communication between the groups, findings emphasized ongoing, face-to-face interaction. Substantial related concerns were: the need for trust, respect, self-preservation, information sharing, and improved police/minority youth relations. These were understood and highlighted as embedded within a system of ruling relations in the participants’ sociocultural context. Implications of these issues for police relations with racialized youth and their communities are discussed.

This article examines the reaction by the Australian Federal Government to the protest movements of the 1960s–1970s and their attempts to use public order legislation to thwart radical discontent in Australia. It argues that the Public... more

This article examines the reaction by the Australian Federal Government to the protest movements of the 1960s–1970s and their attempts to use public order legislation to thwart radical discontent in Australia. It argues that the Public Order (Protection of Persons and Property) Act 1971 was aimed at the threat of “violent” protests, particularly the tactic of the “sit-in”, and that to this end, the legislation was an overreaction to the actual threat posed by the protest movements at the time. It also shows that after a long gestation period, the Act was ill-equipped to deal with the changing nature of demonstrations in the 1970s, such as the problems caused by the erection of the Aboriginal Tent Embassy. Thus, after an initial flurry of use in mid-1971, the law has been seldom used since.

This article aims to contribute to the understanding of the intelligence democratization process in new democracies comparing three South American countries: Ecuador, Peru, and Argentina. With a background of authoritarian... more

This article aims to contribute to the understanding of the intelligence democratization process in new democracies comparing three South American countries: Ecuador, Peru, and Argentina. With a background of authoritarian legacies(‘political police’style intelligence agencies controlled by the military) under particular political circumstances and changing strategic environments, these countries experienced disparate trajectories, prescriptions, and outcomes in their efforts to reform their intelligence communities. Drawing on new institutionalism, historical moments and relevant events shaping the dynamics of intelligence democratization are highlighted for each case, depicting failures and successes, and identifying drivers of change.

In light of increasing concerns in relation to police accountability, this article reviews the history of public order policing for one large provincial force (Greater Manchester Police). Explaining our misgivings about those narratives... more

In light of increasing concerns in relation to police accountability, this article reviews the history of public order policing for one large provincial force (Greater Manchester Police). Explaining our misgivings about those narratives that discern a trend towards ‘negotiation’ and ‘facilitation’ between protestors and the police, we outline a critical framework for the analysis of police practice. This account is centred upon an understanding of the development of policing as the cornerstone of the fabrication of bourgeois social order, but stresses that this is mediated through its formal subservience to the rule of law, conflicting priorities and the need to establish ‘patterns of accommodation’ with the populations that are to be policed. All of this makes for the reproduction of ‘local social orders’, influenced by particular urban political contexts, as well as wider cultural currents. This article suggests that this is clearly evident in the facts surrounding the four major riots, and numerous other public order policing engagements, that mark the history of this particular provincial force.

This paper presents an overview and discussion on Dean’s (2000) cognitive investigative styles, paying particular attention to the skill and risk styles. In particular, the concept of ‘creativity’ in policing is discussed as the... more

This paper presents an overview and discussion on Dean’s (2000) cognitive investigative styles,
paying particular attention to the skill and risk styles. In particular, the concept of ‘creativity’ in policing
is discussed as the overlapping dimension between Dean’s (2000) two latter investigative styles. A
brief overview of the literature on creativity in policing is then presented followed by a discussion on
the various benefits of a creative approach. Finally, some possible hurdles which may stand in the
way of the integration of creativity within the policing sector are overviewed. The paper concludes by
proposing further research into Dean’s (2000) skill and risk styles as templates for sharing and
fostering creative knowledge within the policing domain.

El Instituto de Carabineros fue un cuerpo policial de carácter militar cuya misión fundamental era tanto la vigilancia de costas y fronteras, como la represión del fraude fiscal y el contrabando en España. Fue creado en 1829, siendo su... more

El Instituto de Carabineros fue un cuerpo policial de carácter militar cuya misión fundamental era tanto la vigilancia de costas y fronteras, como la represión del fraude fiscal y el contrabando en España. Fue creado en 1829, siendo su organizador el Marqués de Rodil. Después de una azarosa existencia tuvo un protagonismo destacado durante la II República y la Guerra Civil. En 1940 este Cuerpo fue integrado en la Guardia Civil.

Pacification is a military concept that was popularly used during the US war in Vietnam. Since then, however, the term had disappeared not only from the discourse of political power and the opposition but also from the academic literature... more

Pacification is a military concept that was popularly used during the US war in Vietnam. Since then, however, the term had disappeared not only from the discourse of political power and the opposition but also from the academic literature until Mark Neocleous and George S. Rigakos revisited it. Neocleous and Rigakos theorized the rising concern for “security” in the post-9/11 period with recourse to the term's historical significance and relationship to security as part of a broader project, called “Anti-Security”.