Containerization (original) (raw)
نظام النقل بالحاويات هو نظام لنقل البضائع باستخدام حاويات الشحن (تسمى أيضاً بالحاويات القياسية) المصنوعة من الحديد. تصنع الحاويات بمواصفات قياسية ويتم نقلها وتخزينها بكفاءة عبر مسافات طويلة ويمكن أيضاً نقلها ما بين السفن والقطارات والعربات المخصصة بدون فتحها.يتم تداول الحاويات عن طريق اوناش مجهزة بطريقة ميكانيكية ويتم ترقيم كل الحاويات بشكل قياسي سهل التعرف عليه عن طريق أنظمة إلكترونية. طُوّر هذا النظام بعد الحرب العالمية الثانية وساعد في تقليص تكلفة نقل البضائع بطريقة كبيرة وقد ساهم بشكل واضح في انتعاش حركة الاقتصاد العالمية بعد الحرب.
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| dbo:abstract | نظام النقل بالحاويات هو نظام لنقل البضائع باستخدام حاويات الشحن (تسمى أيضاً بالحاويات القياسية) المصنوعة من الحديد. تصنع الحاويات بمواصفات قياسية ويتم نقلها وتخزينها بكفاءة عبر مسافات طويلة ويمكن أيضاً نقلها ما بين السفن والقطارات والعربات المخصصة بدون فتحها.يتم تداول الحاويات عن طريق اوناش مجهزة بطريقة ميكانيكية ويتم ترقيم كل الحاويات بشكل قياسي سهل التعرف عليه عن طريق أنظمة إلكترونية. طُوّر هذا النظام بعد الحرب العالمية الثانية وساعد في تقليص تكلفة نقل البضائع بطريقة كبيرة وقد ساهم بشكل واضح في انتعاش حركة الاقتصاد العالمية بعد الحرب. (ar) Kontejner = základní přepravně manipulační jednotka, pro kterou platí: vnitřní objem je minimálně 1 m3,možnost přepravy zboží jedním nebo více druhy dopravy bez nutnosti překládky zboží,konstrukce je upravena pro snadnou a rychlou manipulaci při překládce mezi jednotlivými druhy dopravy a k upevnění na dopravním prostředku,konstrukce umožňuje snadné a rychlé plnění a vyprazdňování,dostatečná pevnost pro opakované užívání,normalizované rozměry. (cs) Als Containertransport bezeichnet man eine spezielle Art des Behältertransports, der auf intermodalen, stapelbaren Metallcontainern (wie etwa Luftfrachtcontainer, ISO-Container usw.) basiert. Diese Container werden nach standardisierten Maßen gefertigt und können effizient be- und entladen, gestapelt, transportiert und zwischen verschiedenen Verkehrsmitteln umgeladen werden. Dieses System hatte seine Ursprünge im Behältertransport des 19. Jahrhunderts und wurde im frühen 20. Jahrhundert zum standardisierten Containertransport weiterentwickelt. Eine weltweite Verbreitung erfuhr es nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg, was zu einer deutlichen Senkung der Transportkosten führte („Containerrevolution“). Dies beschleunigte deutlich die Globalisierung der Handelsströme von Stückgütern. (de) Containerization is a system of intermodal freight transport using intermodal containers (also called shipping containers and ISO containers). Containerization is also referred as "Container Stuffing" or "Container Loading", which is the process of unitization of cargoes in exports. Containerization is the predominant form of unitization of export cargoes, as opposed to other systems such as the barge system or palletization. The containers have standardized dimensions. They can be loaded and unloaded, stacked, transported efficiently over long distances, and transferred from one mode of transport to another—container ships, rail transport flatcars, and semi-trailer trucks—without being opened. The handling system is completely mechanized so that all handling is done with cranes and special forklift trucks. All containers are numbered and tracked using computerized systems. Containerization originated several centuries ago but was not well developed or widely applied until after World War II, when it dramatically reduced the costs of transport, supported the post-war boom in international trade, and was a major element in globalization. Containerization eliminated manual sorting of most shipments and the need for dockfront warehouses. It displaced many thousands of dock workers who formerly handled break bulk cargo. Containerization reduced congestion in ports, significantly shortened shipping time, and reduced losses from damage and theft. Containers can be made from a wide range of materials such as steel, fibre-reinforced polymer, aluminum or a combination. Containers made from weathering steel are used to minimize maintenance needs. (en) La conteneurisation est un système de transport de fret intermodal utilisant des conteneurs (aussi appelé conteneurs ISO). Ceux-ci sont basés sur des dimensions standardisées. Ils peuvent être chargés et déchargés, empilés et transportés sur de longues distances, transféré d'un mode de transport à un autre (train, camion) sans avoir à être ouvert. Le système de chargement est mécanisé afin que toute manipulation soit faite par des grues et des chariots élévateurs. Tous les conteneurs sont numérotés et suivi grâce à des systèmes numériques. La conteneurisation est apparue il y a plusieurs siècles mais n'a été développée et appliquée seulement après la fin de la seconde guerre mondiale. Ce système a permis de réduire drastiquement les coûts de transports, de supporter le boum économique d'après guerre et a été un des éléments majeurs de la mondialisation. La conteneurisation a déchargé des milliers de dockers de la manutention du chargement, du déchargement et du stockage des marchandises en vrac. Elle a aussi permis la réduction des congestions dans les ports en accélérant le et en réduisant les coûts liés aux vols et dommages. (fr) 컨테이너리제이션(containerization)이란 컨테이너를 매체로 한 수송 체계화를 말한다. 컨테이너화(化)되면 육해공의 수송으로 일관성이 있으며, 대량 수송과 시간의 단축이 가능하게 된다. 그것은 컨테이너를 공장에 유치, 그대로 적재하여 트레일러로 끌어 직접 수요자에게 운반할 수가 있기 때문이다. 이것은 또 하역의 에도 관련되어, 수송 코스트의 절감, 포장비·창고료·보험료의 삭감 등 많은 메리트를 갖고 있다. 현대 수송은 점점 컨테이너리제이션이 발달한 것이 특징이다. 이 문서에는 다음커뮤니케이션(현 카카오)에서 GFDL 또는 CC-SA 라이선스로 배포한 글로벌 세계대백과사전의 내용을 기초로 작성된 글이 포함되어 있습니다. (ko) コンテナリゼーション（英:containerization）、コンテナ化とは、定規格の輸送コンテナに大小様々な貨物を積み込んで、コンテナごと一斉に運んでしまう輸送体系のこと。日本国内ではコンテナ輸送と呼ばれることも多い。 「日本のコンテナ輸送」も参照 コンテナは効率的な荷役および長距離の効率的な輸送が可能であり、ある輸送手段から別の輸送手段（例えばコンテナ船、鉄道輸送のコンテナ車、セミトレーラー）へ開扉することなく移行することも可能である。荷役システムは完全に機械化されているため、全ての荷役がクレーンや特殊なフォークリフトで行われる。全てのコンテナには番号が付されており、コンピューター化システムを用いた追跡が行われる。コンテナは耐候性鋼の素材でできており、メンテナンスの必要性を最小限に抑えている。 数世紀前に起源が遡るコンテナリゼーションだが、第二次世界大戦終了までは重いコンテナを荷役するための機械も、企業や輸送形態の境界を越えてコンテナを運ぶための構想も十分に発達せず、広く普及しなかった。第二次世界大戦後、アメリカの運送業者だったマルコム・マクリーンが、トレーラーから船へと積み替えられる複合輸送コンテナ（海上コンテナ）を設計し、コンテナを効率的に積載するためのコンテナ船を発明して、事業を軌道に乗せた。コンテナリゼーションによって大半の貨物は手作業で分類したり倉庫に保管しておく必要がなくなり、剥き出しのばら積み貨物をこれまで荷役していた何千人もの港湾労働者に取って代わるものとなった。またコンテナリゼーションは、港の混雑を軽減し、輸送時間を大幅に短縮し、損傷や盗難による損失をも減少させた。コンテナと、それを運ぶための専用船やトレーラーや様々な荷役機器が、輸送の定時性や輸送期間の大幅短縮をもたらし輸送コストを劇的に削減したことで、外国の商品を買うコストも低下し、企業が工場を賃金の安い外国に移転してその製品を輸入することが現実的になった。コンテナ輸送は国際貿易ブームを牽引し、グローバリゼーションの主要因となった。 (ja) Containerisatie is de ontwikkeling om bij het intermodaal goederenvervoer gebruik te maken van stalen standaard-laadkisten, ook wel zeecontainers of ISO-containers genoemd. De vrachtcontainers worden vervaardigd uit cortenstaal en hebben verschillende gestandaardiseerde afmetingen. Het systeem van maakt een zo efficiënt mogelijke wijze van overslag en vervoer mogelijk. De stalen kisten zijn zo ontworpen dat ze kunnen worden geladen, vervoerd en gelost op verschillende manieren. Er zijn zowel vorklifters als kranen die de containers kunnen hanteren. ISO-containers worden verzegeld naar hun, vaak internationale, bestemming vervoerd met speciaal daarvoor ingerichte containerschepen, containertreinen en vrachtwagens zonder dat ze onderweg geopend behoeven te worden. Het systeem is gemechaniseerd en in belangrijke havens grotendeels geautomatiseerd wat het werk eenvoudiger en veiliger maakt. Iedere container is genummerd en kan getraceerd worden met behulp van een computersysteem. (nl) La containerizzazione è un'operazione di stivaggio della merce in contenitori marittimi (o "container intermodali", shipping container , "container ISO", etc.) o in contenitori aerei. Più in generale ci si riferisce al sistema di trasporto merci basato su container, in particolare nel settore dei trasporti marittimi. I contenitori vengono realizzati con dimensioni standard, e possono essere caricati e scaricati, impilati, trasportati in modo efficiente su lunghe distanze, e trasferiti da un mezzo di trasporto a un altro, come navi portacontainer, ferrovie e camion, senza essere aperto. Il sistema si è sviluppato dopo la seconda guerra mondiale, portando a una significativa riduzione dei costi trasporto, danneggiamenti della merce e furti, sostenendo un notevole aumento del commercio internazionale. Ovviamente per alcuni prodotti sfusi si rende impraticabile la containerizzazione. (it) ISO-container är en lastbehållare i storlekar, som är standardiserade av ISO och som är avsedda lastas på järnvägsvagnar, lastbilar och fraktfartyg. Containrar finns i storlekarna 6,058 meter (20 fot), 12,19 meter (40 fot), 13,72 meter (45 fot), 14,63 meter (48 fot) och 16,15 meter (53 fot). Standardcontainern har en bredd av 2,438 meter (8 fot) och en höjd av 2,591 meter. Invändig bredd är 2,350 meter, invändig längd 5,898 meter och invändig höjd är 2,390 meter. En version av standardcontainern kallad "High-Cube" har en höjd av 2,90 meter. Dimensionerna har ursprung i USA och är valda för att hålla sig inom de lastprofiler som finns för landsvägar. En 20-fots container får väga max 24,00 ton brutto med 21,6 tons last. En 40-fots container får väga max 30,48 ton brutto med 26,5 tons last. Kapaciteten (volym) för både hamnanläggningar och containerfartyg brukar anges i enheterna TEU (twenty-feet equivalent unit sv:tjugofotsekvivalenter) eller (forty-feet equivalent unit sv:fyrtiofotsekvivalenter), där 1 FEU motsvarar 2 TEU. Ett containerfartyg kan ha en kapacitet på över 19000 TEU. Containrar med fast tak lastas med styckegods, som normalt lastas på pall (så kallade Europapallar eller SJ-pallar). Det ryms 11 pallar i 20-fotscontainern, och 25 pallar i 40-fotscontainern. Dimensionerna är valda i USA och är inte anpassade till Europapallar och inte Europapallarna efter dem, varför det blir en del tomrum när man lastar pallar. Man måste ta till särskilda åtgärder för att pallarna ska förankras. På väg körs en 40-fotare eller två 20-fotare per ekipage. I Sverige och Finland har Transportstyrelsen även beviljat dispens för ekipage med två 40-fotare eller tre TEU. På järnväg, som har större möjlig lastkapacitet än lastbil, är det i till exempel USA vanligt att lasta två containrar på varandra, men i Europa tillåts inte sådan höjd vid tågtransport. Vinsten med containrar är vid omlastning mellan båt/lastbil/tåg, att det är enklare att hantera. (sv) Designa-se por conteinerização (português brasileiro) ou contentorização (português europeu) o processo que foi iniciado na década de 1960 sob impulso do empreendedor norte-americano Malcom McLean e posteriormente globalizado na década de 1980 e que consiste no uso de contêineres para o transporte de mercadorias, principalmente no transporte marítimo. Os contêiners (em Portugal: contentores) surgiram nos Estados Unidos na década de 1950. Com vários tamanhos, a normalização internacional é realizada com o desenvolvimento de contêiner de vinte pés (referido como TEU, do inglês Twenty-foot Equivalent Unit, que se tornou uma nova unidade de medida) e contêiners de 40 pés. Este modo de transporte levou à redução de custos através da redução dos custos de manuseio, e da quebra e roubo de produtos. A cadeia de fornecimento de bens foi simplificada, entre o fabricante e o cliente final. É o contêiner que vai ser manipulado de modo altamente automatizado, graças à padronização do tamanho e ganchos das "caixas". Estes recipientes são destinados principalmente para o transporte de produtos fabricados, mas também pode. levar outros produtos: frutas, legumes e outros produtos alimentares, produtos líquidos ou em viaturas, enquanto contêineres especializados - cisternas, contêineres refrigeradas ou outros - mas sempre com dimensões padrão, também podem circular nos portos e por via terrestre ou ferroviária. (pt) Контейнерные перевозки (или контейнеризация) — грузоперевозки с использованием стандартных контейнеров. Позволяют выполнять бесперегрузочную доставку товаров от отправителя к получателю, тем самым значительно сократив объём промежуточных погрузочно-разгрузочных работ. (ru) Контейнерні перевезення (або контейнеризація) — вантажоперевезення з використанням стандартних контейнерів. Дозволяють виконувати безперевантажувальну доставку товарів від відправника до одержувача, тим самим значно скоротивши обсяг проміжних вантажно-розвантажувальних робіт. (uk) |
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| rdfs:comment | نظام النقل بالحاويات هو نظام لنقل البضائع باستخدام حاويات الشحن (تسمى أيضاً بالحاويات القياسية) المصنوعة من الحديد. تصنع الحاويات بمواصفات قياسية ويتم نقلها وتخزينها بكفاءة عبر مسافات طويلة ويمكن أيضاً نقلها ما بين السفن والقطارات والعربات المخصصة بدون فتحها.يتم تداول الحاويات عن طريق اوناش مجهزة بطريقة ميكانيكية ويتم ترقيم كل الحاويات بشكل قياسي سهل التعرف عليه عن طريق أنظمة إلكترونية. طُوّر هذا النظام بعد الحرب العالمية الثانية وساعد في تقليص تكلفة نقل البضائع بطريقة كبيرة وقد ساهم بشكل واضح في انتعاش حركة الاقتصاد العالمية بعد الحرب. (ar) Kontejner = základní přepravně manipulační jednotka, pro kterou platí: vnitřní objem je minimálně 1 m3,možnost přepravy zboží jedním nebo více druhy dopravy bez nutnosti překládky zboží,konstrukce je upravena pro snadnou a rychlou manipulaci při překládce mezi jednotlivými druhy dopravy a k upevnění na dopravním prostředku,konstrukce umožňuje snadné a rychlé plnění a vyprazdňování,dostatečná pevnost pro opakované užívání,normalizované rozměry. (cs) 컨테이너리제이션(containerization)이란 컨테이너를 매체로 한 수송 체계화를 말한다. 컨테이너화(化)되면 육해공의 수송으로 일관성이 있으며, 대량 수송과 시간의 단축이 가능하게 된다. 그것은 컨테이너를 공장에 유치, 그대로 적재하여 트레일러로 끌어 직접 수요자에게 운반할 수가 있기 때문이다. 이것은 또 하역의 에도 관련되어, 수송 코스트의 절감, 포장비·창고료·보험료의 삭감 등 많은 메리트를 갖고 있다. 현대 수송은 점점 컨테이너리제이션이 발달한 것이 특징이다. 이 문서에는 다음커뮤니케이션(현 카카오)에서 GFDL 또는 CC-SA 라이선스로 배포한 글로벌 세계대백과사전의 내용을 기초로 작성된 글이 포함되어 있습니다. (ko) Контейнерные перевозки (или контейнеризация) — грузоперевозки с использованием стандартных контейнеров. Позволяют выполнять бесперегрузочную доставку товаров от отправителя к получателю, тем самым значительно сократив объём промежуточных погрузочно-разгрузочных работ. (ru) Контейнерні перевезення (або контейнеризація) — вантажоперевезення з використанням стандартних контейнерів. Дозволяють виконувати безперевантажувальну доставку товарів від відправника до одержувача, тим самим значно скоротивши обсяг проміжних вантажно-розвантажувальних робіт. (uk) Als Containertransport bezeichnet man eine spezielle Art des Behältertransports, der auf intermodalen, stapelbaren Metallcontainern (wie etwa Luftfrachtcontainer, ISO-Container usw.) basiert. Diese Container werden nach standardisierten Maßen gefertigt und können effizient be- und entladen, gestapelt, transportiert und zwischen verschiedenen Verkehrsmitteln umgeladen werden. (de) Containerization is a system of intermodal freight transport using intermodal containers (also called shipping containers and ISO containers). Containerization is also referred as "Container Stuffing" or "Container Loading", which is the process of unitization of cargoes in exports. Containerization is the predominant form of unitization of export cargoes, as opposed to other systems such as the barge system or palletization. The containers have standardized dimensions. They can be loaded and unloaded, stacked, transported efficiently over long distances, and transferred from one mode of transport to another—container ships, rail transport flatcars, and semi-trailer trucks—without being opened. The handling system is completely mechanized so that all handling is done with cranes and specia (en) La conteneurisation est un système de transport de fret intermodal utilisant des conteneurs (aussi appelé conteneurs ISO). Ceux-ci sont basés sur des dimensions standardisées. Ils peuvent être chargés et déchargés, empilés et transportés sur de longues distances, transféré d'un mode de transport à un autre (train, camion) sans avoir à être ouvert. Le système de chargement est mécanisé afin que toute manipulation soit faite par des grues et des chariots élévateurs. Tous les conteneurs sont numérotés et suivi grâce à des systèmes numériques. (fr) コンテナリゼーション（英:containerization）、コンテナ化とは、定規格の輸送コンテナに大小様々な貨物を積み込んで、コンテナごと一斉に運んでしまう輸送体系のこと。日本国内ではコンテナ輸送と呼ばれることも多い。 「日本のコンテナ輸送」も参照 コンテナは効率的な荷役および長距離の効率的な輸送が可能であり、ある輸送手段から別の輸送手段（例えばコンテナ船、鉄道輸送のコンテナ車、セミトレーラー）へ開扉することなく移行することも可能である。荷役システムは完全に機械化されているため、全ての荷役がクレーンや特殊なフォークリフトで行われる。全てのコンテナには番号が付されており、コンピューター化システムを用いた追跡が行われる。コンテナは耐候性鋼の素材でできており、メンテナンスの必要性を最小限に抑えている。 (ja) La containerizzazione è un'operazione di stivaggio della merce in contenitori marittimi (o "container intermodali", shipping container , "container ISO", etc.) o in contenitori aerei. Più in generale ci si riferisce al sistema di trasporto merci basato su container, in particolare nel settore dei trasporti marittimi. I contenitori vengono realizzati con dimensioni standard, e possono essere caricati e scaricati, impilati, trasportati in modo efficiente su lunghe distanze, e trasferiti da un mezzo di trasporto a un altro, come navi portacontainer, ferrovie e camion, senza essere aperto. Il sistema si è sviluppato dopo la seconda guerra mondiale, portando a una significativa riduzione dei costi trasporto, danneggiamenti della merce e furti, sostenendo un notevole aumento del commercio intern (it) Containerisatie is de ontwikkeling om bij het intermodaal goederenvervoer gebruik te maken van stalen standaard-laadkisten, ook wel zeecontainers of ISO-containers genoemd. De vrachtcontainers worden vervaardigd uit cortenstaal en hebben verschillende gestandaardiseerde afmetingen. Het systeem van maakt een zo efficiënt mogelijke wijze van overslag en vervoer mogelijk. De stalen kisten zijn zo ontworpen dat ze kunnen worden geladen, vervoerd en gelost op verschillende manieren. Er zijn zowel vorklifters als kranen die de containers kunnen hanteren. ISO-containers worden verzegeld naar hun, vaak internationale, bestemming vervoerd met speciaal daarvoor ingerichte containerschepen, containertreinen en vrachtwagens zonder dat ze onderweg geopend behoeven te worden. Het systeem is gemechanisee (nl) Designa-se por conteinerização (português brasileiro) ou contentorização (português europeu) o processo que foi iniciado na década de 1960 sob impulso do empreendedor norte-americano Malcom McLean e posteriormente globalizado na década de 1980 e que consiste no uso de contêineres para o transporte de mercadorias, principalmente no transporte marítimo. (pt) ISO-container är en lastbehållare i storlekar, som är standardiserade av ISO och som är avsedda lastas på järnvägsvagnar, lastbilar och fraktfartyg. Containrar finns i storlekarna 6,058 meter (20 fot), 12,19 meter (40 fot), 13,72 meter (45 fot), 14,63 meter (48 fot) och 16,15 meter (53 fot). Standardcontainern har en bredd av 2,438 meter (8 fot) och en höjd av 2,591 meter. Invändig bredd är 2,350 meter, invändig längd 5,898 meter och invändig höjd är 2,390 meter. En version av standardcontainern kallad "High-Cube" har en höjd av 2,90 meter. Dimensionerna har ursprung i USA och är valda för att hålla sig inom de lastprofiler som finns för landsvägar. En 20-fots container får väga max 24,00 ton brutto med 21,6 tons last. En 40-fots container får väga max 30,48 ton brutto med 26,5 tons last. (sv) |
| rdfs:label | نظام النقل بالحاويات (ar) Kontejnerizace (cs) Containertransport (de) Containerization (en) Containerizzazione (it) Conteneurisation (fr) 컨테이너리제이션 (ko) コンテナリゼーション (ja) Containerisatie (nl) Conteinerização (pt) Контейнерные перевозки (ru) ISO-container (sv) Контейнерні перевезення (uk) |
| rdfs:seeAlso | dbr:Less-than-carload |
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| skos:closeMatch | http://zbw.eu/stw/descriptor/13615-5 http://zbw.eu/stw/descriptor/14318-6 http://zbw.eu/stw/descriptor/18595-2 |
| prov:wasDerivedFrom | wikipedia-en:Containerization?oldid=1120666775&ns=0 |
| foaf:depiction | wiki-commons:Special:FilePath/Container_ship_loading-700px.jpg wiki-commons:Special:FilePath/Container_wendy_house.jpg wiki-commons:Special:FilePath/Gueterwagen_anagoria.jpg wiki-commons:Special:FilePath/Im_Orkan,_Container_über_Bord_-_Nordatlantik_im_Winter_1980.jpg wiki-commons:Special:FilePath/Korea_busan_pusan_harbour_cargo_container_terminal.jpg wiki-commons:Special:FilePath/LD-air-freight-containers.jpg wiki-commons:Special:FilePath/LMS_freight_container...n_(CJ_Allen,_Steel_Highway,_1928).jpg wiki-commons:Special:FilePath/Maersk_Line_containers_in_1975_(7312784586).jpg wiki-commons:Special:FilePath/Maersk_Virginia,_Fremantle,_2015_(01).jpg wiki-commons:Special:FilePath/Malcolm_McLean_at_railing,_Port_Newark,_1957_(7312751706).jpg wiki-commons:Special:FilePath/NYK_Virgo_(8154929586).jpg wiki-commons:Special:FilePath/Psa_keppel.jpg wiki-commons:Special:FilePath/Queens_Wharf,_Port_Adelaide,_before_1927.jpeg wiki-commons:Special:FilePath/Shanghai_Express_Port_of_Rotterdam_17-Apr-2006.jpg wiki-commons:Special:FilePath/WCML_freight_train.jpg wiki-commons:Special:FilePath/Line3174_-_Shipping_C...Port_Elizabeth,_New_Jersey_-_NOAA.jpg |
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