Public Diplomacy Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

El peso internacional de España en este nuevo siglo radica en parte en poner en valor un conjunto de recursos que hasta el momento no han explorado todas sus posibilidades, entre los cuales tanto su lengua como su patrimonio histórico-cultural ocupan un lugar de primer orden. Al mismo tiempo, para extraer el máximo partido de esos recursos ha de procurarse que sean canalizados de forma eficiente, articulando una diplomacia pública ágil, coordinada y flexible que sea capaz de aglutinar a los organismos públicos y las empresas culturales privadas. Una diplomacia pública que asuma, además, que su principal baza exterior deriva del espacio cultural que comparte con las naciones americanas, por lo que sería recomendable favorecer dinámicas de colaboración con los países que tienen intereses similares. Contenidos Introducción Intelectuales, europeización, hispano-americanismo Alentar la “vitalidad hispánica dispersa por el mundo” Reorientación política tras la guerra civil Condena internacional y diplomacia paralela Una política instrumental con fines diversos El Instituto Cervantes como estandarte de la España democrática A modo de epílogo

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- Public Diplomacy, Spanish Foreign Policy

From the power of the hashtag to frame political discourse online, to the use of online messenger services such as Whatsapp to conduct press briefings, the technological revolution has had a substantial impact on the practice of crisis communication. From their extensive reach capabilities to the instant power of connection, popular online platforms
such as Twitter, Facebook, and Instagram are demonstrating to their users and observers alike that the age of the digital – in particular the age of social media – has altered how we now practice and perceive the role (and power) of communication during times of political
crisis. However not all has been smooth sailing, with such shifts in communication strategies creating an increasing amount of hyperbolic discourse or “myths” concerning what diplomatic actors are actually doing online. These myths have been informed by the
possible or expected power of online technologies and not by what is actually happening in practice. Therefore if communication strategies are to become truly effective in the digital age, such hyperbolic discourse surrounding the technological revolution needs to be
dissected and discussed. We need to separate hype from genuine transformations within the digital crisis communication arena, and move the discussion from that of an online presence focus, to one which is centred around strategic output and effectiveness. Thus situated
within these changing technological shifts, this article seeks to explore a number of myths surrounding diplomatic crisis communication practice and provide a number of strategic methods on how ministries of foreign affairs (MFAs) may best move past these myths in order to create a crisis communication strategy which is effective, and measurable. At its
core, this article provides MFA policy makers and practitioners with a road map for strategic crisis communication success.

- by Ilan Manor and +1
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- Social Networking, Public Diplomacy, Crisis communication and management, Crisis Communication
- by Gary Rawnsley and +1
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- Public Diplomacy, Vietnam, Cultural Diplomacy, Soft Power

The second edition of the Routledge Handbook of Public Diplomacy, co-edited by two leading scholars in the international relations subfield of public diplomacy, includes 16 more chapters from the first. Ten years later, a new global landscape of public diplomacy has taken shape, with major programs in graduate-level public diplomacy studies worldwide. What separates this handbook from others is its legacy and continuity from the first edition. This first edition line-up was more military-focused than this edition, a nod to the work of Philip M. Taylor, to whom this updated edition is dedicated. This edition includes US content, but all case studies are outside the United States, not only to appeal to a global audience of scholars and practitioners, but also as a way of offering something fresher than the US/UK-centric competition. In Parts 1-4, original contributors are retained, many with revised editions, but new faces emerge. Parts 5 and 6 include 16 global case studies in public diplomacy, expanding the number of contributors by ten. The concluding part of the book includes chapters on digital and corporate public diplomacy, and a signature final chapter on the noosphere and noo-politik as they relate to public diplomacy. Designed for a broad audience, the Routledge Handbook of Public Diplomacy is encyclopedic in its range and depth of content, yet is written in an accessible style that will appeal to both undergraduate and postgraduate students.

- by Nancy Snow
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- International Relations, Government, Public Diplomacy, Political Science

The paper deals with the use of multimedia DVDs as tool for training diplomats, civil servants, NGO activist and journalists on specialized topics of current international affairs. It suggests how a multimedia DVD may be conceived, which elements it should contain, and how it may be used for self- learning. It offers, as an illustration of the pedagogical use of multimedia, a list of DVDs and other audiovisual documents produced and available on Internet in the form of Webstreaming.

- by Goran Jovanovic
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- Multimedia, Public Diplomacy, Multimedia Communications, Diplomacy

A new definition of public diplomacy has been presented by developing conceptional framework. According to the definition, “public diplomacy is a new style of diplomacy based on soft power, civil society-oriented, and public opinion-focus”. Subsequently, the interdisciplinary public diplomacy model has been developed by utilizing public relations, communication, propaganda and cultural-art activity, instrument and methods. In conclusion, a new analysis framework has been developed for the societal dimension of Turkish foreign policy during Ak Party era with the newly developed theoretical-conceptual framework and the model of public diplomacy in this research. It is claimed that this newly analysis framework could bring a new perspective in analyzing Turkish foreign policy in the era of Ak Party and to bring forth this rather neglected societal dimension of Turkish foreign policy.

Diplomatic Protocol & Etiquette
Basics

- by Nail Elhan
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- Public Diplomacy, Iranian Studies, Turkish and Middle East Studies, Islamism

(If you need this paper, send me a message).
This article questions the universality of smart power and substantiates the pertinence of a Costa Rican approach when facing the challenge to generate a Public Diplomacy strategy. The theoretical and empirical analysis of the investigation allows determining the suitability of soft power to provide Public Diplomacy with epistemic consistency in a Small State lacking armed forces such as Costa Rica, which currently is considering to create a Public Diplomacy strategy. To test Nye’s hypothesis, a non-probabilistic exploratory approach was conducted between 2013 and 2014 with 40 career diplomatic officials (representing 20 per cent of the total amount of career officials), as an innovative exercise, considering the extensive academic literature review carried out for this study.

- by Jorge Uribe Roldan
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- Southeast Asian Studies, International Trade, Colombia, Public Diplomacy

As a formerly colonized country, India takes very seriously the defence of its sovereignty and of its independence of action in the external realm as well as its identity as a Third World nation. These reasons contribute to its reluctance to push a democratic agenda in its foreign policy even though it has a democratic political system at home. Another important feature of India’s foreign policy operation is that despite a federal structure, foreign policy remains a highly centralized and executive function. This in turn limits space for creative public diplomacy initiatives especially along India’s international borders, which are often the sites of various kinds of dispute and contestation both at the state-to-state level and at the people-to-people level. Indian elites and the general public are perhaps slowly beginning to realize that dichotomy between the internal and the external in terms of social and political values and engagement do not make for good publicity. In particular, China’s rise is likely to bring the democracy argument with its specific Indian characteristics as opposed to its Western heritage into sharper relief. At the moment though, contradictions in Indian public diplomacy remain writ large.

- by Jabin T Jacob
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- Buddhism, Public Diplomacy, East Asia, Subnational Politics

Cultural actions are one of the best tools for ministries of foreign affairs worldwide.
Many countries who choose to work with cultural actions could potentially reach
millions of citizens, inclusive of those living in remote areas. One of these cultural
actions is that of establishing and opening cultural centers. This paper presents libraries
as providing outstanding service in all these centers. Through a historical and numerical
analysis of the libraries of The British Council, the Alliance Française’s Institut
Français, the Goethe Institut and the Cervantes Institute, it can be shown that libraries
are a real tool for public diplomacy that can exceed its remit of social assistance, social
services and education. To conclude this paper will also look at actions that could be
undertaken to improve and cater for network libraries.

- by Rafa Rubio
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- Public Diplomacy, Political Science, Diplomacy, Cultural Diplomacy

In the 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s, many of the overseas American Cultural Centers or binational centers sponsored or supported by the U.S. Information Service (USIS) organized annual Gettysburg Address speech contests. The contests helped local students develop speaking and oratorical skills while they learned about the U.S. war over slavery and "government of the people, by the people, for the people." "A speech or essay contest . . . may encourage hundreds of students to strive for the prize. Win or lose, every contestant benefits from the effort." Includes recollections from Bangladesh, Nigeria, Taiwan, and China.

- by Donald M Bishop
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- Public Diplomacy, Abraham Lincoln, Bangladesh, Nigeria

President John F. Kennedy's speech at the Voice of America on February 26, 1962, expressed many evergreen principles for Public Diplomacy and the U.S. government's international broadcasting networks. "“We are not afraid to entrust the American people with unpleasant facts, foreign ideas, alien philosophies, and competitive values. For a nation that is afraid to let its people judge the truth and falsehood in an open market is a nation that is afraid of its people.”

This paper examines the teaching of diplomacy in the United States through a review of over five-dozen syllabi and lengthy interviews of many of their authors. By intentionally seeking out both academics and practitioners teaching diplomacy, including public diplomacy, to compare their choices in content and pedagogy, I find patterns of difference that exceed those expected by a close reading of the theory and practice “gap” literature. What the two distinct epistemic communities teach in terms of skills and procedures as well as the beliefs that inform them, the values that sustain them and the theories that lie behind them differ significantly. Drawing on the author’s three decades of diplomatic practice followed by eighteen years teaching at the college level, this paper attempts to explain why that might be the case.

- by Dmitry Surzhik
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- Russian Studies, Public Diplomacy, Political Science, Public Relations
- by Peter Borschberg
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- History, Military History, Modern History, Economic History

The military diplomacy has increasingly occupied a wider space in Nepal-India bilateral ties. It has been an effective soft power instrument to convey the message of alive relationship, to bond the ties stronger and to revive the strained relationships. Today, it has got a central place of political as well as public concern. Such glorious history of military diplomacy begins after the challenging official visit of Chief of Army Staff (CoAS) of Nepal to India in 2016 and successful role to revive the severely ruined Nepal-India relationships by ending the unofficial blockade of India imposed to Nepal. Later, it has been recertified considering the Indian Army (IA) Chief’s visit to Nepal in 2020 as an icebreaker visit to reset soured bilateral relationship between two immediate neighbors developed after a bitter boarder row dispute in Kalapani-Lipulekh-Limpiyadhura area. These instances produce a new sequence, value and significance of military diplomacy in contemporary Nepal-India t...

- by Prem Prasad Limbu
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- Public Diplomacy, Diplomacy, Soft Power, Unity

Oman is an under-studied country in scholarly circles despite its unique and exclusive role in the arduous fields of international conflict mediation and resolution. The present study seeks to an unassuming manner fill this gap a little in the field of Oman's foreign policy. The new and diverse instruments of public diplomacy are increasing their influence and relevancy as well as in the world. Today, the range of new at the disposal of public diplomacy has been growing exponentially. These are the diaspora, relations with IGOs, infomercials, news agencies, scholarships, social media tools, cultural centers, cooking, music, different types of exchange programs, etc. The number of these public diplomacy tools that we updated in this research is 37. Those instruments are used to study the implementation of public diplomacy in Oman. The paper focuses on how Oman practices its public diplomacy with new instruments in the region and beyond. It first examines rhetoric's practical applications. It then analysis some 431 responses to our electronic and physical surveys carried out in 63 countries by the aim of understanding the level of appreciation of Oman's public diplomacy worldwide. After a careful analysis of the results of the survey, it became clear that Oman needs a modern set of tools and strong strategies if she hopes to successfully implement and achieve the goals of its public diplomacy.

- by Cuneyt Yenigun and +1
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- Public Diplomacy, Intercultural Communication and Public Diplomacy, Journal of Oman Studies, Sultanate of Oman

How can we explain the dynamics of nonconventional struggles such as the Gaza flotilla case of May 2010? Most international relations scholars analyze international disputes using a “chess logic,” according to which the actors seek to outmaneuver their opponents on the battleground. However, an increasing number of clashes are guided by a “performance logic”: although the players interact with one another, their real targets are audiences. The present study aims to bridge this gap, proposing a phenomenological framework for analyzing this particular kind of performative contest over legitimation and delegitimation in contemporary conflicts. It expands upon the idea that current anarchical global politics increasingly lead contending actors to engage in “pure” legitimation struggles—“battles for legitimacy”—seeking to persuade international audiences that they deserve political support. After providing guidelines for the identification of these phenomena, this article presents a model for the methodical examination of their interactive dynamics based on three legitimation functions (appropriateness, consensus, empathy). This model is applied to the flotilla case by mapping the protagonists’ framing contests across “legitimation (battle)fields.” The findings of this study, which emphasize the strong interplay between normative, political, and emotional mechanisms for empowering (de)legitimation strategies, can contribute to expanding the research program concerning international legitimacy.

The paper examines the “Andy Warhol” Millennium Show exhibited at the State Hermitage Museum in Saint Petersburg in 2000 and at the Pushkin State Museum of Fine Arts in Moscow in 2001. It first discusses why the U.S. government organized this show as part of America’s millennium celebrations abroad and why it chose Andy Warhol as America’s millennium artist. It then proceeds with explaining the political and art historical contents of the show, as well as its public reception by both the Russian media and the Russian artworld. The paper concludes that the “Andy Warhol” Millennium Show, despite its direct interrelatedness with the symbolic diplomatic ceremonial of millennium celebrations, was a groundbreaking cultural event, as it managed to familiarize the Russian public with key works of American Pop Art and with this build a “cultural” bridge between the U.S. and Russia in the post-Cold-War era.

- by Elena Sidorova
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- Cold War and Culture, Public Diplomacy, Pop Art, Cultural Diplomacy

Al Jazeera English: Global News in a Changing World, edited by Philip Seib, is an important book that provides a fresh analytical perspective grounded in a solid overview of the rising news channel. As Al Jazeera expands its audience in the United States, and as it plans to launch new channels in several languages, the book fills a gap in academic literature about the global news network. Thus, it is likely to appeal to a diverse scholarly and media practitioner readership. The volume includes nine chapters that analyze varied facets of Al Jazeera English (AJE) audience and coverage in the United States, Africa, South Asia, and the Middle East.

- by Omar Al-Ghazzi
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- Journalism, Public Diplomacy, Soft Power, Qatar

This is the Contents, Preface, and Introduction to the book. Exchanges have rarely been taken seriously (in any detail) as a subject of study in diplomatic history, but that is a mistake. The influence is subtle, spread over time, and worth investigating. In the beginning this was going to be a study of the Leader Program in Western Europe, but I became so intrigued by the micro-history of the Program in these three countries that I had to give that up. This is really the embodiment of what someone else (Costigliola?) termed the 'capillaries of empire'.

- by Giles Scott-Smith
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- Cold War and Culture, Cultural Cold War, Public Diplomacy, Cold War

Content analysis of TIME magazine from 1948 to 1993 of image of the Palestinians.

- by R.S. Zaharna
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- Middle East Studies, Public Diplomacy, Israel/Palestine, Lebanon
- by Kadir Jun Ayhan
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- Public Diplomacy

This conceptual article proposes a new integrative model of the country image by drawing on advances from the fields of business studies, social psychology, political science, and communication science. To interrelate different approaches, a communication management perspective is applied, providing a basic terminological framework systemizing the central constructs of country image, country reputation, country brand, and country identity. On this basis the authors develop the ‘4D Model' of the country image by integrating well-established concepts from national identity theory, attitude theory, and reputation management. The new model is suited for application in comparative analyses of country images both on the level of different groups (such as a country’s domestic and foreign publics) as well as different societal levels (such as individual attitudes on the one hand and mass-mediated prestige information on the other).

Discussion on the distinctions between brand management in the corporate vs. the public sphere; the question of how image and identity are managed by elected governments in a democratic nation vs. appointed or self-appointed management in... more

- by Simon Anholt
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- Public Diplomacy, Nation Branding, City Branding, Place Marketing
- by Rangsan Sukhampha
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- Japanese Studies, Public Diplomacy, Nation Branding
- by Tess Altman
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- Ethnography, Public Diplomacy, Anthropology of Europe

In the article are analyzed some aspects of strategic communication of Russia in Latin America. Special attention is given to key messages of the leadership of Russia to the countries of the region, the practice of public diplomacy, competitive advantages and possible risks of strategic communication and its interpretation by political circles and the analytical centers of the USA.

- by Dr. Matthew Crosston
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- Business, Religion, History, Military History

It’s been said that those who do not learn from their mistakes are doomed to repeat them. Perhaps nowhere over the past half century has this idiom been more clearly exemplified than in the experience of the United States in the Islamic world. A simple analysis of the U.S. role in Afghanistan during and after the Soviet invasion of that country shows the arrogance with which successive U.S. administrations have approached Near and Middle Eastern policy and the disastrous consequences that have resulted from their refusal to relate to the region on its own terms. Beyond a general inability to fully implement policy initiatives in the region without the use of force or financing, the U.S. has suffered from a serious image problem highlighted by pervasive anti-American sentiment.

- by Christopher Moraff
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- Communication, Media Studies, Middle East Studies, Propaganda
- by George Dimitriu
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- Communication, Public Opinion, Foreign Policy Analysis, Public Diplomacy
- by Kadir Jun Ayhan
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- Public Diplomacy, Korean Studies, South Korea, Korea (North and/or South)
- by Elizabeth Losh
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- Propaganda, Public Diplomacy, Social Media, E-Government

Несмотря на заметный экономический, политический и моральный упадок США, эта страна продолжает играть роль ведущей силы в мировой экономике и международных отношениях и стремится не допустить дальнейшего ослабления своей мощи. Важное место отводится при этом стратегической коммуникации. Автор ста-
тьи, опираясь на методы компаративного анализа, ставит задачей проследить роль иэффективность стратегическjq коммуникации Соединенных Штатов в отстаивании своих геополитических интересов.

Las Visitas de Estado son una importante herramienta de desarrollo de la diplomacia. Por este motivo el ceremonial y el protocolo se ponen al servicio de la diplomacia para planificar al detalle todos y cada uno de los actos que transcurren a lo largo de estas visitas. Aunque hay grandes elementos en común en el desarrollo de este tipo de visitas, las peculiaridades locales hacen que tengan ese carácter particular que identifica los territorios, su cultura y sus costumbres. Este artículo es la segunda parte

Las relaciones internacionales han cambiado de forma sustancial en los últimos veinte años, ante la creación de un sistema internacional que ha puesto en cuestión las bases sobre las que se sostiene. Tales cambios han favorecido la expansión de la diplomacia pública. El artículo describe las dimensiones y los elementos de las estrategias de la comunicación, así como los retos para su consolidación en el marco de la acción exterior de los actores de las relaciones internacionales.

- by Juan Luis Manfredi Sánchez
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- International Relations, Communication, Public Diplomacy, Media

Recognition, or the lack of it, is a central concern in International Relations. However, how states cope with international misrecognition has so far not been thoroughly explored in International Relations scholarship. To address this, the article presents a theoretical framework for understanding international misrecognition by drawing on discursive and psychoanalytical theories of collective identity formation and humour studies. The article conceptualises international misrecognition as a gap between the dominant narrative of a national Self and the way in which this national Self is reflected in the 'mirror' of the international Other. We argue that humour offers an important way of coping with misrecognition by ridiculing and thereby downplaying international criticism. The significance for international relations is illustrated through an analysis of the public diplomacy campaign 'Presenting Israel', which, through parodying video clips, mobilised ordinary Israeli citizens to engage in peer-to-peer public diplomacy when travelling abroad. Public diplomacy campaigns are commonly seen by scholars and practitioners as attempts to improve the nation's image and smoothen or normalise international Self–Other relations. However, after analysing the discursive and visual components of the campaign — which parodied how European media portrayed Israel as primitive, violent and exotic — this article observes that in the context of international misrecognition, such coping attempts can actually contribute to further international estrangement.

- by Rebecca Adler-Nissen and +1
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- International Relations, International Relations Theory, Israel Studies, Poststructuralism
- by astiwi inayah
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- Public Diplomacy, Political Science, Diplomacy
- by Nadira Farida Putri
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- Information Technology, Globalization, Public Diplomacy, Cold War

Intercultural Management & International Relations - This research paper (French language) analyses challenges and potential barriers for the future development and strengthening of the network of cultural institutes in Europe (EUNIC) by identifying cultural and institutional differences amongst member institutes. The EUNIC case study is an example for multilateral collaboration in European non-governmental organisations and it suggests areas for future development of this type of associations. We are identifying some underlying themes that are potential levers for success and that could be considered when optimizing EUNIC governance structures, strategies and operating principles.
We are hoping that our study will contribute to EUNICs future development by raising awareness on the complexity of the networks’ mission due to the heterogeneous visions of its member institutes. Maybe this work can initiate further discussions leading to co- creating a new, shared vision on European foreign cultural action.