Tax Credits Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Introduction, A step back: EU ETS, From Grandfathering to Auction, Is ETS a tax, The EU Commission's proposal coordination via tax exemption, What are the prospects

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- Tax Credits, Energy Taxes

No es inusual el caso en que, como producto de los distintos criterios de imputación temporal de rentas que adoptan los Estados, los contribuyentes domiciliados en el país se ven impedidos de tomar el impuesto pagado en el extranjero como crédito compensable con el impuesto a la renta peruano, al haberse considerado que las renta se ha obtenido en distintos ejercicios; esto es, que mientras para una jurisdicción fiscal la renta se imputará temporalmente a un periodo, para el Perú ésta se imputará como ganada en uno distinto.

- by Louise Stoney
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- Early Childhood Education, Income, Tax Credits, Block Grants

The views expressed in this Working Paper are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent those of the IMF or IMF policy. Working Papers describe research in progress by the author(s) and are published to elicit comments and to further debate. This paper evaluates the nature and extent of, and possible responses to, two of the central challenges that globalization poses for revenue mobilization in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA): from corporate tax competition, and from trade liberalization. It does so using a new dataset with features needed to meaningfully address these issues: a distinction between resourcerelated and other revenues, and a disentangling of tariff from commodity tax revenue. Countries' experiences vary quite widely, nonresource revenues have been essentially stagnant. Corporate tax revenues have held up, despite a reduction in rates and evidence of substantial base-narrowing-something of a puzzle-and trade tax revenue reductions have been largely offset by other measures. Options for dealing with the continuation and intensification of the challenges, which the present crisis is likely to accelerate-including through regional cooperation-are discussed. JEL Classification Numbers: F13, H20, O10 1 We thank Sanjeev Gupta for helpful suggestions, and Asegedech WoldeMariam for painstaking research assistance. Views and errors are ours alone, and should not be attributed to the International Monetary Fund, its Executive Board, or its management.

- by Mario Mansour
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- Public Finance, Globalization, International Trade, Trade Liberalization
- by Selin Gundes
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- Architecture, Sustainable Construction, Interviews, SUSTAINABLE BUILDINGS
- by Kim Metcalf
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- Tax Credits, Free Enterprise System
- by Karla Simon
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- Information Technology, Civil Law, Nursing, Geriatrics
- by Louise Stoney
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- Early Childhood Education, Income, Tax Credits, Block Grants
- by Sijbren Cnossen
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- Real Estate, Information Technology, International Trade, Accounting
- by Andreas Erdmann
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- Marketing, Manufacturing, Advertising, Telecommunications
- by Bruce Stafford
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- Review, Children, Marriage, Divorce

This report is the result of a collaboration between CGAP and J.P. Morgan. CGAP is solely responsible for the printing and distribution of this Occasional Paper. CGAP is not affiliated with J.P. Morgan. Our objective is to provide benchmarks for valuation of microfinance equity, both private and publicly listed. Our analysis is based on two datasets: a sample of 144 private equity transactions, which represents the largest such dataset gathered to date, and data on 10 publicly traded micro finance institutions (MFIs) and low-income consumer lenders. 1

- by Elizabeth Littlefield
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- Information Systems, Accounting, Transaction Costs, Corporate Governance
- by Henry Levin
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- Program Evaluation, Higher Education, Applied Economics, Economics Education

This paper discusses the impact on teacher qualifications and earnings of public financing of private education. As societies become more frustrated with government-run schools, policies to provide public funds for private schools--for example, tuition subsidies, vouchers, or tuition tax credits--become more attractive. However, it is important to understand how elastic is the supply of private schools when agreements to provide public funds are enacted. Two of the key justifications for such agreements are that: (1) private schools provide a given quality of schooling at lower costs; and (2) public schools might respond positively to having some competition from private schools. Both of these justifications ultimately depend on whether private schools can expand the supply of schools under such agreements. The single most important determinant of the supply flexibility of private schools under such agreements is the elasticity of supply of teachers of a given quality. The paper she...

- by Emiliana Vegas
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- Political Science, Tax Credits
- by Rebecca Billick and +1
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- Taxes, Incentives, Tax Credits
- by Susan Dynarski
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- Higher Education, Tax, Developing Country, Federal Government
- by Arup Banerji and +1
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- Development Economics, Accounting, Economic Growth, Productivity

This paper examines the impact of fiscal incentives on the level of R&D investment. An econometric model of R&D investment is estimated using a new panel of data on tax changes and R&D spending in nine OECD countries over a 19-year period (1979-1997). We find evidence that tax incentives are effective in increasing R&D intensity. This is true even after allowing for permanent country-specific characteristics, world macro shocks and other policy influences. We estimate that a 10% fall in the cost of R&D stimulates just over a 1% rise in the level of R&D in the short-run, and just under a 10% rise in R&D in the long-run.

- by Rachel Griffith
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- Public Economics, Applied Economics, Panel Data, Public investment in R&D
- by Steve Charnovitz
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- Economics, Political Economy, Intellectual Property, Environmental Law
- by Julia Sass Rubin
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- Community Development, Economic Development, Tax Credits, Tax credit

Modern Monetary Theory (MMT) is an empirical monetary theory and makes special use of balance sheets and booking entries as the methodological foundation of scientific progress. Regarding the functional design of modern monetary systems, in which the government has no debts in foreign currency nor guarantees a fixed exchange rate, modern money is essentially a tax credit. This is credited by the central bank as monopolist of the currency to the participating banks when, for example, the government increases spending. This means that the government has a fundamental role to play in the economy. Full employment, price stability and sustainable resource management are unlikely to be achieved without a theory of fiscal governance. Some reform proposals targeting the public purpose, such as the Green New Deal or the Euro Treasury, are based on MMT and could easily be implemented in the Eurozone.

- by Dirk H Ehnts
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- Public Spending and the Deficit, Public Debt, Tax Credits, Chartalism

The Brookings Center on Children and Families works to promote policies which advance opportunity in America. Under the leadership of Brookings Senior Fellows Isabel Sawhill and Ron Haskins, the Center's team of experts employs simulation modeling capabilities to create the most effective strategies for reducing poverty, mitigating inequality, and promoting opportunity. They leverage Brookings' convening power to bring policymakers, the media, and key stakeholders to collaborate on sustainable reforms at both the federal and state level.

- by Steven Barnett
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- Poverty, Early Childhood Education, Child Development, Resource Allocation
- by Guiping Hu
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- Renewable Energy, Applied Economics, Global Warming, Social Welfare

This Working Paper should not be reported as representing the views of the IMF. The views expressed in this Working Paper are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent those of the IMF or IMF policy. Working Papers describe research in progress by the author(s) and are published to elicit comments and to further debate. This paper evaluates the nature and extent of, and possible responses to, two of the central challenges that globalization poses for revenue mobilization in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA): from corporate tax competition, and from trade liberalization. It does so using a new dataset with features needed to meaningfully address these issues: a distinction between resource-related and other revenues, and a disentangling of tariff from commodity tax revenue. Countries ' experiences vary quite widely, nonresource revenues have been essentially stagnant. Corporate tax revenues have held up, despite a reduction in rates and evidence of substantial base-narrowin...

- by Mario Mansour
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- Public Finance, Globalization, International Trade, Tax reform
- by Christian Garland
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- Critical Theory, History, Modern History, Economic History
- by Christian Garland
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- Critical Theory, Cultural History, Economic History, Sociology

This Working Paper should not be reported as representing the views of the IMF. The views expressed in this Working Paper are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent those of the IMF or IMF policy. Working Papers describe research in progress by the author(s) and are published to elicit comments and to further debate. This paper provides an updated overview of tax incentives for business investment. It begins by noting that tax competition is likely to be a major force driving countries' tax reforms, and discusses tax incentives as a possible response to this. This is complemented by other arguments for and against tax incentives, and by an illustrative analysis of different incentives using effective tax rates. Findings from the empirical literature on tax incentives are also presented. Based on the overview of theoretical and empirical findings, the paper then suggests a matrix of criteria to determine the usefulness of different tax incentives depending on a country's circumstances.

- by Victoria Perry
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- Public Finance, Foreign Direct Investment, Tax Incentives, Direct Taxation

This study was conducted by the NYU SPS Schack Institute of Real Estate with support from the New York City Brownfield Partnership. The NYU Schack team is responsible for this impartial analysis of the NYS BCP and is grateful for the assistance and expertise of the NYCBP and especially its study committee. While considering the overall program, this report builds upon an earlier NYU study that covered Generations 1 and 2 of the program written prior to the 2015 amendments. This study focuses primarily on Generation 3, the program as it is today and will be considered for renewal in the 2022 legislative session. While much of the study utilizes New York State Departments of Environmental Conservation and Finance and Taxation databases, other sources for housing and economic data, were also utilized and cited in Addendum 2.

- by Barry Hersh
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- Brownfields Redevelopment, Brownfields, Tax Credits

- by Barry Hersh
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- Brownfields Redevelopment, Brownfields, Tax Credits

L’objet de cette étude est de cartographier la répartition des revenus, des déductions, des crédits d’impôt, des cotisations et des impôts des particuliers au Québec. Basé sur les statistiques fiscales des particuliers les plus récentes (2011), ce portrait exhaustif est le plus précis et détaillé jamais produit, rassemblant plus de 9000 points différents de données. Nous avons rassemblé les différents types de revenus et quantifié les effets redistributifs du système fiscal québécois pour l’ensemble des contribuables québécois. Ceux-ci ont été répartis selon leur position dans l’échelle des revenus.

- by Nicolas Zorn
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- Taxation, Tax Policy, Income Distribution, Quebec

Under both a cap-and-trade system and a greenhouse gas tax, the government will regulate energy suppliers and distributors, utility companies, and large manufacturers. These parties will bear the statutory incidence of the regulation. However, the financial impacts of regulating greenhouse gas emissions will be borne primarily by consumers. Consumers will bear the economic incidence of the regulation in the form of increased costs of gasoline, electricity, and home heating fuels and in increased consumer prices for all goods manufactured or distributed using fossil fuels. Greenhouse gas regulation will also generate significant revenue. This Article addresses the question of what should be done with those revenues. Models of the economic incidence of the two systems indicate that while high-income households will bear a larger portion of the distributional impacts because they consume more, low-income households will bear a disproportionate burden as a percentage of their household ...

- by Tracey M . Roberts
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- Economics, Climate change policy, Global Warming, Fossil Fuels

This catalog provides information on innovative financing strategies, primarily state and community strategies, being used to successfully fund child care in the United States. Four chapters of the catalog are devoted to profiles of 78 programs using the following categories of strategies: (1) "Generating Public Revenue for Child Care," addressing .tax-and fee-based approaches, including lotteries and gaming; (2) "Allocating Public Revenues for Child Care," examining ways states allocate existing revenue for child care, including connecting child care to welfare-to-work, education, health, and crime-prevention goals; (3) "Financing Child Care in the Private Sector," focusing on business and labor-initiated programs that improve access to child care and improve quality and supply, and on philanthropic efforts to improve child care and support community child care systems; and (4) "Financing Child Care via Public-Private Partnerships," including capital investment partnerships for financing child care facilities. Each profile describes the strategy, when it was initiated, the amount of funding it generates, how funds are distributed, what services are funded, and who is eligible to receive them. Additional locations using similar financing strategies are listed with contact information. The catalog's final chapter addresses potential strategies, presenting examples from other fields that might be applied to child care, including tax policy, unemployment compensation, social investment, and higher education, as well as ideas for strategic alliances that might support communities' child care goals. Appended are descriptions of taxes and fees as revenue-generation methods. (KB)

- by Louise Stoney
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- Economics, Early Childhood Education, Income, Tax Credits

- by E. Vegas
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- Tax Credits

Merisotis, Jamie P.; Clinedinst, Melissa E.

- by Jamie Merisotis
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- Higher Education, Tax Credits
- by Mehmet Kürkçü
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- Energy Policy, Applied Economics, Biofuels, Fuel Consumption
- by Justin Marquis
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- Demography, Economics, Student Financial Aid, Tax Credits

This article focuses on the comparisons of the tax exemption schemes in the US and China through a threefold discussion. Despite the tremendous development of China's nonprofit sector, not many comprehensive studies have been completed on such reforms. The tax treatment of Chinese nonprofit organizations, as a crucial component to constructing a nonprofit sector, is unsophisticated and short of practical significance. The expansion of the nonprofit sector in the past decades has resulted in many problems concerning its tax framework: incoherently defined public benefit or charity purpose of nonprofit organizations; the unavailability of an enforceable fiscal incentive system to promote charitable donations, arduous and discouraging administrative procedure of obtaining the tax exemption, burdensome requirements for the application and registration of nonprofit organizations, such as dual management, high threshold of capital endowment for foundations, and prohibition on cross-region development. Moreover, from a jurisprudential perspective, in the Chinese tax context two cautions are methodologically identified. First, the scarcity of decent comparative legal tax scholarship in general does not support quality comparison. A shortage of paradigmatic discourse shows the simultaneous existence of bluntly conflicting arguments, parallel courses, and irregularities in analysis. Second, the tax cultural traditions as well as social, political, and legal settings of a systematic tax governance framework should be included in tax comparatists' theorizations. A tax study ultimately has to be conducted from a "big-picture" perspective, in which a tax system is embedded. Otherwise, a comparative study may easily turn into a descriptive, mechanical, and perfunctory analysis. It argues that a comprehensive tax transplant effort of valued ideas and practices, although bold and uncomfortable for the recipient country at the beginning, is what China needs to build a robust nonprofit sector.

- by Stephen Macedo
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- Political Science, Governance, Case Studies, Civics

Objetivo: Busca-se, via Análise Econômica do Direito, identificar, de forma construtiva, sem almejar esgotar o tema, que a atual redação da Lei 11.101/05, no que se refere sobre o crédito tributário, contribui para a sua ineficiência.... more

There is a need for a common educational core to satisfy the requirements for reproducing a democratic society. Although historically the common schools were couched in the rhetoric of a common educational experience, democratic localism tended to undermine itd commonality through a large number of antidemocratic practices. However, recent decades lavelwitnessed successful attacks on many of.these practices, leading to greater equity and homogeneity of the publc schools. This success in overturning some of the aspects of schools that undermine democracy and in treating greater uniformity in education has stimulated new searches for greater choice and influence4in education. There are numerous public policy options that would increase parental and student choice within the common educational experience-required to meet the social goals of schooling in a democratic society. Finally, there are intrinsic obstacles to using such private choice mechanisms as tuition° tax credits and educational vouchers for addressing siinultaneously both the social purposes of schooling and private educational choice.

- by Henry Levin
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- Tax Credits

- by Elizabeth Littlefield
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- Information Systems, Accounting, Transaction Costs, Corporate Governance
- by Roberta Mann
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- Renewable Energy, Energy Storage, Tax Credits

Abstract: Income support for working low income families (the" working poor") is on top of the political agenda in Switzerland. The current social assistance system is considered inadequate to support working poor households.... more

- by Robert Leu
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- Poverty, Cost Efficiency, Tax Credits