Real Wages Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

This article examines the linkages between long-term unemployment and two important recent debates in Australia: first, whether unemployment exhibits hysteresis tendencies; second, the nature of the relationship between unemployment and real wages. Our findings favour the hysteresis account in that the evidence rejects an equilibrium relationship between long-term and total unemployment. Also, the effect on real wages of an increase in the number of longterm unemployed is found to be both positive and significant.

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- Economics, Australian economic policy, Real Wages
- by Guillermo Calvo
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- Great Depression, Financial Engineering, Capital Flows, Emerging Market
- by Alexander Klein
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- Economics, Economic Growth, Economic Development, London School of Economics
- by Alessia Lo Turco
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- Empirical Evaluation, Administrative Data, Input Output, Real Wages
- by K. Scheve
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- Economics, Public Opinion, Foreign Direct Investment, Human right

Ordinary consumer price indexes (CPI) tend to overstate increases in the cost of living because they do not consider consumer substitution between different goods and services, between variants of each good or service, and between points of purchase. Several kinds of adjustment have been suggested to correct for this shortcoming. In this paper an adjustment is examined based on replacing the ordinary Laspeyres index, based on a fixed basket of goods and services corresponding to the initial period of the index, by a variant of the Tornqvist index, which uses a geometric index that preserves not the quantities but the budget shares of each good or service, or variants thereof. Moreover, the weights in the Tornqvist index are not those of the initial period but an average of initial and final weights. The variant used here is the so-called Vartia Indez, which ensures that the index fulfills the factor-reversal criterion established by Fisher, i.e. that the change in value of consumption equals the product of a quantity index times a price index. The results of this exercise for the period 1960-95 suggest that the average rate of increase in the cost of living was markedly inferior to the amount resulting from the ordinary CPI. This entails im¬port¬ant consequences for some key economic and social variables, such as estimates of change in real wa¬ges and the adequacy of the exchange rate to its theoretical purchasing power parity.

This paper investigates changes in and patterns of income inequality in South Africa during the post-apartheid period 1994 to 2004. While findings show a rapidly growing high-income African population (a trend that began before 1994 and continued thereafter) as well as rising real wages for workers in formal employment, overall levels of income inequality have not been declining This is

- by Murray Leibbrandt
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- Social Capital, Stratification, Income inequality, South Africa

This paper contributes to the debate on the causes of unemployment in interwar Germany. It applies the Layard-Nickell model of the labour market to interwar Germany, using a new quarterly data set. The basic model is extended to capture... more

- by Nicholas Dimsdale
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- Great Depression, Labour Market, Wage determination, Real Wages

In this multi-country study, sample countries selected from each segment of development levels areanalysed in terms of demography, urbanization, economic policy, geographical location, natural resources, human capital, income distribution... more

- by Seçkin Sunal
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- Economics, Development Economics, Econometrics, Applied Econometrics

Much criticism regarding the significance, methodology and representativeness has led to doubt about the relevance of real wages as a measure of the living standard of wage earners. Alternative indicators have been proposed. This paper examines methodological questions of real wages and the actual meaning of changes in real wages. Also, results of recent real-wage investigation and a 'test' of real-wage series are presented. Concluding remarks favour the use of real wages in assessing the living standard in so far as series are fully reliable, while the explicatory value of real wages (in contrast

- by Peter Scholliers
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- History, Research Methodology, Food Prices, Wages

This paper examines the relationship between unemployment and immigration in Canada. The bi-directional causality test finds no evidence of a significant effect of Canadian immigration on unem-ployment. Cointegration tests indicate that... more

- by Asadul Islam
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- Economics, Labour Market, Immigration Policy, Vector Error Correction Model
- by Zvi Bodie
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- Net Present Value, Real Wages, Defined Benefit, Defined Contribution
- by Ashok Kotwal
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- Development Economics, Applied Economics, Labour Market, Real Wages
- by Ephraim Chirwa
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- Economic Growth, Sustainable Development, Food Security, Maize

This paper has as objective to perform a comparative among some municipalities obeying the DIEESE methodology. It shows the cost of the basic basket in the income of the families taking into account the commitment of the minimum wage. Different localities present specificities that must imply different behaviors. On the other hand, structural problems in marketing channels should affect results. The following municipalities will be analyzed: Campo Grande, Goiânia, Belo Horizonte, São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Porto Alegre and Maceió. The log-log regression model was used, when the values were transformed and the simple regression calculation applied. 1. Introdução O trabalho a ser construído tem como base a metodologia da cesta básica constante no site do DIEESE. Serão realizados comparativos dos resultados entre municípios citadas com base em dados, como os fornecidos pela SEPLAG via sua publicação IPC.

- by André M A I A G O M E S Lages and +1
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- Inflation Theory, Poverty Studies, Real Wages, Prices on Retail Market

I contribute to the debate on the timing of the Little Divergence within pre-industrial Europe. I add Polish real wages to the comparative framework by comparing them with the English and Italian series. I compile existing data for Poznań, Lublin, and the Polish agricultural sector. I add this information to the internationally available evidence for Cracow, Gdańsk, Warsaw, and Lviv. I demonstrate that the more processed grains, i.e., beer and bread, feature in a basket used to deflate wages, the greater the observed superiority of London over the Polish cities. I also show that Poland was characterised by the widest income gap between the urban and rural sectors. I account for income differences between sectors by weighting the income series by occupational structures. The evidence suggests that England was richer than Poland by 1500. The countries converged around 1600. Subsequently, Poland began to lag behind from the seventeenth century onwards.

- by Mikolaj Malinowski
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- Economic History, Economic Growth, history of Poland, Living Standards

In this paper we evaluate the success of policies that were implemented,in the 1980s that were designed,to improve,the workings,of the UK labour market. Our primary conclusion is that the Thatcherite reforms succeeded,in their goals of weakening,union power; may have,marginally increased employment,and wage responsiveness,to market conditions and may,have increased self-employment. They were accompanied,by a substantial improvement,in the labour market position of women. But the reforms failed to improve the responsiveness of real wages to unemployment; they were associated with a slower transition from nonemployment to employment for men; a devastating loss in full-time jobs for male workers and produced substantial seemingly noncompetitive increases in earnings inequality. 1 Did the Thatcher Reforms Change British Labour Market Performance? 'They used ... to talk about us in terms of the British disease. Now, they talk about

- by richard freeman
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- Economics, Labour Market, Real Wages
- by Alfonso Arpaia
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- Applied Economics, Euro Area, Stress Testing, Phillips curve
- by Nicola Meccheri
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- Economic Theory, Real Wages

Talloze genealogen, studenten, archivarissen, amateurhistorici, numismatici, journalisten en professionele historici krijgen te maken met sommen in frank waarvan ze de huidige waarde willen kennen. Dit artikel geeft een 'handleiding' om... more

- by Peter Scholliers
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- History, Economic History, Social History, Sociologie
- by Melda Yaman
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- Child Labor, Financial Crisis, Asya Krizi, Karşılıksız Kadın Emeği
- by Ulrich Pfister
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- Nineteenth Century, Population History, Population Size, Life Expectancy
- by Diego Rodriguez Palenzuela
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- Euro Area, Developing Country, Terms of Trade, Monetary Union

This paper analyses a model in which firms cannot pay discriminate based on year of entry. It is assumed that workers can costlessly quit at any time, while firms are committed to contracts. We solve for the dynamics of wages and unemployment, and show that real wages display a degree of downward rigidity and do not necessarily clear the labor

- by JONATHAN THOMAS
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- Economics, Latin American Economic History, Labor Market, Business Cycle

- by Nicholas Horsewood and +1
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- Great Depression, Labour Market, Wage determination, Real Wages
- by Erol Balkan
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- Time Series, Political Science, Turkish Economy, Capital Flows
- by Miguel Ramirez
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- Economics, Foreign Direct Investment, Business Cycle, Employment Growth

This paper addresses the issue of the divergence in real wages in Early Modern centuries and proposes an alternative view of the European Little Divergence. First, it presents a new dataset of prices and wages for Spain. Second, it proposes a new way of computing the cost of the barebones subsistence in Urban Europe. The substitution of brown bread prices for grains, especially for oats, in the computations of the cost of subsistence transforms its scale and chronology. Our computations show that the Spanish divergence would date from the beginning of the 18th century and that unskilled subsistence wages in the leading cities of Northwestern Europe were significantly lower, in absolute and relative terms than those estimated by the canonical model, which nuances the high wage economy hypothesis.

- by Ernesto López Losa
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- Early Modern Europe, Real Wages, Little Divergence

- by Md Asadul Islam
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- Economics, Labour Market, Immigration Policy, Vector Error Correction Model

Исследование связи оплаты труда и квалификации промышленных рабочих России в период дореволюционной индустриализации сдерживается дефицитом надежных, систематизированных и детальных данных. В настоящей работе мы обращаемся к данным о зарплате рабочих на уровне, изучая архивные материалы конкретного крупного предприятия. Микроанализу подвергаются данные об оплате труда рабочих Серпуховской ситценабивной фабрики Товарищества мануфактур H.H.Коншина — одного из трех крупнейших российских хлопчатобумажных комбинатов. Выявленные нами в Центральном историческом архиве Москвы материалы охватывают интересующий нас период 1898—1914 гг. Детальность и систематичность выявленных архивных материалов представляет большой интерес для исследователей положения рабочих в рассматриваемый период. Основные вопросы, которые мы изучаем в этом исследовании, выполненном в жанре «case study», таковы. Насколько существенно различаются уровни оплаты труда рабочих-текстильщиков различных профессий? Какова динамика этих различий? Отличаются ли значения коэффициентов дифференциации зарплаты рабочих при использовании индивидуальных и средних (по каждой профессиональной группе) значений зарплаты? Насколько существенными являются различия в оплате труда рабочих внутри профессиональных групп? Верна ли гипотеза о том, что номинальная заработная плата квалифицированных рабочих в дореволюционный период индустриализации имела устойчивую тенденцию к росту, отражая повышенный спрос на квалифицированный труд в промышленности? Как при этом изменялась реальная зарплата рабочих-текстильщиков?

- by Bouramma Kerur
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- Economic History, Western Europe, Nineteenth Century, Applied Economics
- by Andrea Boitani
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- Institutions (Economics), Wage bargaining, Labour Market, Steady state
- by T. Van de Klundert
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- Economics, Economic Growth, Product Model, Capacity Utilization
- by Paul Johnston
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- International Relations, Developing Country, Processed Food, Market Access

In this paper we derive the general framework for growth models with non competitive labor and output markets and disequilibrium unemployment. For the three standard ways of generating savings, the framework makes clear how capital growth depends on employment and employment on the stock of capital and how both variables depend on the real wage and the markup. Then we analyze the long run relationship between growth and unemployment for some standard wage setting rules: constant real wages, rules that imply a constant unemployment rate and rules with inertia on wages and labor incomes, paying special attention to the neoclassical production function with innite horizon consumers, the Ramsey model (the canonical model of growth) with unemployment.

- by Valeri Sorolla
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- Economics, Growth, Production Function, Growth Model
- by Zahra Karimi
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- International Trade, Social status, Gender inequality, Labor Force
- by Mita Bhattacharya
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- Economics, Manufacturing, Empirical Economics, Panel Data
- by Guglielmo Davanzati
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- Income Distribution, Profitability, Theoretical Model, Real Wages
- by S. Moyen
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- Econometrics, Applied Economics, Monetary Policy, Euro Area
- by Peter Orazem
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- Economics, Economic Theory, Financial management, Economic policy

This paper investigates the claim, often put forth by real business cycle proponents, that the poor performance of their models in matching real-world aggregate labor market behavior is due to the fact that observed real wage payments do... more

- by Michele Boldrin
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- Economics, Political Economy, The Global Political Economy, Risk Aversion

El presente estudio examina la relación entre la productividad del trabajo, los salarios reales y la inflación en Nicaragua al hacer uso del método de cointegración bietápico propuesto por Engle & Granger (1987) y la prueba de causalidad de Granger (1969). La investigación encuentra que la productividad y los salarios reales están asociados positivamente, mientras que la inflación influye de forma negativa sobre la productividad. Además, se dedujo que la productividad laboral y la inflación causan los salarios reales y se infirió un débil efecto de retroalimentación sobre la inflación proveniente de las dos variables restantes, de modo que la data soporta empíricamente las hipótesis de la productividad marginal del trabajo y la negociación colectiva.

- by Jafet Alejandro Baca Obando and +1
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- Labor Economics, Time series Econometrics, Collective Bargaining, Unit Root and Cointegration Analysis
- by Aziz Atamanov
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- European Union, Computable General Equilibrium, Real Wages

How can increased spending on priority social and infrastructure sectors be financed in India? While increased tax revenue is part of the answer, as is increased private sector financing of infrastructure, expenditure restructuring will also be important. But how much can be saved by expenditure restructuring? We examine salaries, including pensions, and subsidies in turn. We argue that there are

- by Rinku Murgai
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- Political Economy, Case Study, Government expenditure, Private Sector
- by Cormac O Grada
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- Social Change, Demography, Jurisprudence, Medieval History