Propellant (original) (raw)
الداسر أو المادة الدافعة هي مادة سواء كانت غازية أو سائلة أو بأي صورة أخرى تستخدم في إنتاج الطاقة أو الغاز المضغوط الذي يتم استخدامه لاحقا لخلق حركة السائل أو لتوليد الدفع (تحديدا ) في المركبات أو القذائف، أو أي جسم آخر.
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| dbo:abstract | الداسر أو المادة الدافعة هي مادة سواء كانت غازية أو سائلة أو بأي صورة أخرى تستخدم في إنتاج الطاقة أو الغاز المضغوط الذي يتم استخدامه لاحقا لخلق حركة السائل أو لتوليد الدفع (تحديدا ) في المركبات أو القذائف، أو أي جسم آخر. (ar) Propel·lent, o propulsant, és qualsevol gas, líquid o sòlid l'expansió del qual es pot utilitzar per impartir moviment a una altra substància o objecte. (ca) Střelivina je druh výbušniny schopné výbuchového hoření, tj. velmi rychlého vzplanutí nepřecházejícího v detonaci. K aktivaci střeliviny dochází pomocí zápalné slože. Střeliviny se dělí na střelné prachy a tuhé pohonné hmoty pro rakety. Střelivinami se zabývají např. normy ČSN EN 13938-1 až ČSN EN 13938-7 – Výbušniny pro civilní použití – Střeliviny a raketová paliva. (cs) Pelanto aŭ alpelanto estas kemiaĵo uzata por produktado de energio aŭ kiu estas sinsekve uzata por krei movon de fluido aŭ por generi elpeladon de vehiklo, pafaĵo, aŭ de alia objekto. Oftaj pelantoj estas energiaj materialoj kaj konsistas el brulaĵoj kial benzino, , raketo-pelaĵo, kaj Oksidanto. Pelantoj estas bruligataj aŭ alie malkomponataj por produkti pelgasojn. Aliaj pelantoj estas simple likvoj kiuj povas facile esti vaporigitaj. (eo) Treibladungen bestehen aus dem Treibsatz, einem pyrotechnischen Satz von chemischen Substanzen, in diesem Zusammenhang auch Treibmittel genannt, in fester, flüssiger oder gasförmiger Form, die als Energieträger bei ihrer Aktivierung ein großes Volumen anstreben und so in der Lage sind, ein Objekt zu bewegen oder zu verformen. (de) Los propelentes usados para motores de cohete, también llamados propergol o propulsante, son sustancias muy diversas pudiendo estar en estado sólido, líquido, gaseoso o mixto. Estos propelentes reaccionan en la cámara de empuje o cámara de combustión, generando gases a alta presión y gran temperatura. Cuando estos gases salen por la tobera a gran velocidad, generan el empuje necesario para elevar y acelerar el cohete. (es) Un propergol est un produit de propulsion, constitué d'un mélange de comburant et de combustible, les ergols. La réaction chimique, entre cet oxydant et ce réducteur, fournira l'énergie au moteur-fusée. Les constituants peuvent se présenter à l'état de gaz, de liquide, de solide ou de plasma. (fr) Is pléascaire é an tiomántán a tháirgeann brú foréigneach cothrom, mar a bheadh de dhíth, mar shampla, chun arm diúraicthe a dhíbirt go tapa ó ghunna. Púdar gunna ab ea an chéad cheann. Nuair a tháinig nítriglicrín is nítriceallalós chun cinn, le hairíonna cumasacha pléascacha, rinneadh gach iarracht a n-inphléascthacht a mhodhnú chun tiomántán a tháirgeadh uathu. Faoi dheireadh thángthas ar mheascáin éagsúla ghlóthacha, cosúil le cordaít, a bhí rathúil chuige seo. (ga) A propellant (or propellent) is a mass that is expelled or expanded in such a way as to create a thrust or other motive force in accordance with Newton's third law of motion, and "propel" a vehicle, projectile, or fluid payload. In vehicles, the engine that expels the propellant is called a reaction engine. Although technically a propellant is the reaction mass used to create thrust, the term "propellant" is often used to describe a substance which is contains both the reaction mass and the fuel that holds the energy used to accelerate the reaction mass. For example, the term "propellant" is often used in chemical rocket design to describe a combined fuel/propellant, although the propellants should not be confused with the fuel that is used by an engine to produce the energy that expels the propellant. Even though the byproducts of substances used as fuel are also often used as a reaction mass to create the thrust, such as with a chemical rocket engine, propellant and fuel are two distinct concepts. Vehicles can use propellants to move by ejecting a propellant backwards which creates an opposite force that moves the vehicle forward. Projectiles can use propellants that are expanding gases which provide the motive force to set the projectile in motion. Aerosol cans use propellants which are fluids that are compressed so that when the propellant is allowed to escape by releasing a valve, the energy stored by the compression moves the propellant out of the can and that propellant forces the aerosol payload out along with the propellant. Compressed fluid may also be used as a simple vehicle propellant, with the potential energy that is stored in the compressed fluid used to expel the fluid as the propellant. The energy stored in the fluid was added to the system when the fluid was compressed, such as compressed air. The energy applied to the pump or thermal system that is used to compress the air is stored until it is released by allowing the propellant to escape. Compressed fluid may also be used only as energy storage along with some other substance as the propellant, such as with a water rocket, where the energy stored in the compressed air is the fuel and the water is the propellant. In electrically powered spacecraft, electricity is used to accelerate the propellant. An electrostatic force may be used to expel positive ions, or the Lorentz force may be used to expel negative ions and electrons as the propellant. Electothermal engines use the electromagnetic force to heat low molecular weight gases (e.g. hydrogen, helium, ammonia) into a plasma and expel the plasma as propellant. In the case of a resistojet rocket engine, the compressed propellant is simply heated using resistive heating as it is expelled to create more thrust. In chemical rockets and aircraft, fuels are used to produce an energetic gas that can be directed through a nozzle, thereby producing thrust. In rockets, the burning of rocket fuel produces an exhaust, and the exhausted material is usually expelled as a propellant under pressure through a nozzle. The exhaust material may be a gas, liquid, plasma, or a solid. In powered aircraft without propellers such as jets, the propellant is usually the product of the burning of fuel with atmospheric oxygen so that the resulting propellant product has more mass than the fuel carried on the vehicle. Proposed photon rockets would use the relativistic momentum of photons to create thrust. Even though photons do not have mass, they can still act as a propellant because they move at relativistic speed, i.e., the speed of light. In this case Newton's third Law of Motion is inadequate to model the physics involved and relativistic physics must be used. In chemical rockets, chemical reactions are used to produce energy which creates movement of a fluid which is used to expel the products of that chemical reaction (and sometimes other substances) as propellants. For example, in a simple hydrogen/oxygen engine, hydrogen is burned (oxidized) to create H2O and the energy from the chemical reaction is used to expel the water (steam) to provide thrust. Often in chemical rocket engines, a higher molecular mass substance is included in the fuel to provide more reaction mass. Rocket propellant may be expelled through an expansion nozzle as a cold gas, that is, without energetic mixing and combustion, to provide small changes in velocity to spacecraft by the use of cold gas thrusters, usually as maneuvering thrusters. To attain a useful density for storage, most propellants are stored as either a solid or a liquid. (en) Bahan pendorong, atau propelan, adalah material yang digunakan untuk mendorong (bahasa Inggris: propel) suatu objek. Umumnya proses mendorong ini diakibatkan oleh reaksi kimia. Dalam roket dan amunisi, propelan adalah bahan peledak yang digunakan sebagai pembentuk gas pendorong dalam peluru senjata atau "motor roket". Propelan termasuk bahan peledak lemah yang digunakan sebagai bahan isian pendorong pada sebuah amunisi. (in) Il propellente è un materiale usato per ottenere la propulsione di un oggetto. Spesso, ma non necessariamente, i propellenti assolvono anche la funzione di combustibile: sono sostanze chimiche ad alto potere calorifico ovvero in grado di sviluppare rapidamente grandi quantità di calore nella combustione e conseguentemente di gas ad alta pressione, che a sua volta espulsi attraverso un ugello provocano una spinta in avanti secondo il principio di azione e reazione. (it) プロペラント（英語: propellant）は、「推進させるもの」を意味する英語の片仮名表記である。推進剤。 (ja) 추진제(推進劑, ,propellant)는 물체를 추진하는데 사용되는 물질이다. 이 물질은 보통 가스 압력으로 수축-팽창 노즐을 통해 방출된다. 압력을 가하는 데는 압축 가스나 화학 반응으로 생성된 기체가 사용된다. 방출 물질로는 기체, 액체, 플라스마, 또는 화학 반응을 일으키지 않은 고체나 가 흔히 쓰인다. 화학 추진제는 가솔린, 제트 연료, 로켓 연료, 산화제 등의 연료에 사용된다. 로켓에서의 추진제는 추진체의 작용-반작용 효과를 일으키는 질량 매질로서 사용되며, 특히 화학 로켓의 경우 추진제는 질량 매질임과 동시에 에너지원으로서 활용한다. 로켓 추진 기관에서 화학 로켓이 아닌 경우 추진제는 전기, 외부 열, 기체 압력 등의 에너지로 가속된다. (ko) Materiały pędne to ogólna nazwa paliw do silników spalinowych. (pl) Drivmedel, bränsle eller annat som används för att driva ett fordon eller en farkost. Definitionen av ett drivmedel är att det används för att få ett fordon eller en farkost att röra sig. Bränslen däremot, är en större kategori. Bränslen kan användas industriellt för att tillverka kemikalier, plast och metaller, bränslen kan användas för uppvärmning, till elproduktion, etc. Sammanfattningsvis kan sägas att diesel i en buss kan betraktas både som bränsle och drivmedel, men om man bränner lätt eldningsolja (EO1) för uppvärmning av ett hus är det enbart att betrakta som bränsle. Bensin, diesel och jetbränsle är de för närvarande vanligaste exemplen på drivmedel. Idag blandas dock all handelsbensin i Sverige ut med 5 % etanol, vilket kan komma att höjas till 10 %. Det har också blivit populärt att köpa så kallade etanolbilar som drivs med bränslet E85, som till största delen består av etanol, eller en godtycklig blandning av bensin och etanol. Det produceras också en del bilar som drivs med fordonsgas som består antingen av biogas eller naturgas eller en blandning av de båda. Till skillnad från etanol och biogas är naturgas ett fossilt bränsle, och således inte förnybart. Naturgas ger dock ca. 30% lägre emissioner av koldioxid, och därmed en lägre jämfört med bensin. Biogas och naturgas ger även lägre utsläpp av partiklar. Ett drivmedel som nu är under utveckling, men kan komma att bli populärt i framtiden, är Dimetyleter (DME). Ytterligare alternativ för framtiden är hytan och syntetisk diesel, även kallad FT-diesel, och syntetiskt jetbränsle. (sv) Propelente ou propulsante é um material que pode ser usado para mover um objeto aplicando uma força. Pode ou não envolver uma reação química. O material pode ser constituído de gás, líquido ou plasma e antes de uma reação química, um sólido. Exemplos de propelente são a gasolina, querosene de aviação e o combustível de foguetes espaciais. (pt) Метательный заряд, Заряд — это обязательный компонент (элемент) артиллерийского выстрела, предназначенный для придания начальной скорости выстреливаемому из артиллерийского орудия снаряду. (ru) 推進藥（propellant）也称發射藥或裝藥，是儲存在容器內，用以推動抛射物的推進劑。枪械最早期使用的是黑色火藥，現代比較常見的是無煙火藥。 (zh) Метальний заряд або пропелент — хімічна речовина, що використовується для створення енергії або стисненого газу, які потім використовуються для створення руху рідини або для створення рушія транспортного засобу, снаряда або іншого об'єкту. (uk) |
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| dbp:date | 2013-07-10 (xsd:date) |
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| rdfs:comment | الداسر أو المادة الدافعة هي مادة سواء كانت غازية أو سائلة أو بأي صورة أخرى تستخدم في إنتاج الطاقة أو الغاز المضغوط الذي يتم استخدامه لاحقا لخلق حركة السائل أو لتوليد الدفع (تحديدا ) في المركبات أو القذائف، أو أي جسم آخر. (ar) Propel·lent, o propulsant, és qualsevol gas, líquid o sòlid l'expansió del qual es pot utilitzar per impartir moviment a una altra substància o objecte. (ca) Střelivina je druh výbušniny schopné výbuchového hoření, tj. velmi rychlého vzplanutí nepřecházejícího v detonaci. K aktivaci střeliviny dochází pomocí zápalné slože. Střeliviny se dělí na střelné prachy a tuhé pohonné hmoty pro rakety. Střelivinami se zabývají např. normy ČSN EN 13938-1 až ČSN EN 13938-7 – Výbušniny pro civilní použití – Střeliviny a raketová paliva. (cs) Pelanto aŭ alpelanto estas kemiaĵo uzata por produktado de energio aŭ kiu estas sinsekve uzata por krei movon de fluido aŭ por generi elpeladon de vehiklo, pafaĵo, aŭ de alia objekto. Oftaj pelantoj estas energiaj materialoj kaj konsistas el brulaĵoj kial benzino, , raketo-pelaĵo, kaj Oksidanto. Pelantoj estas bruligataj aŭ alie malkomponataj por produkti pelgasojn. Aliaj pelantoj estas simple likvoj kiuj povas facile esti vaporigitaj. (eo) Treibladungen bestehen aus dem Treibsatz, einem pyrotechnischen Satz von chemischen Substanzen, in diesem Zusammenhang auch Treibmittel genannt, in fester, flüssiger oder gasförmiger Form, die als Energieträger bei ihrer Aktivierung ein großes Volumen anstreben und so in der Lage sind, ein Objekt zu bewegen oder zu verformen. (de) Los propelentes usados para motores de cohete, también llamados propergol o propulsante, son sustancias muy diversas pudiendo estar en estado sólido, líquido, gaseoso o mixto. Estos propelentes reaccionan en la cámara de empuje o cámara de combustión, generando gases a alta presión y gran temperatura. Cuando estos gases salen por la tobera a gran velocidad, generan el empuje necesario para elevar y acelerar el cohete. (es) Un propergol est un produit de propulsion, constitué d'un mélange de comburant et de combustible, les ergols. La réaction chimique, entre cet oxydant et ce réducteur, fournira l'énergie au moteur-fusée. Les constituants peuvent se présenter à l'état de gaz, de liquide, de solide ou de plasma. (fr) Is pléascaire é an tiomántán a tháirgeann brú foréigneach cothrom, mar a bheadh de dhíth, mar shampla, chun arm diúraicthe a dhíbirt go tapa ó ghunna. Púdar gunna ab ea an chéad cheann. Nuair a tháinig nítriglicrín is nítriceallalós chun cinn, le hairíonna cumasacha pléascacha, rinneadh gach iarracht a n-inphléascthacht a mhodhnú chun tiomántán a tháirgeadh uathu. Faoi dheireadh thángthas ar mheascáin éagsúla ghlóthacha, cosúil le cordaít, a bhí rathúil chuige seo. (ga) Bahan pendorong, atau propelan, adalah material yang digunakan untuk mendorong (bahasa Inggris: propel) suatu objek. Umumnya proses mendorong ini diakibatkan oleh reaksi kimia. Dalam roket dan amunisi, propelan adalah bahan peledak yang digunakan sebagai pembentuk gas pendorong dalam peluru senjata atau "motor roket". Propelan termasuk bahan peledak lemah yang digunakan sebagai bahan isian pendorong pada sebuah amunisi. (in) Il propellente è un materiale usato per ottenere la propulsione di un oggetto. Spesso, ma non necessariamente, i propellenti assolvono anche la funzione di combustibile: sono sostanze chimiche ad alto potere calorifico ovvero in grado di sviluppare rapidamente grandi quantità di calore nella combustione e conseguentemente di gas ad alta pressione, che a sua volta espulsi attraverso un ugello provocano una spinta in avanti secondo il principio di azione e reazione. (it) プロペラント（英語: propellant）は、「推進させるもの」を意味する英語の片仮名表記である。推進剤。 (ja) 추진제(推進劑, ,propellant)는 물체를 추진하는데 사용되는 물질이다. 이 물질은 보통 가스 압력으로 수축-팽창 노즐을 통해 방출된다. 압력을 가하는 데는 압축 가스나 화학 반응으로 생성된 기체가 사용된다. 방출 물질로는 기체, 액체, 플라스마, 또는 화학 반응을 일으키지 않은 고체나 가 흔히 쓰인다. 화학 추진제는 가솔린, 제트 연료, 로켓 연료, 산화제 등의 연료에 사용된다. 로켓에서의 추진제는 추진체의 작용-반작용 효과를 일으키는 질량 매질로서 사용되며, 특히 화학 로켓의 경우 추진제는 질량 매질임과 동시에 에너지원으로서 활용한다. 로켓 추진 기관에서 화학 로켓이 아닌 경우 추진제는 전기, 외부 열, 기체 압력 등의 에너지로 가속된다. (ko) Materiały pędne to ogólna nazwa paliw do silników spalinowych. (pl) Propelente ou propulsante é um material que pode ser usado para mover um objeto aplicando uma força. Pode ou não envolver uma reação química. O material pode ser constituído de gás, líquido ou plasma e antes de uma reação química, um sólido. Exemplos de propelente são a gasolina, querosene de aviação e o combustível de foguetes espaciais. (pt) Метательный заряд, Заряд — это обязательный компонент (элемент) артиллерийского выстрела, предназначенный для придания начальной скорости выстреливаемому из артиллерийского орудия снаряду. (ru) 推進藥（propellant）也称發射藥或裝藥，是儲存在容器內，用以推動抛射物的推進劑。枪械最早期使用的是黑色火藥，現代比較常見的是無煙火藥。 (zh) Метальний заряд або пропелент — хімічна речовина, що використовується для створення енергії або стисненого газу, які потім використовуються для створення руху рідини або для створення рушія транспортного засобу, снаряда або іншого об'єкту. (uk) A propellant (or propellent) is a mass that is expelled or expanded in such a way as to create a thrust or other motive force in accordance with Newton's third law of motion, and "propel" a vehicle, projectile, or fluid payload. In vehicles, the engine that expels the propellant is called a reaction engine. Although technically a propellant is the reaction mass used to create thrust, the term "propellant" is often used to describe a substance which is contains both the reaction mass and the fuel that holds the energy used to accelerate the reaction mass. For example, the term "propellant" is often used in chemical rocket design to describe a combined fuel/propellant, although the propellants should not be confused with the fuel that is used by an engine to produce the energy that expels th (en) Drivmedel, bränsle eller annat som används för att driva ett fordon eller en farkost. Definitionen av ett drivmedel är att det används för att få ett fordon eller en farkost att röra sig. Bränslen däremot, är en större kategori. Bränslen kan användas industriellt för att tillverka kemikalier, plast och metaller, bränslen kan användas för uppvärmning, till elproduktion, etc. Sammanfattningsvis kan sägas att diesel i en buss kan betraktas både som bränsle och drivmedel, men om man bränner lätt eldningsolja (EO1) för uppvärmning av ett hus är det enbart att betrakta som bränsle. (sv) |
| rdfs:label | مادة دافعة (ar) Propel·lent (ca) Střelivina (cs) Treibladung (de) Pelanto (eo) Propelente de cohetes (es) Tiomántán (pléascaire) (ga) Bahan pendorong (in) Propellente (it) Propergol (fr) 추진제 (ko) プロペラント (ja) Propellant (en) Materiał pędny (pl) Метательный заряд (ru) Propelente (pt) Drivmedel (sv) 裝藥 (zh) Метальний заряд (uk) |
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