Cabin pressurization (original) (raw)
La pressurització de cabina és el bombament actiu d'aire comprimit a la cabina d'una aeronau per garantir la seguretat i confort dels ocupants. És necessari quan un avió aconsegueix una altitud important, ja que la pressió atmosfèrica natural és massa baixa com per subministrar el suficient oxigen als ocupants. Sense la pressurització es pot patir mal de muntanya o fins i tot una hipòxia.
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dbo:abstract | La pressurització de cabina és el bombament actiu d'aire comprimit a la cabina d'una aeronau per garantir la seguretat i confort dels ocupants. És necessari quan un avió aconsegueix una altitud important, ja que la pressió atmosfèrica natural és massa baixa com per subministrar el suficient oxigen als ocupants. Sense la pressurització es pot patir mal de muntanya o fins i tot una hipòxia. (ca) Unter einer Druckkabine wird in der Luft- und Raumfahrt eine druckfeste Bauform von Passagierkabine, Cockpit oder Frachtraum für höher fliegende Flugzeuge oder Raumschiffe verstanden, die Menschen und Tieren den Aufenthalt unter diesen beeinträchtigenden bis lebensfeindlichen Bedingungen ermöglicht. Das wird durch einen in der Druckkabine aufrechterhaltenen gegenüber der Umgebung erhöhten Luftdruck erreicht. (de) Cabin pressurization is a process in which conditioned air is pumped into the cabin of an aircraft or spacecraft in order to create a safe and comfortable environment for passengers and crew flying at high altitudes. For aircraft, this air is usually bled off from the gas turbine engines at the compressor stage, and for spacecraft, it is carried in high-pressure, often cryogenic, tanks. The air is cooled, humidified, and mixed with recirculated air if necessary before it is distributed to the cabin by one or more environmental control systems. The cabin pressure is regulated by the outflow valve. While the first experimental pressurization systems saw use during the 1920s and 1930s, it was not until 1940 that a commercial aircraft would enter service with a pressurized cabin, when the Boeing 307 Stratoliner joined the Transcontinental & Western Air and Pan American Airways fleets. The practice would become widespread a decade later, particularly with the introduction of the British de Havilland Comet jetliner in 1949. While initially a success, two catastrophic failures in 1954 temporarily grounded the worldwide fleet. The cause was found to be a combination of progressive metal fatigue and aircraft skin stresses, both of which aeronautical engineers had limited understanding at the time. Testing involved multiple full scale pressurisation cycle tests of the entire fuselage in a water tank. The key engineering principles learned from the Comet were applied directly to the design of all subsequent jet airliners, such as the Boeing 707. Certain aircraft have presented unusual pressurization scenarios. The supersonic airliner Concorde had a particularly high pressure differential due to flying at unusually high altitude: up to 60,000 ft (18,000 m) while maintaining a cabin altitude of 6,000 ft (1,800 m). This not only increased airframe weight, but also saw the use of smaller cabin windows than most other commercial passenger aircraft, intended to slow the decompression rate if a depressurization event occurred. The Aloha Airlines Flight 243 incident, involving a Boeing 737-200 that suffered catastrophic cabin failure mid-flight, was primarily caused by its continued operation despite having accumulated more than twice the number of flight cycles that the airframe was designed to endure. For increased passenger comfort, several modern airliners, such as the Boeing 787 Dreamliner and the Airbus A350 XWB, feature reduced operating cabin altitudes as well as greater humidity levels; the use of composite airframes has aided the adoption of such comfort-maximising practices. (en) La presurización de la cabina aérea es el bombeo activo de aire comprimido en la cabina de una aeronave para garantizar la seguridad y confort de los ocupantes. Es necesario cuando un avión alcanza una gran altitud, ya que la presión atmosférica natural es demasiado baja como para suministrar el suficiente oxígeno a los ocupantes. Sin la presurización se puede sufrir mal de montaña o incluso de hipoxia. (es) La pressurisation de la cabine d'un avion permet le vol à haute altitude en évitant les risques physiologiques liés à la baisse de la pression atmosphérique, aux variations de pression en montée ou en descente ainsi qu'à la diminution du taux d'oxygène. Elle permet de créer un environnement sûr et confortable pour l'équipage et les passagers. La pressurisation nécessite une cabine étanche capable de résister à la différence de pression entre l'air intérieur et l'air extérieur. Le problème est plus accentué sur un avion de ligne en raison du diamètre important du fuselage et de la quantité d'air à traiter. Le système de pressurisation fait partie des servitudes de bord et inclut le contrôle de la température et du taux d'oxygène. Les avions propulsés par moteur à pistons utilisaient un compresseur électrique. Depuis les années 1960 la grande majorité des avions volant à haute altitude est propulsée par réacteur ou turbopropulseur ; l'air est généralement prélevé au niveau du compresseur et introduit en cabine après refroidissement, humidification et mélange avec l'air intérieur purifié et recyclé. En 2009 la solution du compresseur électrique réapparaît pour réduire le risque de prélèvement d'air vicié dans le moteur. (fr) Kabin bertekanan digunakan dalam penerbangan dengan memompa udara bertekanan ke kabin pesawat terbang. Hal tersebut bertujuan untuk menjaga kondisi lingkungan dalam kabin pesawat dan memberi kenyamanan bagi serta penumpang saat terbang di ketinggian. (in) La pressurizzazione di un aeromobile o di un'astronave è il processo con il quale la pressione dell'aria all'interno della cabina viene modificata (generalmente alzandola) rispetto a quella dell'ambiente circostante. Solitamente, l'obiettivo del sistema di pressurizzazione è garantire il mantenimento di un'adeguata pressione (il più vicino possibile alla pressione atmosferica a livello del mare), in modo tale da garantire che le condizioni di abitabilità siano favorevoli per l'equipaggio, i passeggeri e gli impianti di bordo. Non tutti gli aeromobili sono dotati di un sistema di pressurizzazione, ad esempio i piccoli aerei di aviazione generale ne sono solitamente sprovvisti, volando a quote più basse. Le norme della Federal Aviation Administration statunitense prevedono un'altitudine di crociera massima senza ossigeno di12 000 piedi (3 660 m). I sistemi di pressurizzazione solitamente non pressurizzano completamente la cabina alla pressione del livello del mare al fine di ridurre l'effetto della pressione sulla fusoliera e altri elementi strutturali. Ad esempio per un aereo Boeing 767 ad una quota di crociera di 39 000 piedi (11 900 m) corrisponderà una "quota cabina" (pressione dell'aria all'interno della cabina passeggeri) corrispondente ad un'altitudine di 6 900 piedi (2 100 m). I sistemi di pressurizzazione sono solitamente composti da: una cabina a chiusura quasi stagna, dei compressori chiamati packs, una o più valvole elettromeccaniche di fuoriuscita chiamate outflow e una o più valvole automatiche di sicurezza. (it) Een drukcabine wordt in de lucht- en ruimtevaarttechniek gebruikt om de heersende luchtdruk in een verblijfsruimte geschikt te maken voor menselijk verblijf. Dat is noodzakelijk aangezien de luchtdruk in de atmosfeer op grotere hoogte voor mensen te laag is om voldoende zuurstof op te kunnen nemen, met als gevolgen hoogteziekte en uiteindelijk hypoxie. Bij wet is aanvullende zuurstofvoorziening verplicht bij vluchten die plaatsvinden boven de 14.000 voet (4,5 km) bij kortdurende vluchten en boven de 10.000 voet (3 km) wanneer de vlucht langer duurt dan 30 minuten. (nl) Presuryzacja – utrzymanie odpowiedniego ciśnienia (i temperatury) w kabinie samolotu. Najważniejszymi parametrami są ciśnienie w kabinie (podawane jako odpowiadająca ciśnieniu wysokość – "Cabin Altitude") oraz różnica ciśnień wewnątrz i na zewnątrz samolotu ("Differential Pressure"). (pl) Наддув кабины — процесс, в котором воздух закачивается в кабину/ или космического корабля, для создания безопасной и комфортной среды для людей на больших высотах. В самолётах отбор воздуха обычно осуществляется от компрессора работающего газотурбинного двигателя, для космического корабля воздух привозится в сжатом или сжиженном виде. (ru) Pressurização da cabine, na aviação e viagem espacial, significa o bombeamento ativo de ar para dentro da cabine de uma aeronave. Tem a finalidade de manter uma pressão dentro da cabine adequada ao corpo humano durante o voo em altitudes elevadas. O primeiro avião com cabine pressurizada foi o que fez seu primeiro vôo em 9 de maio de 1937. (pt) Розгерметизація — втрата герметичності корпусу або будь-якої системи технічного пристрою. Розгерметизація може бути штатною (під час проведення технічних робіт) та аварійною — непередбаченою внаслідок технічного дефекту, внутрішнього або зовнішнього впливу. Аварійна розгерметизація може бути дуже небезпечна, бо при цьому значно порушується функція системи. Насамперед, аварійна розгерметизація кабіни літака або космічного апарата може призвести до загибелі екіпажу та пасажирів. (uk) |
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rdfs:comment | La pressurització de cabina és el bombament actiu d'aire comprimit a la cabina d'una aeronau per garantir la seguretat i confort dels ocupants. És necessari quan un avió aconsegueix una altitud important, ja que la pressió atmosfèrica natural és massa baixa com per subministrar el suficient oxigen als ocupants. Sense la pressurització es pot patir mal de muntanya o fins i tot una hipòxia. (ca) Unter einer Druckkabine wird in der Luft- und Raumfahrt eine druckfeste Bauform von Passagierkabine, Cockpit oder Frachtraum für höher fliegende Flugzeuge oder Raumschiffe verstanden, die Menschen und Tieren den Aufenthalt unter diesen beeinträchtigenden bis lebensfeindlichen Bedingungen ermöglicht. Das wird durch einen in der Druckkabine aufrechterhaltenen gegenüber der Umgebung erhöhten Luftdruck erreicht. (de) La presurización de la cabina aérea es el bombeo activo de aire comprimido en la cabina de una aeronave para garantizar la seguridad y confort de los ocupantes. Es necesario cuando un avión alcanza una gran altitud, ya que la presión atmosférica natural es demasiado baja como para suministrar el suficiente oxígeno a los ocupantes. Sin la presurización se puede sufrir mal de montaña o incluso de hipoxia. (es) Kabin bertekanan digunakan dalam penerbangan dengan memompa udara bertekanan ke kabin pesawat terbang. Hal tersebut bertujuan untuk menjaga kondisi lingkungan dalam kabin pesawat dan memberi kenyamanan bagi serta penumpang saat terbang di ketinggian. (in) Een drukcabine wordt in de lucht- en ruimtevaarttechniek gebruikt om de heersende luchtdruk in een verblijfsruimte geschikt te maken voor menselijk verblijf. Dat is noodzakelijk aangezien de luchtdruk in de atmosfeer op grotere hoogte voor mensen te laag is om voldoende zuurstof op te kunnen nemen, met als gevolgen hoogteziekte en uiteindelijk hypoxie. Bij wet is aanvullende zuurstofvoorziening verplicht bij vluchten die plaatsvinden boven de 14.000 voet (4,5 km) bij kortdurende vluchten en boven de 10.000 voet (3 km) wanneer de vlucht langer duurt dan 30 minuten. (nl) Presuryzacja – utrzymanie odpowiedniego ciśnienia (i temperatury) w kabinie samolotu. Najważniejszymi parametrami są ciśnienie w kabinie (podawane jako odpowiadająca ciśnieniu wysokość – "Cabin Altitude") oraz różnica ciśnień wewnątrz i na zewnątrz samolotu ("Differential Pressure"). (pl) Наддув кабины — процесс, в котором воздух закачивается в кабину/ или космического корабля, для создания безопасной и комфортной среды для людей на больших высотах. В самолётах отбор воздуха обычно осуществляется от компрессора работающего газотурбинного двигателя, для космического корабля воздух привозится в сжатом или сжиженном виде. (ru) Pressurização da cabine, na aviação e viagem espacial, significa o bombeamento ativo de ar para dentro da cabine de uma aeronave. Tem a finalidade de manter uma pressão dentro da cabine adequada ao corpo humano durante o voo em altitudes elevadas. O primeiro avião com cabine pressurizada foi o que fez seu primeiro vôo em 9 de maio de 1937. (pt) Розгерметизація — втрата герметичності корпусу або будь-якої системи технічного пристрою. Розгерметизація може бути штатною (під час проведення технічних робіт) та аварійною — непередбаченою внаслідок технічного дефекту, внутрішнього або зовнішнього впливу. Аварійна розгерметизація може бути дуже небезпечна, бо при цьому значно порушується функція системи. Насамперед, аварійна розгерметизація кабіни літака або космічного апарата може призвести до загибелі екіпажу та пасажирів. (uk) Cabin pressurization is a process in which conditioned air is pumped into the cabin of an aircraft or spacecraft in order to create a safe and comfortable environment for passengers and crew flying at high altitudes. For aircraft, this air is usually bled off from the gas turbine engines at the compressor stage, and for spacecraft, it is carried in high-pressure, often cryogenic, tanks. The air is cooled, humidified, and mixed with recirculated air if necessary before it is distributed to the cabin by one or more environmental control systems. The cabin pressure is regulated by the outflow valve. (en) La pressurisation de la cabine d'un avion permet le vol à haute altitude en évitant les risques physiologiques liés à la baisse de la pression atmosphérique, aux variations de pression en montée ou en descente ainsi qu'à la diminution du taux d'oxygène. Elle permet de créer un environnement sûr et confortable pour l'équipage et les passagers. (fr) La pressurizzazione di un aeromobile o di un'astronave è il processo con il quale la pressione dell'aria all'interno della cabina viene modificata (generalmente alzandola) rispetto a quella dell'ambiente circostante. Solitamente, l'obiettivo del sistema di pressurizzazione è garantire il mantenimento di un'adeguata pressione (il più vicino possibile alla pressione atmosferica a livello del mare), in modo tale da garantire che le condizioni di abitabilità siano favorevoli per l'equipaggio, i passeggeri e gli impianti di bordo. Non tutti gli aeromobili sono dotati di un sistema di pressurizzazione, ad esempio i piccoli aerei di aviazione generale ne sono solitamente sprovvisti, volando a quote più basse. Le norme della Federal Aviation Administration statunitense prevedono un'altitudine di (it) |
rdfs:label | Cabina pressuritzada (ca) Druckkabine (de) Presurización de cabina (es) Cabin pressurization (en) Kabin bertekanan (in) Pressurisation (aérospatial) (fr) Pressurizzazione (aeronautica) (it) Drukcabine (nl) Presuryzacja (pl) Pressurização da cabine (pt) Наддув кабины (ru) Розгерметизація (uk) |
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