Shunzhi Emperor (original) (raw)
Shùnzhì (chinesisch 順治, * 15. März 1638; † 5. Februar 1661, Kaiser seit 30. Oktober 1644) war der Sohn des mandschurischen Fürsten Huang Taiji (Abahai) und wurde nach der Eroberung Chinas durch die Mandschu im Alter von sechs Jahren zum ersten Kaiser der neu begründeten Qing-Dynastie.
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| dbo:abstract | L'Emperador Shunzhi (xinès tradicional: 順治, xinès simplificat: 顺治, pinyin: Shùnzhì; Wade-Giles: Shun-chih, Mukden, actual Shenyang, 15 de març de 1638 - 5 de febrer de 1661, emperador des del 30 d'octubre de 1644) va ser el segon emperador de la dinastia Qing, l'última dinastia imperial xinesa, d'origen manxú, i el primer que va regnar sobre tota Xina, després que la cort fóra traslladada de Mukden a Pequín. El seu nom real era Fúlín (xinès tradicional: 福臨, xinès simplificat: 福临, manxú: Fulin), però, com als altres emperadors d'aquesta dinastia, se li coneix habitualment pel nom del seu regnat, Shunzhi. Aquest costum es deu al tabú sobre els noms en la cultura xinesa, pel qual es considera irreverent l'esment del nom propi d'un emperador. (ca) Shùnzhì (chinesisch 順治, * 15. März 1638; † 5. Februar 1661, Kaiser seit 30. Oktober 1644) war der Sohn des mandschurischen Fürsten Huang Taiji (Abahai) und wurde nach der Eroberung Chinas durch die Mandschu im Alter von sechs Jahren zum ersten Kaiser der neu begründeten Qing-Dynastie. (de) Šun-č' (čínsky 順治帝, pinyin Shùnzhìdì) (15. března 1638 – 5. ledna 1661) byl v pořadí druhý císař mandžuské dynastie Čching. Stal se prvním císařem z této dynastie, který vládl nad celou vlastní Čínou (1644–1661). Na trůn nastoupil v pěti letech po smrti svého otce císaře Chung Tchaj-ťiho. Po jeho smrti se císařského trůnu chopil Kchang-si. (cs) Ο Αυτοκράτορας Σουντσί (顺治帝, 15 Μαρτίου 1638 - 5 Φεβρουαρίου 1661) ήταν αυτοκράτορας της Κίνας. Πατέρας του ήταν ο Χονγκ Ταιζί και μητέρα του ήταν η Μπουμπουτάι. Ο πατέρας του κατέλαβε το Πεκίνο και έγινε ο πρώτος αυτοκράτορας των Τσινγκ. (el) El Emperador Shunzhi (chino tradicional: 順治, chino simplificado: 顺治, pinyin: Shùnzhì, Wade-Giles: Shun-chih, Mukden, actual Shenyang, 15 de marzo de 1638 - 5 de febrero de 1661, emperador de toda China desde 1644) fue el segundo emperador de la dinastía Qing, la última dinastía imperial china, de origen manchú, y el primero que reinó sobre toda China, después de que la corte fuera trasladada de Mukden a Pekín. Su nombre real era Fúlín (chino tradicional: 福臨, chino simplificado: 福临, manchú: ᡶᡠᠯᡳᠨ), pero, como a los demás emperadores de esta dinastía, se le conoce habitualmente por el nombre de su reinado, Shunzhi. Esta costumbre se debe al tabú sobre los nombres en la cultura china, por el cual se considera irrespetuosa la mención del nombre propio de un emperador. (es) L'empereur Shunzhi (chinois : 順治帝 ; Mandchou : ᡶᡠᠯᡳᠨ, nom personnel Aixinjuelo Fulin) (15 mars 1638 - 5 février 1661), est le fils de Huang-Taiji, 2e empereur Mandchou de la dynastie Qing qui occupait alors la Chine du Nord. Il fut le premier de la dynastie à monter sur le trône impérial à Pékin, à la Cité interdite. Il fut empereur de Chine du Nord de 1643 à 1644, puis des deux Chines de 1644 à 1661. (fr) Kaisar Shunzhi (Hanzi: 顺治, Mongol: Eyebeer Zasagch Khaan, 15 Maret 1638 – 5 Februari 1661) adalah kaisar ketiga Dinasti Qing dan Kaisar Tiongkok pertama dari suku Manchu, sejak bangsa minoritas itu menduduki Tiongkok tahun 1644 M. Nama aslinya adalah Aisin Gioro Fulin（爱新觉罗福临, putra ke-9 dari Huang Taiji. Shunzhi menduduki tahta setelah ayahnya, Huang Taiji, mangkat pada tahun 1643 M. (in) The Shunzhi Emperor (15 March 1638 – 5 February 1661) was the second emperor of the Qing dynasty of China, and the first Qing emperor to rule over China proper, reigning from 1644 to 1661. A committee of Manchu princes chose him to succeed his father, Hong Taiji (1592–1643), in September 1643, when he was five years old. The princes also appointed two co-regents: Dorgon (1612–1650), the 14th son of the Qing dynasty's founder Nurhaci (1559–1626), and Jirgalang (1599–1655), one of Nurhaci's nephews, both of whom were members of the Qing imperial clan. From 1643 to 1650, political power lay mostly in the hands of Dorgon. Under his leadership, the Qing Empire conquered most of the territory of the fallen Ming dynasty (1368–1644), chased Ming loyalist regimes deep into the southwestern provinces, and established the basis of Qing rule over China proper despite highly unpopular policies such as the "hair cutting command" of 1645, which forced Qing subjects to shave their forehead and braid their remaining hair into a queue resembling that of the Manchus. After Dorgon's death on the last day of 1650, the young Shunzhi Emperor started to rule personally. He tried, with mixed success, to fight corruption and to reduce the political influence of the Manchu nobility. In the 1650s, he faced a resurgence of Ming loyalist resistance, but by 1661 his armies had defeated the Qing Empire's last enemies, seafarer Koxinga (1624–1662) and the Prince of Gui (1623–1662) of the Southern Ming dynasty, both of whom would succumb the following year. The Shunzhi Emperor died at the age of 22 of smallpox, a highly contagious disease that was endemic in China, but against which the Manchus had no immunity. He was succeeded by his third son Xuanye, who had already survived smallpox, and who reigned for sixty years under the era name "Kangxi" (hence he was known as the Kangxi Emperor). Because fewer documents have survived from the Shunzhi era than from later eras of the Qing dynasty, the Shunzhi era is a relatively little-known period of Qing history. "Shunzhi" was the name of this ruler's reign period in Chinese. This title had equivalents in Manchu and Mongolian because the Qing imperial family was Manchu and ruled over many Mongol tribes that helped the Qing to conquer the Ming dynasty. The emperor's personal name was Fulin, and the posthumous name by which he was worshipped at the Imperial Ancestral Temple was Shizu (Wade–Giles: Shih-tsu; Chinese: 世祖). (en) 순치제(順治帝, 1638년 3월 15일(음력 1월 30일) ~ 1661년 2월 5일(음력 1월 7일))는 청 제국의 제3대 황제(재위 1643년 ~ 1661년)이자, 1644년 명나라가 멸망한 직후 청 제국이 산해관을 넘은 뒤 자금성에서 청 제국의 군주가 천명을 상실한 명나라의 주씨를 대신하여 중국의 새로운 수명천자(受命天子)가 되었음을 선언한 이래 첫번째 황제이다. 휘는 아이신기오로 풀린(만주어: ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠨᡤᡳᠣᡵᠣᡶᡠᠯᡳᠨ Aisin Gioro Fulin, 한국 한자: 愛新覺羅福臨 애신각라복림), 묘호는 세조(世祖, 만주어: ᡧᡳᡯᡠ Šidzu), 시호는 체천융운정통건극영예흠문현무대덕홍공지인순효장황제(體天隆運定統建極英睿欽文顯武大德弘功至仁純孝章皇帝), 짧은 시호로는 장황제(章皇帝, 만주어: ᡝᠯᡩᡝᠮᠪᡠᡥᡝᡥᡡᠸᠠᠩᡩᡳ Eldembuhe Hūwangdi)이며, 연호는 순치(順治, 만주어: ᡳᠵᡳᠰᡥᡡᠨᡩᠠᠰᠠᠨ Ijishūn Dasan, 몽골어: ᠡᠶᠡᠷᠡᠷᠢᠵᠠᠰᠠᠭᠴᠢ Eyeber Jasagči) 청 제국의 첫번째 황제인 숭덕제의 아홉 번째 아들로 어머니는 그의 후궁이었던 효장문황후(孝莊文皇后)이다. 1643년(숭덕 8년), 아버지인 숭덕제가 급사한 이후 의정왕대신회의에서 뜻하지 않게 어린 나이에 황위에 오른 후 숙부인 예친왕 도르곤과 종숙 지르갈랑이 섭정으로서 국사를 도맡아 이듬해인 1644년(순치 원년)에는 중원으로 들어가 멸망한 명나라의 뒤를 이어 새로운 통일 국가로서의 기틀을 마련하였다. 중국 대륙을 통치하기 시작하면서 강경책과 유화책을 골고루 사용, 한족의 문화와 생활 관습을 존중하고 중요한 상소문에도 만주어와 한문의 병용을 허락하였으나 한족 백성들에게는 변발을 강요하여 청 제국의 정통성을 다지기 위해 노력하였다. 또한 아담 샬 폰 벨과 같은 예수회 선교사를 골고루 등용하여 천문대와 화포 개발에도 힘을 기울였으며 이러한 서양 문화에 대한 호감은 뒷날 그의 아들인 강희제에게도 영향을 끼치게 되어 강건성세(康乾盛世)의 발판이 되었다. 그리고 순치제는 운남성 등에 흩어져 있던 명나라의 잔존 세력인 남명을 궤멸시키기 위해 군사를 파견하였다. (ko) 順治帝（じゅんちてい）は、清の第3代皇帝。諱はフリン（満州語: ᡶᡠᠯᡳᠨ 福臨 日本語読み:ふくりん）、廟号は世祖。在世時の元号順治を取って順治帝と呼ばれる。 入関後（中国支配の開始後）の清の土台を確固たるものとし、次代の康熙帝・雍正帝・乾隆帝の三世の春、いわゆる康雍乾盛世の黄金時代を導く役割をした。 中国共産党では初代ヌルハチと第2代ホンタイジを清の前身である後金の皇帝とし、順治帝を清の初代皇帝と位置付けている。 (ja) Shunzhi (15 maart 1638 - 5 februari 1661) was van 1644 tot 1661 de tweede keizer van de Qing-dynastie en de eerste van de dynastie die over China regeerde. Tot aan februari 1651 was er sprake van een regentschap dat vrijwel de gehele periode werd uitgeoefend door Dorgon (1612-1650). Na de inname van Peking in 1644 werd tijdens de periode van Shunzhi de rest van China onder controle van de Mantsjoes gebracht. Het vendelsysteem was de militaire machtsbasis van de Mantsjoes. Shunzhi reduceerde de macht van de afzonderlijke vendelcommandanten en slaagde erin om meerdere vendels onder directe keizerlijke controle te krijgen. Dit beleid zou door alle volgende keizers tot diep in de achttiende eeuw worden voortgezet. Hij benoemde in steeds toenemende mate Han-Chinezen op hoge functies en probeerde de Chinese literati te verzoenen met het nieuwe bewind. Zijn min of meer “Chinese wijze van besturen” werd door een aanzienlijk deel van de elite van de Mantsjoes veroordeeld. Zijn periode kenmerkt zich verder door een felle strijd tegen de corruptie die hij legitimeerde door zich te baseren op het waardesysteem van het confucianisme. In zijn laatste jaren raakte hij onder de invloed van het Chan-boeddhisme en omringde zich met vele monniken. Na het overlijden van zijn favoriete gemalin in september 1660 belandde Shunzhi in een diepe depressie waarvan hij ook niet meer herstelde. Op 5 februari 1661 overleed hij aan de pokken. (nl) Shunzhi (Shenyang, 15 marzo 1638 – Pechino, 5 febbraio 1661) fu imperatore della Cina della dinastia Qing; fu il primo imperatore Qing a governare su tutta la Cina, strappandola definitivamente dal controllo della dinastia Ming. (it) Shunzhi (15 de março de 1638 – 5 de fevereiro de 1661) foi o segundo Imperador da Dinastia Qing e o primeiro Imperador Qing a governar toda a China. Ele foi escolhido em 1643 por um comitê de príncipes manchu para suceder seu pai Huang-Taiji como imperador. Como tinha apenas cinco anos de idade, os príncipes também nomearam dois co-regentes: Dorgon, décimo quarto filho de Nurhachi, e Jirgalang, um dos sobrinhos de Nurhachi. Ambos pertenciam ao clã imperial Qing de Aisin Gioro. O poder político ficou principalmente nas mãos de Dorgon de 1643 a 1650. Qing conquistou sob sua liderança a maior parte do território da dinastia Ming, perseguindo os últimos regimes lealistas Ming nas províncias mais ao sul e estabelecendo a base para o domínio Qing sobre a China apesar de políticas bem impopulares como o "comando do corte de cabelo" de 1645, que forçou todos os súditos Qing a cortarem o cabelo na frente da cabeça e trançarem o restante de maneira a se assemelhar aos usados pelos manchu. O jovem Shunzhi passou a governar pessoalmente depois da morte de Dorgon em 1650. Ele tentou lutar contra a corrupção e reduzir a influência da nobreza manchu. O imperador enfrentou uma revolta de lealistas Ming na década de 1650, porém seus exércitos conseguiram derrotar os últimos inimigos Ming em 1661. Shunzhi acabou morrendo aos 22 anos de varíola, uma doença altamente contagiosa que era endêmica na China, porém uma contra a qual os manchu não tinham imunidade. Ele foi sucedido por seu terceiro filho Xuanye, que governou como imperador Kangxi pelos próximos sessenta anos. Pouco se sabe sobre o período de Shunzhi na história Qing já que poucos documentos de seu reinado sobreviveram. (pt) Shunzhi (chiń. upr. 顺治帝; chiń. trad. 順治帝; pinyin Shùnzhì Dì; Wade-Giles Shun4-chih4 Ti4; mandż.: ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠨ ᡤᡳᠣᡵᠣ ᡶᡠᠯᡳᠨ Ijishūn Dasan Hūwangdi; mongolski: Eyebeer Zasagch Khaan; ur. 15 marca 1638, zm. 5 lutego 1661) – władca Mandżurii od 1643, trzeci cesarz z dynastii Qing i pierwszy cesarz Chin z tej dynastii. W Chinach panował w latach 1644-1661. Ponieważ został wybrany na cesarza w wieku pięciu lat, przez pierwsze 7 lat jego panowania regencję sprawował jego stryj, Dorgon. Za czasów, aczkolwiek nie pod kierunkiem, cesarza Shunzhi, Mandżurowie podbili niemal całe Chiny. Zmarł 5 lutego 1661 roku na ospę. (pl) Shunzhi-kejsaren, egentligt namn Fulin, född 15 mars 1638, död 5 maj 1661, var den tredje kejsaren av den manchuiska Qing-dynastin, och den förste av dem som regerade över det Egentliga Kina, från 1644 till sin död 1661. (sv) Айсиньгьоро Фулинь (15 марта 1638 — 5 февраля 1661) — третий император маньчжурской империи Цин с девизом правления «Шуньчжи» (Благоприятное правление) (1643—1661), личное имя — Фулинь, посмертное храмовое имя — «Ши-цзу». (ru) Фулі́нь (маньчж.: Fulin; спрощ.: 福臨; кит. трад.: 福臨; піньїнь: Fúlín), храмове ім'я Шицзу кит. трад.: 世祖; піньїнь: Shìzǔ; 15 березня 1638 — 5 лютого 1661) — маньчжурський державний і політичний діяч, третій імператор династії Цін. Посмертне ім'я Імператор Чжан. (uk) 清世祖（满语：ᡳᠵᡳᠰᡥᡡᠨ ᡩᠠᠰᠠᠨ ᡥᡡᠸᠠᠩᡩᡳ，穆麟德轉寫：ijishūn dasan hūwangdi；1638年3月15日－1661年2月5日），姓愛新覺羅名福临（满语：ᡶᡠᠯᡳᠨ，穆麟德轉寫：fulin），大清第2位皇帝，大清自入关以来的首位皇帝，1643年10月8日至1661年2月5日在位，在位18年。议政王大臣会议于1643年9月，推举五岁的福临承袭其父皇太极帝位，同时命努尔哈赤第十四子睿亲王多尔衮和努尔哈赤之侄郑亲王济尔哈朗二人助小皇帝辅理国政。 自1643年至1650年，政治权力主要掌握在多尔衮手里。在多尔衮的领导下，清朝征服明朝的大部分故土，深入西南省份追剿南明政权，在激烈的反对中，建立一系列被清代皇帝所沿袭的政策，如1645年颁布“剃发令”。多尔衮于1650年12月31日死后，13歲的顺治皇帝开始亲政。顺治皇帝试图打击腐败，整顿吏治，削弱满洲贵族的政治影响力，但最终结果成败参半。在位期間，顺治帝面临着大明遗民的复明抵抗，不过至1661年，清兵擊敗南明遺臣郑成功和永历皇帝朱由榔等大清帝国最后的对手，郑成功和朱由榔分别于次年病死和被擒杀。顺治皇帝在22岁时因感染高度流行的天花去世，皇位由从天花中幸免于难的皇三子玄烨（即清聖祖）承袭，在位61年。由于顺治年间的历史文献流传相对较少，加上史書為突顯康熙帝的功績，因此这段时期同整个清朝历史相比显得较为鲜为人知。 顺治帝死后受供奉于太庙，庙号「世祖」，谥号「体天隆运定统建极英睿钦文显武大德弘功至仁纯孝章皇帝」，统称世祖章皇帝（满语：ᡧᡳᡯᡠ ᡝᠯᡩᡝᠮᠪᡠᡥᡝ ᡥᡡᠸᠠᠩᡩᡳ，穆麟德轉寫：šidzu eldembuhe hūwangdi），葬于清东陵的孝陵。 (zh) |
| dbo:activeYearsEndYear | 1661-01-01 (xsd:gYear) |
| dbo:activeYearsStartYear | 1643-01-01 (xsd:gYear) |
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| dbo:successor | dbr:Kangxi_Emperor |
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| dbp:birthName | (en) Aisin Gioro Fulin (en) |
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| dbp:l | "Smoothly-Ruling Emperor" (en) |
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| dbp:poj | Sūn-tī Tè (en) |
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| rdfs:comment | Shùnzhì (chinesisch 順治, * 15. März 1638; † 5. Februar 1661, Kaiser seit 30. Oktober 1644) war der Sohn des mandschurischen Fürsten Huang Taiji (Abahai) und wurde nach der Eroberung Chinas durch die Mandschu im Alter von sechs Jahren zum ersten Kaiser der neu begründeten Qing-Dynastie. (de) Šun-č' (čínsky 順治帝, pinyin Shùnzhìdì) (15. března 1638 – 5. ledna 1661) byl v pořadí druhý císař mandžuské dynastie Čching. Stal se prvním císařem z této dynastie, který vládl nad celou vlastní Čínou (1644–1661). Na trůn nastoupil v pěti letech po smrti svého otce císaře Chung Tchaj-ťiho. Po jeho smrti se císařského trůnu chopil Kchang-si. (cs) Ο Αυτοκράτορας Σουντσί (顺治帝, 15 Μαρτίου 1638 - 5 Φεβρουαρίου 1661) ήταν αυτοκράτορας της Κίνας. Πατέρας του ήταν ο Χονγκ Ταιζί και μητέρα του ήταν η Μπουμπουτάι. Ο πατέρας του κατέλαβε το Πεκίνο και έγινε ο πρώτος αυτοκράτορας των Τσινγκ. (el) L'empereur Shunzhi (chinois : 順治帝 ; Mandchou : ᡶᡠᠯᡳᠨ, nom personnel Aixinjuelo Fulin) (15 mars 1638 - 5 février 1661), est le fils de Huang-Taiji, 2e empereur Mandchou de la dynastie Qing qui occupait alors la Chine du Nord. Il fut le premier de la dynastie à monter sur le trône impérial à Pékin, à la Cité interdite. Il fut empereur de Chine du Nord de 1643 à 1644, puis des deux Chines de 1644 à 1661. (fr) Kaisar Shunzhi (Hanzi: 顺治, Mongol: Eyebeer Zasagch Khaan, 15 Maret 1638 – 5 Februari 1661) adalah kaisar ketiga Dinasti Qing dan Kaisar Tiongkok pertama dari suku Manchu, sejak bangsa minoritas itu menduduki Tiongkok tahun 1644 M. Nama aslinya adalah Aisin Gioro Fulin（爱新觉罗福临, putra ke-9 dari Huang Taiji. Shunzhi menduduki tahta setelah ayahnya, Huang Taiji, mangkat pada tahun 1643 M. (in) 順治帝（じゅんちてい）は、清の第3代皇帝。諱はフリン（満州語: ᡶᡠᠯᡳᠨ 福臨 日本語読み:ふくりん）、廟号は世祖。在世時の元号順治を取って順治帝と呼ばれる。 入関後（中国支配の開始後）の清の土台を確固たるものとし、次代の康熙帝・雍正帝・乾隆帝の三世の春、いわゆる康雍乾盛世の黄金時代を導く役割をした。 中国共産党では初代ヌルハチと第2代ホンタイジを清の前身である後金の皇帝とし、順治帝を清の初代皇帝と位置付けている。 (ja) Shunzhi (Shenyang, 15 marzo 1638 – Pechino, 5 febbraio 1661) fu imperatore della Cina della dinastia Qing; fu il primo imperatore Qing a governare su tutta la Cina, strappandola definitivamente dal controllo della dinastia Ming. (it) Shunzhi (chiń. upr. 顺治帝; chiń. trad. 順治帝; pinyin Shùnzhì Dì; Wade-Giles Shun4-chih4 Ti4; mandż.: ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠨ ᡤᡳᠣᡵᠣ ᡶᡠᠯᡳᠨ Ijishūn Dasan Hūwangdi; mongolski: Eyebeer Zasagch Khaan; ur. 15 marca 1638, zm. 5 lutego 1661) – władca Mandżurii od 1643, trzeci cesarz z dynastii Qing i pierwszy cesarz Chin z tej dynastii. W Chinach panował w latach 1644-1661. Ponieważ został wybrany na cesarza w wieku pięciu lat, przez pierwsze 7 lat jego panowania regencję sprawował jego stryj, Dorgon. Za czasów, aczkolwiek nie pod kierunkiem, cesarza Shunzhi, Mandżurowie podbili niemal całe Chiny. Zmarł 5 lutego 1661 roku na ospę. (pl) Shunzhi-kejsaren, egentligt namn Fulin, född 15 mars 1638, död 5 maj 1661, var den tredje kejsaren av den manchuiska Qing-dynastin, och den förste av dem som regerade över det Egentliga Kina, från 1644 till sin död 1661. (sv) Айсиньгьоро Фулинь (15 марта 1638 — 5 февраля 1661) — третий император маньчжурской империи Цин с девизом правления «Шуньчжи» (Благоприятное правление) (1643—1661), личное имя — Фулинь, посмертное храмовое имя — «Ши-цзу». (ru) Фулі́нь (маньчж.: Fulin; спрощ.: 福臨; кит. трад.: 福臨; піньїнь: Fúlín), храмове ім'я Шицзу кит. трад.: 世祖; піньїнь: Shìzǔ; 15 березня 1638 — 5 лютого 1661) — маньчжурський державний і політичний діяч, третій імператор династії Цін. Посмертне ім'я Імператор Чжан. (uk) L'Emperador Shunzhi (xinès tradicional: 順治, xinès simplificat: 顺治, pinyin: Shùnzhì; Wade-Giles: Shun-chih, Mukden, actual Shenyang, 15 de març de 1638 - 5 de febrer de 1661, emperador des del 30 d'octubre de 1644) va ser el segon emperador de la dinastia Qing, l'última dinastia imperial xinesa, d'origen manxú, i el primer que va regnar sobre tota Xina, després que la cort fóra traslladada de Mukden a Pequín. (ca) El Emperador Shunzhi (chino tradicional: 順治, chino simplificado: 顺治, pinyin: Shùnzhì, Wade-Giles: Shun-chih, Mukden, actual Shenyang, 15 de marzo de 1638 - 5 de febrero de 1661, emperador de toda China desde 1644) fue el segundo emperador de la dinastía Qing, la última dinastía imperial china, de origen manchú, y el primero que reinó sobre toda China, después de que la corte fuera trasladada de Mukden a Pekín. (es) The Shunzhi Emperor (15 March 1638 – 5 February 1661) was the second emperor of the Qing dynasty of China, and the first Qing emperor to rule over China proper, reigning from 1644 to 1661. A committee of Manchu princes chose him to succeed his father, Hong Taiji (1592–1643), in September 1643, when he was five years old. The princes also appointed two co-regents: Dorgon (1612–1650), the 14th son of the Qing dynasty's founder Nurhaci (1559–1626), and Jirgalang (1599–1655), one of Nurhaci's nephews, both of whom were members of the Qing imperial clan. (en) 순치제(順治帝, 1638년 3월 15일(음력 1월 30일) ~ 1661년 2월 5일(음력 1월 7일))는 청 제국의 제3대 황제(재위 1643년 ~ 1661년)이자, 1644년 명나라가 멸망한 직후 청 제국이 산해관을 넘은 뒤 자금성에서 청 제국의 군주가 천명을 상실한 명나라의 주씨를 대신하여 중국의 새로운 수명천자(受命天子)가 되었음을 선언한 이래 첫번째 황제이다. 휘는 아이신기오로 풀린(만주어: ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠨᡤᡳᠣᡵᠣᡶᡠᠯᡳᠨ Aisin Gioro Fulin, 한국 한자: 愛新覺羅福臨 애신각라복림), 묘호는 세조(世祖, 만주어: ᡧᡳᡯᡠ Šidzu), 시호는 체천융운정통건극영예흠문현무대덕홍공지인순효장황제(體天隆運定統建極英睿欽文顯武大德弘功至仁純孝章皇帝), 짧은 시호로는 장황제(章皇帝, 만주어: ᡝᠯᡩᡝᠮᠪᡠᡥᡝᡥᡡᠸᠠᠩᡩᡳ Eldembuhe Hūwangdi)이며, 연호는 순치(順治, 만주어: ᡳᠵᡳᠰᡥᡡᠨᡩᠠᠰᠠᠨ Ijishūn Dasan, 몽골어: ᠡᠶᠡᠷᠡᠷᠢᠵᠠᠰᠠᠭᠴᠢ Eyeber Jasagči) 청 제국의 첫번째 황제인 숭덕제의 아홉 번째 아들로 어머니는 그의 후궁이었던 효장문황후(孝莊文皇后)이다. (ko) Shunzhi (15 maart 1638 - 5 februari 1661) was van 1644 tot 1661 de tweede keizer van de Qing-dynastie en de eerste van de dynastie die over China regeerde. Tot aan februari 1651 was er sprake van een regentschap dat vrijwel de gehele periode werd uitgeoefend door Dorgon (1612-1650). Na de inname van Peking in 1644 werd tijdens de periode van Shunzhi de rest van China onder controle van de Mantsjoes gebracht. Zijn periode kenmerkt zich verder door een felle strijd tegen de corruptie die hij legitimeerde door zich te baseren op het waardesysteem van het confucianisme. (nl) Shunzhi (15 de março de 1638 – 5 de fevereiro de 1661) foi o segundo Imperador da Dinastia Qing e o primeiro Imperador Qing a governar toda a China. Ele foi escolhido em 1643 por um comitê de príncipes manchu para suceder seu pai Huang-Taiji como imperador. Como tinha apenas cinco anos de idade, os príncipes também nomearam dois co-regentes: Dorgon, décimo quarto filho de Nurhachi, e Jirgalang, um dos sobrinhos de Nurhachi. Ambos pertenciam ao clã imperial Qing de Aisin Gioro. (pt) 清世祖（满语：ᡳᠵᡳᠰᡥᡡᠨ ᡩᠠᠰᠠᠨ ᡥᡡᠸᠠᠩᡩᡳ，穆麟德轉寫：ijishūn dasan hūwangdi；1638年3月15日－1661年2月5日），姓愛新覺羅名福临（满语：ᡶᡠᠯᡳᠨ，穆麟德轉寫：fulin），大清第2位皇帝，大清自入关以来的首位皇帝，1643年10月8日至1661年2月5日在位，在位18年。议政王大臣会议于1643年9月，推举五岁的福临承袭其父皇太极帝位，同时命努尔哈赤第十四子睿亲王多尔衮和努尔哈赤之侄郑亲王济尔哈朗二人助小皇帝辅理国政。 自1643年至1650年，政治权力主要掌握在多尔衮手里。在多尔衮的领导下，清朝征服明朝的大部分故土，深入西南省份追剿南明政权，在激烈的反对中，建立一系列被清代皇帝所沿袭的政策，如1645年颁布“剃发令”。多尔衮于1650年12月31日死后，13歲的顺治皇帝开始亲政。顺治皇帝试图打击腐败，整顿吏治，削弱满洲贵族的政治影响力，但最终结果成败参半。在位期間，顺治帝面临着大明遗民的复明抵抗，不过至1661年，清兵擊敗南明遺臣郑成功和永历皇帝朱由榔等大清帝国最后的对手，郑成功和朱由榔分别于次年病死和被擒杀。顺治皇帝在22岁时因感染高度流行的天花去世，皇位由从天花中幸免于难的皇三子玄烨（即清聖祖）承袭，在位61年。由于顺治年间的历史文献流传相对较少，加上史書為突顯康熙帝的功績，因此这段时期同整个清朝历史相比显得较为鲜为人知。 (zh) |
| rdfs:label | Shunzhi Emperor (en) Emperador Shunzhi (ca) Šun-č’ (cs) Shunzhi (de) Αυτοκράτορας Σουντσί (el) Shunzhi (es) Kaisar Shunzhi (in) Shunzhi (fr) Shunzhi (it) 순치제 (ko) 順治帝 (ja) Shunzhi (nl) Shunzhi (pt) Shunzhi (pl) Шуньчжи (ru) Фулінь (uk) Shunzhi-kejsaren (sv) 顺治帝 (zh) |
| rdfs:seeAlso | dbr:Four_Regents_of_the_Kangxi_Emperor dbr:Southern_Ming |
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| prov:wasDerivedFrom | wikipedia-en:Shunzhi_Emperor?oldid=1120814005&ns=0 |
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| foaf:name | Shunzhi Emperor (en) |
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| is dbp:commander of | dbr:Transition_from_Ming_to_Qing |
| is dbp:father of | dbr:Fuquan,_Prince_Yu dbr:Changning,_Prince_Gong dbr:Kangxi_Emperor |
| is dbp:foundedBy of | dbr:Xihuang_Temple |
| is dbp:issue of | dbr:Hong_Taiji dbr:Empress_Dowager_Xiaozhuang |
| is dbp:leader of | dbr:Qing_dynasty |
| is dbp:predecessor of | dbr:Kangxi_Emperor |
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| is dbp:successor of | dbr:Hong_Taiji |
| is foaf:primaryTopic of | wikipedia-en:Shunzhi_Emperor |
