Depictions of Muhammad (original) (raw)
- وصف النبي محمد وردت العديد من الروايات عن الصحابة في صفة النبي محمد بن عبد الله الخلقية، وقد جمع المسلمون ما توارثوه من وصف خلقة نبيّهم في كتب كثيرة عرفت باسم كتب الشمائل، وأشهر هذه الكتب هو «الشمائل المحمدية»، للترمذي. حيث ذكر فيه أحاديث كثيرة في وصفه. ويقال إن الصحابي حسان بن ثابت شاعر الرسول قد قال في وصف جمال خلقته: (ar)
- The permissibility of depictions of Muhammad in Islam has been a contentious issue. Oral and written descriptions of Muhammad are readily accepted by all traditions of Islam, but there is disagreement about visual depictions. The Quran does not explicitly or implicitly forbid images of Muhammad. The ahadith (supplemental teachings) present an ambiguous picture, but there are a few that have explicitly prohibited Muslims from creating visual depictions of human figures. It is agreed on all sides that there is no authentic visual tradition (pictures created during Muhammad's lifetime) as to the appearance of Muhammad, although there are early legends of portraits of him, and written physical descriptions whose authenticity is often accepted. The question of whether images in Islamic art, including those depicting Muhammad, can be considered as religious art remains a matter of contention among scholars. They appear in illustrated books that are normally works of history or poetry, including those with religious subjects; the Quran is never illustrated: "context and intent are essential to understanding Islamic pictorial art. The Muslim artists creating images of Muhammad, and the public who beheld them, understood that the images were not objects of worship. Nor were the objects so decorated used as part of religious worship". However, scholars concede that such images have "a spiritual element", and were also sometimes used in informal religious devotions celebrating the day of the Mi'raj. Many visual depictions only show Muhammad with his face veiled, or symbolically represent him as a flame; other images, notably from before about 1500, show his face. With the notable exception of modern-day Iran, depictions of Muhammad were never numerous in any community or era throughout Islamic history, and appeared almost exclusively in the private medium of Persian and other miniature book illustration. The key medium of public religious art in Islam was and is calligraphy. In Ottoman Turkey the hilya developed as a decorated visual arrangement of texts about Muhammad that was displayed as a portrait might be. Visual images of Muhammad in the non-Islamic West have always been infrequent. In the Middle Ages they were mostly hostile, and most often appear in illustrations of Dante's poetry. In the Renaissance and Early Modern period, Muhammad was sometimes depicted, typically in a more neutral or heroic light; the depictions began to encounter protests from Muslims. In the age of the Internet, a handful of caricature depictions printed in the European press have caused global protests and controversy and been associated with violence. (en)
- Kebebasan membuat gambar Muhammad, nabi dan rasul terakhir agama Islam, sejak dulu merupakan suatu perkara yang dipertentangkan dalam sejarah Islam. Terdapatnya banyak media dalam penggambaran (misalnya lukisan), meskipun penggambaran lisan dan penggambaran tulisan diterima dengan mudah oleh seluruh tradisi Islam. Al-Qur'an tidak mengharamkan gambar Nabi secara tertulis, tetapi terdapat sebagian ayat yang melarang orang Muslim secara tegas dari pencipta gambar seperti manusia dalam apapun juga keadaannya. Kebanyakan orang Muslim Ahlussunah waljama'ah sezaman mempercayai bahwa penggambaran nabi umumnya harus diharamkan. Kekhawatiran utama mereka adalah penggunaan gambar mendorong penyembahan berhala, dengan gambar tersebut dijadikan lebih penting daripada apa yang dilambangkannya. Dalam seni Islam, setengah gambaran tampak hanya menonjolkan Nabi Muhammad dengan mukanya tersembunyi, atau melambangkannya sebagai . Walau bagaimanapun, gambar yang lain, khususnya dari orang Parsi serta juga dari Kesultanan Utsmaniyah menonjolkan gambar Nabi dengan sepenuhnya. Setengah orang Islam, khususnya orang Islam Syiah, memegang pandangan yang kurang melampaui. Kebanyakan sarjana Syiah menerima penggambaran dan penggunaan illustrasi yang penuh hormat tentang Muhammad di dalam buku dan hiasan seni pendidikan, seperti oleh orang Islam Sunah Waljamaah pada suatu ketika. Bagaimanapun, banyak orang Muslim yang memegang pandangan hadist yang lebih ketat terkadang akan memprotes penggambaran Muhammad, termasuk gambar yang diciptakan atau diterbitkan oleh orang non-Muslim. (in)
- Il existe diverses représentations de Mahomet, à la fois dans les mondes islamique et occidental, tant anciennes que contemporaines. Leur existence, intimement liée à celle de la représentation figurée dans un contexte musulman, est toutefois source d'importants débats : peut-on représenter le prophète de l'islam ? Si non, pourquoi ? Si oui, comment ? Depuis 2005 et l'affaire des caricatures de Mahomet du journal Jyllands-Posten, plusieurs publications des caricatures de Mahomet ont déclenché des réactions violentes, allant jusqu'à l'homicide, et donnant à cette question une dimension dramatique. (fr)
- ムハンマドの表象(ムハンマドのひょうしょう)は、イスラム世界において一筋縄ではいかない問題である。歴史を通じて、ムハンマドの人相や風体を口承や文書によって伝えることが問題になることは少なかったが、視覚的に描写することはその許容範囲について意見が一致しない。コーランにははっきりとムハンマドの肖像画を禁じているととれる箇所はないものの、いくつかのハディースがムハンマドの姿を視覚的に描写することを明確に禁じている。ムハンマドの外見について視覚的に描写することはあらゆる意味で伝統的であったとはいえないものの、ムハンマドの肖像画の存在を伝える古い文献や、外見の特徴を書き記したものが残っており、その特徴については正しいとされることが多い。 ムハンマド画をはじめとしてイスラム美術における視覚表象を宗教美術として許容しうるかという問題は、学者のあいだでも意見の一致をみない。宗教的な人物でも歴史や詩歌の著作であればふつう挿絵がつくのに対し、コーランはそれがない。「文脈と意図の把握が、イスラムの絵画美術を理解するうえでは欠かせない。ムハンマド像を創り出したムスリム画家たちも、それを鑑賞したムスリム社会も、それが崇拝の対象ではないことを理解していた。たとえそれが装飾として崇拝対象の一部をなしていたとしても」。 一方で、学者もこうした肖像画が「宗教的な要素」を帯びることについては認めていて、例えばイスラム社会で普遍的な信仰ではないが、(昇天)を祝うためにムハンマドの肖像が利用されることもある。ムハンマドを視覚的に描写した例の多くが、顔をヴェールでおおっているか、その姿を炎として象徴的に描いている。1500年頃の有名な作品には、ムハンマドを顔も含めて描いているものもある。現代のイランという例外を除けば、ムハンマドの描写は非常に珍しい。イスラム社会のあらゆる時代、地域においても決して数は多くなく、みつかっても中世においてミニアチュールなど写本挿絵として、私蔵を前提に描かれているものにほぼ限られる。イスラム社会において公開を前提とした宗教美術の中心的であったのは、カリグラフィーである(イスラームの書法参照)。オスマントルコの時代には、ムハンマドについての文章を視覚的かつ装飾的に配置する美術のジャンルであるが発達した。このヒルイェは肖像画としても鑑賞されうるものであった。 西欧という非イスラム世界においては、ムハンマドの視覚的描写はほとんど例がない。中世においては、敵意をもって描かれることが多く、ほとんどがダンテの詩の挿絵に描かれるものであった。ルネサンスと近代初期まで時代が下ると、より中立的で、英雄として肯定的な描かれ方がされるようになった。一方で、ムハンマドの描写はムスリムから抗議を受けるようになり、インターネットの時代においては、ヨーロッパのメディアにムハンマドの風刺的な肖像画が掲載されたことが発端になり、国際的な抗議活動と論争、テロリズムに発展する事件まで起こった。 (ja)
- Le raffigurazioni di Maometto, fondatore dell'Islam, sono spesso oggetto di controversie e contestazioni. Descrizioni orali e scritte sono facilmente accettate da tutte le tradizioni dell'Islam, ma c'è disaccordo sulle rappresentazioni visive. Il Corano non vieta esplicitamente le immagini di Maometto, ma esistono alcuni ʾaḥādīth (tradizioni con valore giurisprudenziale, inferiori al solo Corano) che proibiscono ai musulmani di creare immagini del Profeta in qualsiasi circostanza. Questo porta molti sunniti e sciiti a credere che siano proibite, in senso assoluto, le rappresentazioni di qualsiasi essere vivente, con particolare riferimento a quelle di Maometto. La loro preoccupazione principale è che le immagini possano incoraggiare l'idolatria quando l'immagine stessa diventi più importante di ciò che rappresenta. Nell'arte islamica, alcune immagini raffigurano Maometto con il volto velato o attraverso il simbolo di una fiamma, anche se non mancano miniature in cui se ne propone la raffigurazione umana senza lo schermo di velature o simboli. Maometto conduce in preghiera Abramo, Mosè, Gesù e altri. Miniatura persiana Altri musulmani propongono, invece, un punto di vista più tollerante. Alcuni, particolarmente gli sciiti fuori dall'Iran, accettano sue rappresentazioni se sono rispettose, e utilizzano abitualmente immagini di Maometto in libri e decorazioni artistiche, come hanno fatto anche i sunniti in diverse epoche nel passato. Ciò non toglie che molti musulmani che si pongono su posizioni strettamente tradizionalistiche siano contrari ad ogni rappresentazione di Maometto, anche da parte di non musulmani. (it)
- Допустимость изображения Мухаммеда, одного из пророков в исламе, всегда была и продолжает оставаться объектом споров и критики в истории этой религии. Устные и письменные описания разрешены всеми течениями ислама, но по поводу допустимости рисованных изображений общего мнения нет. В Коране нет прямого запрета на изображения Мухаммеда, а в нескольких хадисах прямо говорится о запрете на изображение живых существ. Большинство суннитов считает, что следует запретить все изображения пророков ислама и особенно нетерпимы к изображениям Мухаммеда, в основном это продиктовано боязнью идолопоклонства. В шиизме изображения Мухаммада весьма нередки, несмотря на то, что богословы всегда выступали против них. Многие мусульмане, придерживающиеся жёстких ограничений, считают недопустимыми любые изображения Мухаммеда, включая те, что были сделаны иноверцами. Учёные также спорят по вопросу того, являются ли изображения Мухаммеда исламским искусством. Они встречаются в сборниках стихов и книгах по истории, включая религиозные; Коран никогда не иллюстрируют, так как, согласно исламской традиции, изображения не должны быть предметом поклонения, хотя учёные сходятся во мнении, что подобные картины имели «духовный элемент» и иногда использовались в неформальных церемониях, например, в праздновании дня мираджа. На многих изображениях лицо Мухаммеда скрыто тканью, на других он показан символически в виде пламени. На рисунках, созданных до XIV века, зачастую показано его лицо. Тем не менее, изображения пророка были редки в любую эпоху, появляясь почти исключительно в персидских и других миниатюрах, иллюстрирующих книги. Основным массовым искусством в исламе являлась и продолжает оставаться каллиграфия. (ru)
- A admissibilidade de representações de Maomé, o fundador do islamismo, tem sido uma questão controversa na história da religião. Descrições orais e escritas são prontamente aceitas por todas as tradições do Islã, mas existe desacordo sobre representações visuais. O Alcorão explicitamente não proíbe imagens de Maomé, mas há alguns hádices (tradições com valor jurisprudencial, logo abaixo do Corão) que têm explicitamente proibido os muçulmanos de criar representações visuais de figuras. Muitos sunitas acreditam que a representação de qualquer ser vivo é proibida em um sentido absoluto, com especial referência a de Maomé. A sua principal preocupação é que as imagens possam incentivar a idolatria. Na arte islâmica, existem algumas imagens retratando Maomé com o rosto encoberto, ou com o símbolo de uma chama, embora existam miniaturas em que a sua representação humana, é mostrada sem véus ou símbolos. Alguns muçulmanos aceitam, no entanto, um ponto de vista mais tolerante, principalmente os xiitas residindo fora do Irã, que aceitam suas representações, são respeitosos a elas, e habitualmente usam imagens de Maomé em livros e decorações, assim como os sunitas em várias épocas no passado. Mesmo nas áreas xiitas do Islã, as imagens de Maomé são bastante comuns hoje em dia, embora os estudiosos xiitas historicamente tenham sido contra tais representações. Ainda assim, muitos muçulmanos com uma visão mais rigorosa das tradições se opõem a qualquer representação de Maomé, até mesmo por não-muçulmanos. A questão quanto à consideração de imagens em arte islâmica, incluindo aquelas que representam Maomé, como uma arte religiosa continua a ser um tema de debate entre os estudiosos. Elas aparecem em livros ilustrados, que normalmente são obras de história ou poesia, incluindo aquelas com temas religiosos. Porém, o Alcorão nunca é ilustrado: "contexto e intenção são essenciais e suficientes para a compreensão da arte pictórica islâmica. Os artistas muçulmanos, criando imagens de Maomé, e o público, olhando para elas, entenderam que as imagens não eram objetos de culto, nem foram os objetos assim decorados usados como parte do culto religioso". No entanto, estudiosos admitem que essas imagens têm "um elemento espiritual", e também foram usadas às vezes em informais devoções religiosas celebrando o dia do Miraj. Muitas representações visuais só mostram Maomé, com o rosto encoberto, como é o caso do famoso épico turco sobre a vida de Maomé o Siyer-i Nebi, ou então representam-no simbolicamente como uma chama; porém outras imagens, nomeadamente de antes de cerca de 1 500, mostram o rosto. Com a notável excepção do actual Irão, representações de Maomé eram raras, nunca numerosas em qualquer comunidade ou era ao longo da história islâmica, aparecendo quase que exclusivamente no meio privado persa ou em miniaturas em ilustrações de livros. A arte religiosa pública no Islã era, e continua sendo, a caligrafia. Imagens visuais de Maomé no Ocidente não islâmico sempre foram pouco frequentes. Na Idade Média eram, na sua maioria, hostis. No período da Renascença e do início da Modernidade, Maomé era por vezes retratado, tipicamente sob uma luz mais neutra ou heróica; as representações começaram a encontrar protestos de muçulmanos. Na era da Internet, um punhado de representações impressas na imprensa europeia provocaram protestos, controvérsias globais e violência. (pt)
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- http://www.newsweek.com/koran-does-not-forbid-images-prophet-298298
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- وصف النبي محمد وردت العديد من الروايات عن الصحابة في صفة النبي محمد بن عبد الله الخلقية، وقد جمع المسلمون ما توارثوه من وصف خلقة نبيّهم في كتب كثيرة عرفت باسم كتب الشمائل، وأشهر هذه الكتب هو «الشمائل المحمدية»، للترمذي. حيث ذكر فيه أحاديث كثيرة في وصفه. ويقال إن الصحابي حسان بن ثابت شاعر الرسول قد قال في وصف جمال خلقته: (ar)
- The permissibility of depictions of Muhammad in Islam has been a contentious issue. Oral and written descriptions of Muhammad are readily accepted by all traditions of Islam, but there is disagreement about visual depictions. The Quran does not explicitly or implicitly forbid images of Muhammad. The ahadith (supplemental teachings) present an ambiguous picture, but there are a few that have explicitly prohibited Muslims from creating visual depictions of human figures. It is agreed on all sides that there is no authentic visual tradition (pictures created during Muhammad's lifetime) as to the appearance of Muhammad, although there are early legends of portraits of him, and written physical descriptions whose authenticity is often accepted. (en)
- Kebebasan membuat gambar Muhammad, nabi dan rasul terakhir agama Islam, sejak dulu merupakan suatu perkara yang dipertentangkan dalam sejarah Islam. Terdapatnya banyak media dalam penggambaran (misalnya lukisan), meskipun penggambaran lisan dan penggambaran tulisan diterima dengan mudah oleh seluruh tradisi Islam. (in)
- Il existe diverses représentations de Mahomet, à la fois dans les mondes islamique et occidental, tant anciennes que contemporaines. Leur existence, intimement liée à celle de la représentation figurée dans un contexte musulman, est toutefois source d'importants débats : peut-on représenter le prophète de l'islam ? Si non, pourquoi ? Si oui, comment ? (fr)
- Le raffigurazioni di Maometto, fondatore dell'Islam, sono spesso oggetto di controversie e contestazioni. Descrizioni orali e scritte sono facilmente accettate da tutte le tradizioni dell'Islam, ma c'è disaccordo sulle rappresentazioni visive. Il Corano non vieta esplicitamente le immagini di Maometto, ma esistono alcuni ʾaḥādīth (tradizioni con valore giurisprudenziale, inferiori al solo Corano) che proibiscono ai musulmani di creare immagini del Profeta in qualsiasi circostanza. Questo porta molti sunniti e sciiti a credere che siano proibite, in senso assoluto, le rappresentazioni di qualsiasi essere vivente, con particolare riferimento a quelle di Maometto. La loro preoccupazione principale è che le immagini possano incoraggiare l'idolatria quando l'immagine stessa diventi più importan (it)
- ムハンマドの表象(ムハンマドのひょうしょう)は、イスラム世界において一筋縄ではいかない問題である。歴史を通じて、ムハンマドの人相や風体を口承や文書によって伝えることが問題になることは少なかったが、視覚的に描写することはその許容範囲について意見が一致しない。コーランにははっきりとムハンマドの肖像画を禁じているととれる箇所はないものの、いくつかのハディースがムハンマドの姿を視覚的に描写することを明確に禁じている。ムハンマドの外見について視覚的に描写することはあらゆる意味で伝統的であったとはいえないものの、ムハンマドの肖像画の存在を伝える古い文献や、外見の特徴を書き記したものが残っており、その特徴については正しいとされることが多い。 ムハンマド画をはじめとしてイスラム美術における視覚表象を宗教美術として許容しうるかという問題は、学者のあいだでも意見の一致をみない。宗教的な人物でも歴史や詩歌の著作であればふつう挿絵がつくのに対し、コーランはそれがない。「文脈と意図の把握が、イスラムの絵画美術を理解するうえでは欠かせない。ムハンマド像を創り出したムスリム画家たちも、それを鑑賞したムスリム社会も、それが崇拝の対象ではないことを理解していた。たとえそれが装飾として崇拝対象の一部をなしていたとしても」。 (ja)
- A admissibilidade de representações de Maomé, o fundador do islamismo, tem sido uma questão controversa na história da religião. Descrições orais e escritas são prontamente aceitas por todas as tradições do Islã, mas existe desacordo sobre representações visuais. O Alcorão explicitamente não proíbe imagens de Maomé, mas há alguns hádices (tradições com valor jurisprudencial, logo abaixo do Corão) que têm explicitamente proibido os muçulmanos de criar representações visuais de figuras. (pt)
- Допустимость изображения Мухаммеда, одного из пророков в исламе, всегда была и продолжает оставаться объектом споров и критики в истории этой религии. Устные и письменные описания разрешены всеми течениями ислама, но по поводу допустимости рисованных изображений общего мнения нет. В Коране нет прямого запрета на изображения Мухаммеда, а в нескольких хадисах прямо говорится о запрете на изображение живых существ. (ru)
- Depictions of Muhammad (en)
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- Penggambaran Muhammad (in)
- Raffigurazioni di Maometto (it)
- Représentation de Mahomet (fr)
- ムハンマドの表象 (ja)
- Representações de Maomé (pt)
- Изображения Мухаммеда (ru)
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