Punjab Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
.. Reproductive health is concerned with the people’s ability to have a satisfying and safe sex life ensuring their capability to reproduce with a liberty of making a decision that if, when and how often they have to do so. Objective: (1)... more
.. Reproductive health is concerned with the people’s ability to have a satisfying and safe sex life ensuring their capability to reproduce with a liberty of making a decision that if, when and how often they have to do so. Objective: (1) To examine the females perceptions, attitude and practices about reproductive health services. (2) To determine the level of their empowerment to take decisions and make choices regarding their own reproductive health. (3) To determine the level of the quality, availability and accessibility of reproductive health services and to suggest some measures for policy makers to improve the reproductive health state of young mothers in district Faisalabad. Study Design: A sample of 600 young married females of age 15-32 years were selected through multistage sampling technique. Period: 2009. Setting Area: Rural and urban area of District Faisalabad. Material and Method: Uni-variate (frequency distribution and percentage) and Bi-variate analysis (Chi square and Gamma Statistics) was carried out. Results: Most (44.0%) of the respondents belonged to age category of 26-30 years; 35.5% were married up to 18 years; 39.3% had passed up to 5 years marriage duration; 71.8% had primary and above level of education. Majority (65.9%) had up to Rs.10,000 per month income, 49.2% possessed 6-10 family members, 73.5% beard at least 2 and above live children, 74.0 % perceived family planning good,79.7% had knowledge of FP and 26.0% practiced FPM (Family Planning Method). The most common FPMs were condom (33.3%) and tubectomy (21.8%) while 41.0% faced side effect because of FPM during their reproductive life. A huge majority (79.8%) of the respondents received ANC, 87.8% made regular visits for medical checkup and 48.8% got ANC from Pvt. Hospital during last pregnancy. Bi-variate analysis showed highly significant relation among age at marriage, awareness level, monthly income, education, number of pregnancies, number of children, number of visits to medical centre, availability of RH services, cultural hindrance and age of respondents vs. their reproductive health. Conclusions: Although most of the females were young & educated mothers with good reproductive health experience and perceived FM good but still lacking in practicing FMPs which indicates that we need to pay more attention towards female empowerment and decision making authority status at domestic level.
Over period of time, the water usage and management is under stress for various reasons including pollution in both surface and subsurface. The groundwater quality decreases due to the solid waste from urban and industrial nodes, rapid... more
Over period of time, the water usage and management is under stress for various reasons including pollution in both surface and subsurface. The groundwater quality decreases due to the solid waste from urban and industrial nodes, rapid use of insecticides and pesticides in agricultural practices. In this study, ground water quality maps for Rupnagar district of Punjab has been prepared using geospatial interpolation technique through Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) approach. IDW technique has been used for major ground water quality parameters observed from the field samples like Arsenic, Hardness, pH, Iron, Fluoride, TDS, and Sulphate. To assess the ground water quality of the Rupnagar district, total 280 numbers of samples from various sources of tubewells for both pre and post monsoon have collected. Out of which, 80 to 113 samples found Iron with non potable limits ranging 0.3–1.1mg/l and 0.3–1.02mg/l according to BIS standard for both the seasons respectively. Chamk...
The lightening achievements and success in field of medicine and technology are still left with some darkness behind; as our society is still facing the grunt of false beliefs and orthodox views regarding diseases and their treatment.... more
The lightening achievements and success in field of medicine and technology are still left with some darkness behind; as our society is still facing the grunt of false beliefs and orthodox views regarding diseases and their treatment. Orthodox treatment in the name of ...
- by Rakesh Gorea
- •
- Punjab
Punjab, the land of five rivers, is facing one of the worst crisis in its history. Its youth is trapped in drugs, marginal farmers are trapped in bank loans and are forced to commit suicides, the financial situation is so dismal that the... more
Punjab, the land of five rivers, is facing one of the worst crisis in its history. Its youth is trapped in drugs, marginal farmers are trapped in bank loans and are forced to commit suicides, the financial situation is so dismal that the State is in a debt trap, and the moral fabric of vibrant Punjabi society is under attack by internal and external contradictions. However, I am not going to focus on the obvious but will like to investigate the long term effects of Ecological Disaster hovering over Punjab. During 1990s, when our research group in Guru Nanak Dev University was sanctioned a research project by Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC) of Department of Atomic Energy (DAE) to undertake a survey for Environmental Radiation Health Hazards to population of Punjab, we could never imagine the consequences would be so alarming? Our aim was to assess the environmental radiation dose to inhabitants due to Radon gas emanating from the soil; the source of this gas being radioactive Uranium in soil and groundwater. We reported that in Malwa belt, the radiation dose is 20% higher compared with other districts of Punjab. However, there was no imminent danger to public health due to presence of indoor Radon in homes. We did not bother to evaluate the risk due to presence of Uranium (U) in soil and groundwater of Punjab. Uranium poisoning in Punjab first made news in March 2009, when a South African Clinical Metal Toxicologist, Carin Smit, visiting Faridkot city in Punjab found surprisingly high levels of uranium in 88% of the blood samples collected from amongst mentally retarded children in the Malwa region of Punjab. The results revealed that 87% of children below 12 years and 82% beyond that age having uranium levels high enough to cause diseases, and in the case of one child, the levels were more than 60 times the maximum safe limit. This report opened the Pandora's Box and the echo of this report reverberated in the Parliament House. BARC teams under the direction of DAE were alerted to visit Punjab and an MOU was signed with GND University for undertaking a comprehensive survey of all districts for assessment of health risk due to Uranium concentration in ground waters. A large number of reports have been published in research journals. Most of the team members involved in this Project have been my old students and collaborators. My recent survey of four districts (SAS Nagar, Fatehgarh Sahib, Sangrur and Bathinda) have shown that Uranium content in water is within safe limits in SAS Nagar and Fatehgarh Sahib but it is higher than the safe limit fixed by Atomic Energy Regulatory Board (AERB) of India for Malwa belt (Sangrur, Bathinda, Mansa and Ferozpur). Punjab State department of Sanitation and Water Supply based in Mohali has reported the highest value of Uranium content of 2200 microgram per litre (ppb) in ground water collected from a deep borewell (700 feet) in Badla village of Dasuya Block of Hoshiarpur district. Some scientists propose that Uranium can be mined from underground waters of Punjab. What is the source of high U content in water? The Scientists of PU Chandigarh group report that high U content in water can be attributed to high salinity of water and Phosphatic fertilizers being used in Malwa region of Punjab. Calcium bicarbonate acts as a leaching agent for U in soil and it gets concentrated in groundwater by geochemical processes. It seems to be a plausible explanation but not the ultimate solution of the problem.
Citrus is one of the most commonly used as a fruit in Pakistan. To estimate their elementalprofile citrus were collected from five different tehsils of Sargodha district. Elemental analysis was carriedout by atomic absorption... more
Citrus is one of the most commonly used as a fruit in Pakistan. To estimate their elementalprofile citrus were collected from five different tehsils of Sargodha district. Elemental analysis was carriedout by atomic absorption spectrophotometer. There results showed that citrus fruits have riched source ofminerals and have highest concentrations of Cu (2.71 mg/Kg), Mn (0.1633 mg/Kg) and Zn (31.72 mg/Kg)noted in T1 (Silanwali), while the maximum concentrations of Mg (65.247 mg/Kg), Cr (0.343 mg/Kg),P (1.146 mg/Kg), Co (0.536 mg/Kg), K (133.01 mg/Kg) were found in T2 (Sahiwal), T4 (Kotmomin) andT5 (Bhehra), respectively. Fluctuation in elemental profile of Citrus reticulata may be attributed to spatialvariations or may be due to agro-climatic conditions that varies in all tehsils
- by Mujahid Hussain and +1
- •
- Botany, Sustainable agriculture, Pakistan, Agriculture
« Louis E. Fenech, Martyrdom in the Sikh Tradition. Playing the Game of Love ? ; W.H. McLeod, Aspects of Sikh Identity, Culture and Thought », note critique, Archives de sciences sociales des religions, 118 (2002), 111-114. Autour de... more
Although the scholarship on social capital and immigrant economic incorporation has sufficiently documented how immigrants mobilize social capital in their search for employment which often leads to the formation of immigrant niches, how... more
Although the scholarship on social capital and immigrant economic incorporation has sufficiently documented how immigrants mobilize social capital in their search for employment which often leads to the formation of immigrant niches, how social capital is processed after immigrants acquire employment and its significance for the preservation of immigrant employment niches is less well explored. This paper addresses this gap in the literature with a case study of immigrant Punjabi taxi drivers in the New York metropolitan area. In particular, this study shows how a group of immigrant Punjabi taxi drivers mobilized social capital via embeddedness in co-ethnic social networks and improved their working conditions – a process that must be considered in explanations of the Punjabi niche in the taxi industry for more than two decades. The study has implications for the relationship between social capital and the structure of the workplace or industry where immigrants are incorporated and its subsequent impact on immigrant economic trajectories. Further, this study contributes to the debate on the usefulness of ethnic communities for the adaptation of immigrant groups. Additionally, this research is relevant to the scholarship on the economic adaptation of South Asian (a subset of Asian Americans) immigrants, an understudied immigrant group in the United States.
The study was carried out to assess the profitability of Sugarcane crop. For this purpose a sample of 75 sugarcane growers in Faisalabad district was taken from randomly selected five villages i.e 15 sugarcane growers from each village.... more
The study was carried out to assess the profitability of Sugarcane crop. For this purpose a sample of 75 sugarcane growers in Faisalabad district was taken from randomly selected five villages i.e 15 sugarcane growers from each village. Majority of them (78 %) were small farmers. Average yield of small and medium farmers was 23601 and 25438 kg per acre respectively. Net return of medium farmers was greater (Rs. 13910) than small farmers (Rs. 9315). There was not much difference in cost-benefit ratio of small and medium farmers, which was 2.04 and 2.18 respectively. The average yield per acre of sugarcane crop in Faisalabad was far below and cost of production per acre was higher than other districts of Punjab.
Annual, seasonal and monthly variations in rainfall trend in Punjab, India for 102 years (1901–2002) were analysed using statistical non-parametric tests - the Modified Mann-Kendall (MMK) test and Sen’s slope which indicated rising trend... more
Annual, seasonal and monthly variations in rainfall trend in Punjab, India for 102 years (1901–2002) were analysed using statistical non-parametric tests - the Modified Mann-Kendall (MMK) test and Sen’s slope which indicated rising trend in rainfall in all the districts.
Performance is not a choice but a must do practice for organizations. The current study is an effort to study the performance evaluation practices of pharmaceutical companies of Punjab. The variables of performance measure have been... more
Performance is not a choice but a must do practice for organizations. The current study is an effort to study the performance evaluation practices of pharmaceutical companies of Punjab. The variables of performance measure have been identified through literature and were grouped into various factors through factor analysis. The impact of performance appraisal practices has been measured on the job satisfaction of lower and middle level employees through regression analysis. The results suggest a strong association between performance appraisal and job satisfaction. The results also highlight that fair the system of appraisal, more is the job satisfaction which improves the productivity of employees
This study assesses the perceived level of Open Access (OA) awareness, challenges, and opportunities in context of university libraries of Pakistan. The differences between public and private sector university libraries in terms of their... more
This study assesses the perceived level of Open Access (OA) awareness, challenges, and opportunities in context of university libraries of Pakistan. The differences between public and private sector university libraries in terms of their awareness, challenges and opportunities were also analyzed in this study. Survey research design, based on a structured questionnaire, was employed to meet the objectives of the study. The population of the study was libraries of Higher Education Commission of Pakistan (HEC) recognized universities located in Punjab and Islamabad (Pakistan). The findings revealed that majority of university libraries were fully aware of HEC-National Digital Library (NDL) OA resources, OA journals, and Pakistan Research Repository, whereas, somewhat aware of Budapest OA Initiative, and Diamond OA Model. Lack of additional resources (staff, time, efforts), unreliability of OA information resources, and inadequate tools and infrastructure were identified as top challenges. However, free access, increase in library value, and fulfilling users need with shrinking budget were top three identified opportunities. The study did not find any significant statistically difference between public and private university libraries in terms of their level of awareness, perceived challenges and opportunities. This study is administered in institutional context and fills the literature gap.
Translation of the Quran in Pashto
Panchayat system has been operational as the lowest administrative unit since pre-partition ancient medieval times. It has been an influential tool for bringing justice to the local communities, as a conflict resolution body for village... more
Panchayat system has been operational as the lowest administrative unit since pre-partition ancient
medieval times. It has been an influential tool for bringing justice to the local communities, as a conflict resolution
body for village level disputes and to systematize social, cultural and religious activities. The paper explores the
preference of the community and their views towards the panchayat system as a judicial body. The study locale was
district Lodhran‟s village “1-Chak”, the sample size was 153 selected through random sampling. The results reflected
that the community was exceptionally dependent upon the „panchayat and biradari system‟ for resolving their issues,
and it worked as a fundamental justice providing body. The preference for panchayat system was affirmed to be for
various reasons which firstly included; „confidentiality‟, “time efficiency‟ and „the complications of judicial law”
provided by the government
- by Dr. Abid G. Chaudhry and +2
- •
- Sociology, Cultural Studies, Political Sociology, Anthropology
Open any article on Punjabi cuisine (generally referred to as the North Indian cuisine) and it is invariably about butter chicken, dal makhani and tandoori chicken. Being a Punjabi I can vouch for this being as far from the truth as... more
Open any article on Punjabi cuisine (generally referred to as the North Indian cuisine) and it is invariably about butter chicken, dal makhani and tandoori chicken. Being a Punjabi I can vouch for this being as far from the truth as breaking out in to a bhangra at every instance or that our families are like the loud Bollywood Punjabi families. We don't live on butter chicken and naan. At home food is a mix of vegetarian and non-vegetarian, the latter only once or twice a week. Of course this would vary from household to household. The vegetarian being a delectable range of bhindi, baingan bharta, stuffed karela, dals, aaloo vadi, aaloo gobi, tori, tinda, ghiya and so much more besides the usual mutter paneer. Tori, tinda, ghiya not being my personal favourites, I usually have ajwain parantha and egg bhurji on days these are cooked at home. On some days we just have a simple khichdi with dahi and homemade amb da achaar. Another favourite and a staple of most households is baasi roti. It is the left over roti of the previous night had for breakfast. While summer was all about mangoes, ballanji made of raw mangoes, lassi, buttermilk, and thandai, winter would bring a flurry of activity at home with sarson da saag being chopped and cooked, a rather arm straining activitiy. My grandmother would chop it using the traditional daati (curved iron blade fixed on a piece of wood). Sarson da saag is eaten with makki di roti and chhurri (left over roti, ghee and shaakar are mashed
The major contribution of Syan is in three interconnected areas. One, he questions a view widely prevalent in Sikh historiography that there was a major rupture in Sikh thought and practice on the question of violence/non-violence after... more
The major contribution of Syan is in three interconnected areas. One, he questions a view widely prevalent in Sikh historiography that there was a major rupture in Sikh
thought and practice on the question of violence/non-violence after the death of fifth Sikh guru Arjan Dev. Two, he argues that there was no unanimity and homogeneity in the Sikh community during the seventeenth century, after the death of Guru Arjan, on the path the Sikh community should follow regarding the use of violence and non-violence, and that there were competing claims on this issue. Third, he argues that the Sikh engagement with the Moghul Rule was not always one of confrontation or, to put the same point in a
different way, the Moghul rulers were not always hostile to the Sikh faith.
Analysis of Punjab Assembly Election 2022 Results
"The death, destruction and sacrilege caused during Operation Bluestar pierced the heart not only of the Sikhs but also of many Punjabi Hindus. The devastation it caused in the personal lives of so many millions has still not been fully... more
"The death, destruction and sacrilege caused during Operation Bluestar pierced the heart not only of the Sikhs but also of many Punjabi Hindus. The devastation it caused in the personal lives of so many millions has still not been fully recorded and acknowledged because the political divide over the attitudes towards Operation Bluestar has overshadowed the human stories...
"In the Sikhs’ collective memory of 1984, the deaths by army action in June and those by genocidal mob violence in November constitute two ends of the same arc of killings. The two cannot be separated and, therefore, remain indelibly linked to the memory of Operation Bluestar, which is seen as the trigger both for the killings and for later disappearances, killings in custody and deaths by ‘encounters’ during the military operations against the armed Sikh opposition movement after the events of 1984...
"Of many doctoral dissertations I have evaluated as an external examiner, one by Shruti Devgun of Rutgers University, USA on ‘Re-Presenting Pasts: Sikh Diasporic and Digital Memories of 1984’ stands out for its subject and methodology. Her thesis focuses on the work of an intergenerational cohort of Sikhs in the diaspora (in the US and Canada) who are trying to piece together the fragments of painful pasts ‘to give cultural meaning and shape to broken traumatic experiences’.
"Through their work, they are puncturing, and perhaps demolishing, the Indian State’s narratives of Operation Bluestar. This painful ‘memory work’ is creating new spaces for them to understand and connect with the pain of the victims of many other genocides e.g., the Jews, the Palestinians, the Armenians and the Rwandan Tutsis."
Ethnic insurgencies have received less scholarly attention than colonial or ideological insurgencies—even as they have become the predominant form of insurgency following the decolonization process and then the end of the Cold War. In... more
Ethnic insurgencies have received less scholarly attention than colonial or ideological insurgencies—even as they have become the predominant form of insurgency following
the decolonization process and then the end of the Cold War. In the face of ethnic insurgencies, what determines the effectiveness of the various counterinsurgency strategies adopted by host states? Are democracies more likely to succeed by pursuing some kinds of counterinsurgency strategies rather than others? Theory indicates that
multiple counterinsurgency strategies, if thoroughly implemented, can defeat ethnic insurgencies. Host state regime type—particularly democracy—is important as a
constraint on the will to employ and thoroughly implement some counterinsurgency methods. Democracies are most likely to defeat ethnic insurgencies by employing more
cooperative or “balanced” strategies. Although such strategies employ economic and political inducements and rely on local ethnic elements to help fight the insurgents,
they also depend on a credible host state commitment to sustain the counterinsurgency for as long as it takes to win. Case studies of India’s multiphased counterinsurgency
efforts in Punjab and Kashmir offer some preliminary evidence in support of this theory. In both Punjab and Kashmir, early counterinsurgency efforts relied on less
discriminate campaigns conducted by central armed forces or by illegitimate local proxies. The outcomes were strengthened insurgencies. In both cases, the Indian state
adapted by seeking the cooperation of legitimate local moderates in more discriminate counterinsurgency efforts. These later, “balanced” strategies were more effective. This
was particularly true in Punjab, where conditions for local cooperation were more favorable.
The process of redefining national and ethnic identities often relies on a close relationship between cultural and linguistic traditions, political movements and religious communities. This manuscript seeks to understand how the... more
The process of redefining national and ethnic identities often relies on a close relationship between cultural and linguistic traditions, political movements and
religious communities. This manuscript seeks to understand how the religious
aspect influenced regional identity-building under conditions of colonial rule in
India. The paper draws on a project concerning itself with the political implications
of regional identities during the twenties and thirties of the 20th century. The
project compares the movements of the Sikhs, the Tamil "Non-Brahmans" and
the Pakhtuns.
It is intended to outline the evolution of the religious aspect in these movements
through three major stages of political mobilisation: revivalism, loyalism
and radicalism. The issue seems to be of particular interest in the Indian case
for two reasons:
- Was there any common pattern behind the influence of religion on group
identity? What were the similarities and the differences in the role of religion
in the three movements?
- Was there any peculiarity in the Indian case under colonial rule as compared
to the time of independence?
Naturally grown fruits are the nutritional powerhouses in our daily diet which makes our health better. The local fruits are accessible, cheap and reliable without any contamination. These fruits fulfill nutritional deficiency without... more
Naturally grown fruits are the nutritional powerhouses in our daily diet which makes our health better. The local fruits are accessible, cheap and reliable without any contamination. These fruits fulfill nutritional deficiency without making person obese and protect us from many chronic diseases include cancer, heart attacks and diabetes. The nutrition taken from fruits makes our immune system (internal army) strong thus complementing protection against viral, bacterial and fungal pathogens. The present study was conducted to evaluate the nutritional composition of some selected fruits Pyrus malus (apple), Psidium guajava (guava), Musa paradisiaca (banana), Citrus maxima (pomelo) available in local markets of Sargodha, Pakistan. Result showed that the highest amount of moisture (86.16±0.91%) and crude fat (3.92±0.14%) was noted in apple while the highest amount of mineral matter (7.11±0.93%), carbohydrates (15.64±0.31%) and dry matter (23.68±1.02%) was observed in banana. Maximum crude fiber (1.82±0.14%) and crude protein (0.56±1.57%) was observed in pomelo and guava respectively. Fluctuation in nutritional composition of fruits was may attributed to varietal (genetic makeup) as well as agro-climatic conditions of the fruit harvest. There is further study recommended to investigate the impact of different climates and fertilizers on nutritional values of cultivated fruit varieties.
Abstract Objective: To use mid upper arm circumference (MUAC) as a proxy measure of undernutrition in elderly males of Punjab, India. Design and measurements: Male participants in old age homes (n=215) and community based (n=239) were... more
Abstract
Objective: To use mid upper arm circumference (MUAC) as a proxy measure of undernutrition in elderly males of Punjab, India.
Design and measurements: Male participants in old age homes (n=215) and community based (n=239) were measured for standing height, weight and mid upper arm circumference (MUAC) during … from different areas of Punjab. Chronic energy deficiency (CED) was determined using the WHO international guidelines as BMI<18.5 kg/m2 and normal as BMI≥18.5 kg/m2. Descriptive statistics and percentiles were calculated and multiple linear regression analysis was undertaken to assess the associations between age, MUAC and BMI. Receiver-operating characteristic curve (ROC) analysis was performed to determine the best MUAC cut-off values to identify CED status. The χ2 test was used to assess significance of the difference in CED prevalence across MUAC categories.
Setting: Old age homes and selected community based elderly of Punjab State, India.
Participants: Elderly males in old age homes (n=215) and community based (n=239) were chosen after obtaining the informed consent. Results: MUAC cut-off value of 22.9 cm among the elderly in old age home and 23.4 cm among the community based elderly were the best cut-off points to differentiate between CED and non-CED individuals.
Conclusions: The present study proposes the MUAC of 23.5 cm to differentiate between CED and non-CED male elderly individuals. There is a greater need to establish statistically appropriate MUAC cutoff values to predict undernutrition and morbidity in elderly across different ethnic groups.
Keywords: Mid upper arm circumference, body mass index, chronic energy deficiency, elderly, old age home.
In remembrance of Operation Bluestar, an exploration of the centrality of memory in Sikh praxis.
Landlordism is still considered an expression of power and superiority in Pakistan like many other countries in the world. This paper is aimed at: (1) to explain the very basic concept of land ownership; both in religious and social... more
Landlordism is still considered an expression of power and superiority
in Pakistan like many other countries in the world. This paper is aimed
at: (1) to explain the very basic concept of land ownership; both in
religious and social context, (2) to sketch historical pattern of land
acquisition and its exploitation for exerting social control and political
pressure and keeping the masses’ economic down to earth. The
history of Indo-Pak demonstrates the gap between original Islamic
landownership principles and actual historical practice, firstly by
the first Muslims of India, then by the British and most recently by
contemporary Pakistan. Conversely, post independence of Pakistan,
after going through various waves of military–landlords–politico–
bureaucratic rule, oligarchy has reached to such a state that even the
current political administration draws its chief share from landlords.
The study suggests that for economic development and uplift of
the pro-poor farming community, overcoming social and political
injustice and getting rid of the clutches of landlordism is the dire
need of the time and society.
- by Mazhar Abbas and +1
- •
- Pakistan, Land Reforms, Colonial Punjab, Punjab
Cholistan is locally known as Rohi.This famous desert is 30 km from Bahawalpur. East of Bahawalpur is the Cholistan Desert which covers an area of about 15,000 km and extends into the Thar Desert of India. The region was once watered... more
Cholistan is locally known as Rohi.This famous desert
is 30 km from Bahawalpur. East of Bahawalpur is the Cholistan
Desert which covers an area of about 15,000 km and extends into
the Thar Desert of India. The region was once watered by the
Hakra River, known as the Saravati in vedic times. At one time
there were 400 forts in the area and archaeological finds around
the Derawar Fort, the only place with a perennial waterhole,
indicate that it was contemporaneous with the Indus Valley
Civilization. The average annual rainfall is only 12 cm, and the
area's scant cultivation is made possible by underground wells,
drawn up by camels. The water is stored in troughs, built by the
tribes, between sandhills and din waterholes called tobas. The
people are racially similar to those in Rajasthan - tall, with sharp
features. They live in large, round, mud and grass huts, usually
built on the top of sandhills. On the whole, they are pastoral and
nomadic.
- by IJSRP Journal
- •
- Pakistan, Punjab, Cholistan
Scarcity of natural resources, determines the intensity of the competition and conflict among the community, while the victor of the conflict and access to the resources is decided by the social status and class. The paper attempts to... more
Scarcity of natural resources, determines the intensity of the competition and conflict among the community, while the victor of the conflict and access to the resources is decided by the social status and class. The paper attempts to form a triangular relationship between 'ecology', 'conflict' and 'access to resources' demonstrating their interplay in the light of environmental determinism and Marxist perspective. The research locale and sampling frame were the villages of „Ghora Gali‟ and „Arukas‟, from where 200 sampling units, 100 from each locale respectively, were selected through convenience sampling. The paper revealed that scarcity of environmental resources, preferential treatment in distribution assets are directly correlated with competition and conflicts. Moreover, access to resources was correlated to preference on the basis of status.
Cholistan is locally known as Rohi.This famous desert is 30 km from Bahawalpur. East of Bahawalpur is the Cholistan Desert which covers an area of about 15,000 km and extends into the Thar Desert of India. The region was once watered... more
Cholistan is locally known as Rohi.This famous desert
is 30 km from Bahawalpur. East of Bahawalpur is the Cholistan
Desert which covers an area of about 15,000 km and extends into
the Thar Desert of India. The region was once watered by the
Hakra River, known as the Saravati in vedic times
- by IJSRP Journal
- •
- Pakistan, Punjab, Bahawalpur
This qualitative study has been undertaken to study the obstacles for women in Panchayat and role performance in Panchayat using feminist methodology. In addition, the authors have examined the factors that promote and prevent women... more
This qualitative study has been undertaken to study the obstacles for women in Panchayat and role performance in Panchayat using feminist methodology. In addition, the authors have examined the factors that promote and prevent women members from performing their roles. Lastly, the nature and extent of participation and role performance in decision making is examined. The findings of the study reveals that Women Sarpanches managed to overcome their everyday problems. They lacked no were in terms of capability. The present study is evidence that women tend to follow a path of transformative and peaceful politics.
The argument of this article is that three dimensions of the future tasks of the farmers movement in Punjab now that are of key importance are: international, national and those related internally to Punjab. Internationally, the key task... more
The argument of this article is that three dimensions of the future tasks of the farmers movement in Punjab now that are of key importance are: international, national and those related internally to Punjab. Internationally, the key task is of resisting global capitalism, nationally, it is against the centralisation of economic and political power, and internally within Punjab, it is for fighting for ecological and social egalitarianism...
To achieve the fulfilment of tasks identified for Punjab, it is of central importance that the government that comes into power in 2022 is committed to these tasks.
The present study aimed at understanding the practices of Shi‘a Muharram rituals in a Punjabi village. Shi‘a Muharram rituals have a greater significance on the lives of villagers in Jhang. Present paper is divided into three major... more
The present study aimed at understanding the practices of Shi‘a Muharram rituals in a Punjabi village. Shi‘a Muharram rituals have a greater significance on the lives of villagers in Jhang. Present paper is divided into three major sections. First section addresses the historical background of the village and main ethnic groups while second section highlights the convergence of inhabitants from Sunni Islam to Shi‘a Islam. The last section focuses on the emergence, evolution and performance of Muharram rituals. The month of Muharram is awaited by Shi‘a devotees to commemorate it with full devotion and reverence. In the locale, Muharram rituals were considered as moral obligation; since most of the villagers, men and women devotedly mourn to demonstrate their affections and commitments towards Imam Hussain, his family, and fellow companions who sacrificed their life for the sake of Islam at Karbala.
- by Sarfraz Khan
- •
- Pakistan, Shi'ism, Punjab, Rituals
- by Ally Adnan
- •
- Music, Musicology, Pakistan, Tabla (Music)
This chapter centres on the city as a simultaneously material and textualized space. It examines the fictional oeuvres of two authors from the Pakistani Punjab, Bapsi Sidhwa and Mohsin Hamid. I argue that their novels represent Lahore as... more
This chapter centres on the city as a simultaneously material and textualized space. It examines the fictional oeuvres of two authors from the Pakistani Punjab, Bapsi Sidhwa and Mohsin
Hamid. I argue that their novels represent Lahore as a postcolonial megacity which is crucially important to the nation and the Punjab. I focus on two central loci in the city as depicted in the novels: the red light district (Heera Mandi) and the nearby mosque (Badshahi Masjid). Examining literary representations of the heterogeneous nature of the people who congregate in these two very different areas enables exploration of the metropole/hinterland dynamic in West
Punjab. I suggest that Heera Mandi can be read as a microcosm of the city as a whole, and therefore of the Punjab more broadly, just as Lahore may in some ways be read as the nation in miniature. Yet, unsurprisingly, few in Pakistan are willing to recognize the ‘female street’ (Sidhwa 60) of Heera Mandi as a touchstone for the Fatherland (Saeed vii). In the red light district binaries are broken down, given the professed religiosity of many of the area’s ‘urban outcasts’: Shi’a sex workers. The authors’ representations of the heterogeneous nature of the
people who congregate in the two very different areas of red light district and mosque allow them to explore the metropole/hinterland dynamic.
This paper assesses whether vartan bhanji exchange practices are a boon or a burden, an enabling or disabling factor, a pass or an impasse for social mobility of the poor households of biraderis living in rural areas of Pakistan. Vartan... more
This paper assesses whether vartan bhanji exchange practices are a boon or a burden, an enabling or
disabling factor, a pass or an impasse for social mobility of the poor households of biraderis living in
rural areas of Pakistan. Vartan bhanji is an umbrella term that comprises highly obligatory, unfailingly
regular and reciprocal social exchange practices in the forms of gifts that are performed over various
life-cycle occasions, such as marriage, death, birth, and circumcision ceremonies among biraderi
members. Biraderi groups can be conceptualized as a figuration of interdependence. The results of
the current study establish that the poor households perceive vartan bhanji more as a necessary evil;
a system that they cannot go without, but also the one that they cannot afford to live without either.
Even though this very institution restricts their movement in society in subtle ways, it also provides
them identity, support, and protection that is essentially needed for their survival and mobility within
their social networks. This paper shows that the social mobility of an individual is rather a function of
and is restricted to his/her positionality within a biraderi. The limits of one’s exchanges, via vartan
bhanji, mark the limit of one’s social (im-)mobility in society as well.
- by Aftab Nasir and +1
- •
- Gift Exchange, Pakistan, Social Mobility, Punjab
In this article I aim to shed light on the elusive Punjab gharānā, which has been shrouded by misconception, due to the separation of Punjab into India and Pakistan, whilst highlighting the historical development of the jorī and tabla in... more
In this article I aim to shed light on the elusive Punjab gharānā, which has been shrouded by misconception, due to the separation of Punjab into India and Pakistan, whilst highlighting the historical development of the jorī and tabla in the region. In particular I focus on the contributions of the Baksh lineage, rababis and Sikh ragis pre-partition.
- by Jasdeep Singh and +1
- •
- Pakistan, India, Punjab, Indian Classical Music
- by Jyoti Chawla
- •
- Punjab
The Sufi poetic articulation of transcendent experience of Divine love is often characterized by gendered imagery, as it is expressed in metaphorical and figurative language by employing idioms of temporal human love. Reversing their... more
The Sufi poetic articulation of transcendent experience of Divine love is often characterized by gendered imagery, as it is expressed in metaphorical and figurative language by employing idioms of temporal human love. Reversing their gender and assuming a female persona, many male Sufi poets in premodern Punjab spoke in the voice of ardent female lovers, while portraying God as a male Beloved. They often employed a bridal metaphor, identifying themselves with a bride-in-waiting or a loyal and devoted wife, whereas the Divine Self was symbolized by a groom or husband. The poetic exegesis of the love lyrics of Shah Husayn of Lahore reveals that he expanded the bridal metaphor through borrowing rich imagery from socio-cultural topography of premodern Punjab, and situated it in context of local cultural ethos and literary conventions.
- by Nargis Saleem and +1
- •
- Sociolinguistics, Urdu Literature, Diglossia, Colonial Punjab
The pre-partition Punjab province comprised five administrative divisions, Delhi, Jullundur, Lahore, Multan and Rawalpindi and a number of princely states. This region, with shared history and culture had a large number of spoken... more
The pre-partition Punjab province comprised five administrative divisions, Delhi, Jullundur, Lahore, Multan and Rawalpindi and a number of princely states. This region, with shared history and culture had a large number of spoken languages, scripts and dialects. Most of these have their origins in Sharda and Lahnda scripts. Many of these exist today with overlapped regions, especially after partition of 1947.