German spring offensive (original) (raw)

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L'ofensiva de primavera o Kaiserschlacht fou el conjunt d'atacs alemanys al front occidental de la Primera Guerra Mundial realitzats a partir del 21 de març de 1918. L'objectiu era intentar derrotar els aliats abans que l'equilibri de recursos humans i materials es decantés definitivament a favor dels aliats, especialment després de l'entrada en guerra dels Estats Units. L'ofensiva de primavera representà l'avenç més espectacular de les forces alemanyes des de 1914 i consistí en quatre accions ofensives separades: Michael, , i .

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dbo:abstract هجوم الربيع لعام 1918، أو بالألمانية Kaiserschlacht («معركة القيصر»)، والمعروف أيضًا باسم هجوم لودندورف، هو سلسلة من الهجمات الألمانية على امتداد الجبهة الغربية والتي بدأت في 21 مارس 1918 خلال الحرب العالمية الأولى. أدرك الألمان حينها أن فرصتهم المتبقية لتحقيق النصر هي هزيمة الحلفاء قبل أن تتمكن الولايات المتحدة من نشر قواتها بالكامل. كسب الجيش الألماني تفوقًا عدديًا مؤقتًا، إذ حُرّر ما يقارب 50 فرقة بسبب الانسحاب الروسي من الحرب نتيجةً لمعاهدة برست ليتوفسك. تألف هجوم الربيع من أربع هجمات ألمانية، أطلِق عليها أسماء مايكل وجورجيت وجنايسناو وبلوشر يورك. كان مايكل هو الهجوم الرئيسي، والذي هَدَف إلى اختراق خطوط الحلفاء، والالتفاف حول القوات البريطانية (التي سيطرت على الجبهة من نهر السوم إلى القناة الإنجليزية) وهزيمة الجيش البريطاني. أمِل الألمان بمجرد تحقيق هذه الأهداف، بسعي الفرنسيين للتفاوض حول شروط الهدنة. كانت الهجمات الأخرى فرعيةً بالنسبة لمايكل وصُمّمت لشغل قوات الحلفاء عن الهجوم الرئيسي على السوم. لم يُحدَّد أي هدف واضح قبل بدء الهجمات ودائمًا ما تغير هذا الهدف بمجرد بدء العمليات وفقًا لحالة ساحة المعركة (التكتيكية). عانى الألمان في الحفاظ على زخمهم كلما حققوا تقدمًا ما، ويرجع ذلك جزئيًا إلى المشكلات اللوجستية. لم تتمكن قوات الصدمة الألمانية سريعة التنقل من حمل ما يكفي من الطعام والذخيرة لإعالة نفسها لفترة طويلة، ولم يستطع الجيش نقل الإمدادات والتعزيزات بسرعة كافية لمساعدتهم. حشد الحلفاء قواتهم الرئيسية في المناطق الحيوية (الطرق المؤدية إلى موانئ القناة وتقاطع السكك الحديدية في أميان). تُركَت المناطق عديمة القيمة من الناحية الاستراتيجية، والتي دمرتها سنوات من الصراع، مع تحصينات هزيلة. انتهى خطر حدوث اختراق ألماني في غضون أسابيع قليلة، على الرغم من استمرار القتال المرتبط به حتى يوليو. حقق الجيش الألماني أعمق التقدمات التي حققها أي من الجانبين على الجبهة الغربية منذ عام 1914. استعادوا المناطق التي خسروها في 1916-1917 وبسطوا سيطرتهم على بعض المناطق التي لم يسبق لهم السيطرة عليها. على الرغم من هذه النجاحات الباهرة، تكبدوا خسائر فادحة مقابل حصولهم على أرض قليلة القيمة استراتيجيًا يصعب الدفاع عنها. فشل الهجوم في توجيه الضربة التي قد تنقذ ألمانيا من الهزيمة، الأمر الذي دفع بعض المؤرخين إلى وصف الهجوم بالانتصار البيروسي. استعاد الحلفاء في يوليو 1918 تفوقهم العددي مع وصول القوات الأمريكية. استخدموا هذا التفوق في أغسطس، وحسّنوا التكتيكات بهدف شنّ هجوم مضاد. أسفر هجوم المئة يوم لاحقًا عن خسارة الألمان الأراضي التي ربحوها إثر هجوم الربيع، وانهيار خط هيندنبيرغ، واستسلام الإمبراطورية الألمانية في نوفمبر. (ar) L'ofensiva de primavera o Kaiserschlacht fou el conjunt d'atacs alemanys al front occidental de la Primera Guerra Mundial realitzats a partir del 21 de març de 1918. L'objectiu era intentar derrotar els aliats abans que l'equilibri de recursos humans i materials es decantés definitivament a favor dels aliats, especialment després de l'entrada en guerra dels Estats Units. L'ofensiva de primavera representà l'avenç més espectacular de les forces alemanyes des de 1914 i consistí en quatre accions ofensives separades: Michael, , i . (ca) Ludendorffova ofenzíva, nebo též Německá jarní ofenzíva 1918 byla řada německých útoků na západní frontě během první světové války, které se uskutečnily od 21. března do počátku dubna 1918. Německý generál Erich Ludendorff plánoval na rok 1918 jarní ofenzívu, která měla konečně přinést průlom. Toto si přál ještě před příchodem vojenských posil z USA. V konečné fázi příprav se však objevil ještě jeden faktor – zhroucení ruské fronty v souvislosti s uzavřením Brestlitevského míru a následný přesun uvolněných německých sil na západ. 21. března podnikla německá vojska útok v šíři 80 km s nasazením 50 divizí především proti britské části fronty. 5. britská armáda byla silně otřesena a začala ustupovat k Sommě. Německá vojska postoupila o šedesát kilometrů a přerušila železniční trať do Paříže. Spojeneckým armádám začalo hrozit roztržení v bodě jejich styku. 23. března Němci rozšířili svůj průlom u Arrasu, což britským jednotkám zkomplikovalo další situaci. Německá armáda najednou stála proti dvěma armádám – britské, která si chránila přístavy v průlivu La Manche, a francouzské, která bránila postupu k Paříži. 26. března došlo k poradě francouzských a britských představitelů, kteří navrhli další postup boje. 27. března se fronta ustálila a Francouzi začali přisunovat nové zálohy. Do 29. března se šířka německých útoků zužovala a počátkem dubna ustala. Německá vojska začala pociťovat krizi z únavy a z vyčerpávajících bojů a jejich další vojenské úspěchy byly nicotné. (cs) Als Frühjahrsoffensive bezeichnet man eine Serie von fünf Offensiven des deutschen Heeres an der Westfront des Ersten Weltkriegs im Frühjahr des letzten Kriegsjahres 1918. Die erste begann am 21. März 1918; die fünfte Mitte Juli – ein letzter deutscher Offensivversuch an der Marne. Angefangen mit der Operation Michael (auch Große Schlacht in Frankreich oder Kaiserschlacht genannt) war die Frühjahrsoffensive der letzte Versuch des Deutschen Kaiserreichs, an der Westfront einen für die Mittelmächte günstigen Ausgang des Krieges herbeizuführen. Die Angriffsoperationen kamen für die Entente-Mächte überraschend, da sie an einen nahen Zusammenbruch des deutschen Heeres glaubten. Nach einer schweren Krise einigten sich Großbritannien und Frankreich unter dem Druck der Lage, die Westfront unter das Oberkommando des französischen Marschalls Ferdinand Foch zu stellen. Gegen den verstärkten Widerstand der beiden westlichen Hauptmächte, unterstützt durch die American Expeditionary Forces und eine Reihe weiterer verbündeter Nationen, erlahmte die Kraft der deutschen Offensiven schließlich nach drei Monaten; ab Mitte Juli 1918 ging die Initiative endgültig an die Entente über. Damit hatte die deutsche Oberste Heeresleitung an der Westfront keinen Handlungsspielraum mehr. Dies zeigte sich ab dem ersten Tag der Schlacht bei Amiens (8. August, Schwarzer Tag des deutschen Heeres). Nach weiteren Monaten schwerer Abwehrkämpfe verlangte die Militärführung Ende September 1918 einen Waffenstillstand. (de) The German spring offensive, or Kaiserschlacht ("Kaiser's Battle"), also known as the Ludendorff offensive, was a series of German attacks along the Western Front during the First World War, beginning on 21 March 1918. Following American entry into the war in April 1917, the Germans had realised that their only remaining chance of victory was to defeat the Allies before the United States could ship soldiers across the Atlantic and fully deploy its resources. The German Army had gained a temporary advantage in numbers as nearly 50 divisions had been freed by the Russian defeat and withdrawal from the war with the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. There were four German offensives, codenamed Michael, Georgette, Gneisenau, and Blücher-Yorck. Michael was the main attack, which was intended to break through the Allied lines, outflank the British forces (which held the front from the Somme River to the English Channel) and defeat the British Army. Once that was achieved, it was hoped that the French would seek armistice terms. The other offensives were subsidiary to Michael and were designed to divert Allied forces from the main offensive effort on the Somme. No clear objective was established before the start of the offensives and once the operations were underway, the targets of the attacks were constantly changed according to the battlefield (tactical) situation. Once they began advancing, the Germans struggled to maintain the momentum, partly due to logistical issues. The fast-moving stormtrooper units could not carry enough food and ammunition to sustain themselves for long, and the army could not move in supplies and reinforcements fast enough to assist them. The Allies concentrated their main forces in the essential areas (the approaches to the Channel Ports and the rail junction of Amiens). Strategically worthless ground, which had been devastated by years of conflict, was left lightly defended. Within a few weeks, the danger of a German breakthrough had passed, though related fighting continued until July. The German Army made the deepest advances either side had made on the Western Front since 1914. They re-took much ground that they had lost in 1916–17 and took some ground that they had not yet controlled. Despite these apparent successes, they suffered heavy casualties in return for land that was of little strategic value and hard to defend. The offensive failed to deliver a blow that could save Germany from defeat, which has led some historians to describe it as a pyrrhic victory. In July 1918, the Allies regained their numerical advantage with the arrival of American troops. In August, they used this and improved tactics to launch a counteroffensive. The ensuing Hundred Days Offensive resulted in the Germans losing all of the ground that they had taken in the Spring Offensive, the collapse of the Hindenburg Line, and the capitulation of Germany that November. (en) 1918ko Udaberriko Ofentsiba, Kaiserschlacht (Kaiserraren gudua) izenarekin ezagutua Alemanian, Alemaniak Mendebaldeko Frontean egindako eraso multzo bat izan zen, Lehen Mundu Gerraren amaieran. Ofentsiba 1918ko martxoaren 21ean hasi zen, eta eraso honekin 1914an hasitako Lubaki-gerrari amaiera eman zion, mugimendu gerrari berriro hasiera emanez. Alemaniarrek onartu zuten gerra irabaztea ezinezkoa izango zela Estatu Batuak Mendebaldean masan iristen baziren, eta, orduan, azken eraso bat antolatu zute hau gertatu baino lehen. Beste puntu bat Alemaniaren alde Brest-Litovskeko Itunaren sinadura izan zen; Ekialdeko Fronteari amaiera ematen ziona. Honek 50 alemaniar dibisio askatzen zituen Ekialdetik Mendebalderantz bidaltzeko. Ofentsiba lau eraso nagusiz osatuta zegoenː Michael, Georgette, Gneisenau eta Blücher-Yorck izenez ezagututa. Michael eraso boteretsuena zen eta honen beharra Sommen aurreratzea zen, britainiar armada-gorputza nagusia garaitzea eta suposatzen zen hau lortuta Frantziak armistizio bat eskatuko zuela. Beste hiru ofentsibak Sommeko frontetik dibisioak alderatzea zeukaten. Eraso honek ez zeukan muga zehatz bat, eta ofentsiba aurrera zihoan bitartean helmugak hainbat aldiz aldatu ziren. Aliatuen tropak itsasotik hurbil eta Amiensen kokatuta zeuden; hainbat urtez hondatutako lurrak defentsa ahul batekin utziz. Alemaniarrek ez ziren errefortzuak eta hornidura azkar mugitzeko gai izan, eta horregatik ezin zuten aurrerapenak mantendu izan. Ofentsiba azkarrago mugitzeko taktikak erabili zituzten baina hauek ez ziren hainbeste hornidura garraiatzeko gai beste infanteria bezala, mugimendua azkarra eta arina izan behar zutelako. 1918ko apirilerantz alemaniar aurrerapen nagusi baten arriskua desagertu zen. Alemaniar armadek galera erraldoiak jaso zituzten eta amaieran okupatutako lurra kalitate eta garrantzi gutxikoa zen, eta hain ahuldutako unitateei haiek mantentzea ezinezkoa egingo zitzaien. 1918ko abuztuan, Estatu Batuar unitateen laguntzarekin Aliatuek azken kontraeraso bat egingo zuten. izenarekin, azaroan Alemaniaren errendizioarekin amaituko zen; eta honek Lehen Mundu Gerra osoa. (eu) Kaiserschlacht (traducida como «batalla de los emperadores» o «La batalla del Káiser», y denominada por los británicos como «La Gran Retirada de Marzo» entre otros nombres) llamada también como la ofensiva de primavera, fue el nombre con el que el General de Infantería alemán Erich Ludendorff llamó a la que sería la última gran ofensiva del ejército alemán durante la Primera Guerra Mundial en honor al Káiser Guillermo II. Se prolongó desde el 21 de marzo hasta el 5 de abril de 1918, siendo el mayor ataque aislado de toda la guerra. (es) L’offensive du Printemps, également connue sous les noms de bataille du Kaiser (en allemand : Kaiserschlacht) ou offensive de Ludendorff, est un terme utilisé pour faire référence aux séries d'attaques allemandes sur le front occidental du 21 mars au 18 juillet 1918 durant la Première Guerre mondiale. Les Allemands s'étaient rendu compte que leur seule chance de gagner la guerre était d'anéantir les Alliés avant que les États-Unis ne puissent déployer suffisamment de troupes en Europe pour vaincre l'Allemagne. Cinquante divisions allemandes avaient pu être redéployées sur le front occidental après la signature du traité de Brest-Litovsk avec la jeune Russie soviétique. Plusieurs opérations allemandes furent mises au point : Michael, Georgette, Gneisenau et Blücher-Yorck. Michael constituait la principale attaque, qui était destinée à percer les lignes alliées, déborder les forces britanniques de la Somme à la Manche et bloquer les ports maritimes. Une fois que cela aurait été réalisé, on espérait que les Français chercheraient des conditions d'armistice. Les autres offensives étaient subordonnées à Michael et ont été conçues pour détourner les forces alliées de l'offensive principale sur la Somme. (fr) Bhí "Ionsaí an Earraigh" (Ludendorff Spring Offensive nó Kaiserschlacht), 21 Márta 1918 - go dtí 18 Iúil 1918, ar na cathanna ba mhó agus ab fhíochmhaire i rith an Chéad Chogaidh Dhomhanda. Ba é seo an seans deireanach ag ceannairí Arm na Gearmáine an Cogadh a bhuachan sula n-éiríodh na Comhghuaillithe róláidir. Bhí na saighdiúirí Meiriceánacha ag teacht isteach sa troid. (ga) Serangan Musim Semi pada tahun 1918, dikenal sebagai Serangan Ludendorff, adalah serangkaian serangan Jerman selama pertempuran di blok Barat selama Perang Dunia I. Empat serangan Jerman secara terpisah (dengan kode , , , dan ) dengan maksud untuk menarik pasukan dari Pelabuhan Channel dan kemudian menyerang kembali pelabuhan tersebut. (in) L'offensiva di primavera conosciuta anche come Kaiserschlacht (in italiano "battaglia per l'imperatore"), nella storiografia della prima guerra mondiale indica una serie di attacchi predisposti dall'esercito tedesco svoltisi durante la primavera del 1918, gli ultimi da parte delle forze militari tedesche sul fronte occidentale. Per le potenze dell'Intesa si trattò di una completa sorpresa, dal momento che i comandi alleati erano convinti che le forze tedesche fossero ormai prossime al crollo. Se inizialmente la rinnovata iniziativa dell'esercito tedesco provocò il panico negli alti comandi alleati, dopo tre mesi le avanzate tedesche giunsero ad esaurimento pregiudicando una possibile vittoria tedesca e permettendo agli alleati di organizzarsi per la successiva offensiva dei cento giorni. Il comando supremo tedesco, guidato dal feldmaresciallo Paul von Hindenburg e dal suo principale collaboratore, generale Erich Ludendorff, esaurì quindi con questa serie di costose offensive le residue forze dell'esercito, pregiudicando ogni possibilità di vittoria e intaccando anche la capacità di resistenza sul fronte occidentale. Entro pochi mesi la Germania sarebbe stata costretta ad ammettere la sconfitta, sancita dall'armistizio di Compiègne dell'11 novembre 1918. (it) Het Lenteoffensief of de Kaiserschlacht was een combinatie van aanvallen van het Duitse leger tijdens de Eerste Wereldoorlog in de lente en zomer van 1918. De militaire naam van de eerste operatie was "Operatie Michael". Na de Russische ineenstorting in 1917 wilden de Duitsers een beslissende overwinning aan het Westfront afdwingen voor de Amerikanen daar een significante macht zouden kunnen opbouwen. De Duitsers zouden daarom voor de laatste keer alles op alles zetten, deze keer met een nieuwe tactiek. Hoewel de Duitsers de loopgraven op verschillende plaatsen konden doorbreken en significante terreinwinsten konden boeken, werd het ambitieuze doel om de Britten van de Fransen te scheiden en aldus de samenhang tussen de Westerse geallieerden te vernietigen, niet bereikt. De veroverde gebieden hadden weinig waarde en de tijd werkte in Duitslands nadeel door de Amerikaanse troepenopbouw. Verder had Duitsland zware verliezen geleden die ze minder makkelijk konden opvangen dan de geallieerden. De Kaiserschlacht kan daarom voor Duitsland worden gezien als een tactische overwinning maar een strategische nederlaag. Het initiatief zou vanaf dat moment bij de geallieerden liggen en Duitsland was niet langer in staat tot grote offensieven. Het mislukken van de Kaiserschlacht was hiermee een van de factoren die bijdroegen aan de Duitse overgave later dat jaar. (nl) ( 다른 뜻에 대해서는 춘계 공세 (동음이의) 문서를 참고하십시오.) 춘계 공세(春季攻勢, 독일어: Frühjahrsoffensive) 또는 루덴도르프 공세(Ludendorff Offensive)는 제1차 세계 대전 당시 서부 전선에서 이루어진 독일군의 일련의 공격작전이다. 독일은 미국의 압도적인 인적, 물적 자원이 연합군에게 지원되기 전에 서부전선을 정리해야만 전쟁에서 승리할 수 있다는 것을 알게 되었고, 따라서 이 춘계 공세는 1차대전 독일군의 사실상 최후 발악이라고 볼 수 있다. 공세는 1918년 3월 21일부터 개시되었으며, 소비에트 러시아가 항복(브레스트-리토프스크 조약)하자 독일군은 동부전선의 군대를 서부로 돌려 거의 50개 사단을 동원, 일시적으로 수적 우세를 점하기도 했다. 총 네 차례의 공세가 있었으며, 각각 암호명은 미카엘(Michael), 게오르게테(Georgette), 그나이제나우(Gneisenau), 블뤼허요르크(Blücher-Yorck)였다. 이 중 영국군을 솜 강에서 영국 해협까지 몰아붙이기 위한 미카엘 공세가 주공이었다. 독일 수뇌부는 미카엘 공세가 성공하면 프랑스군과는 휴전을 타진할 가능성이 있다고 보았다. 다른 공세들은 연합군 병력을 솜 강에서 분산시켜 미카엘 공세를 보조하기 위한 양동적 성격을 가지고 있었다. 공세가 시작되기 전에 명확한 공격 목표가 정해지지 못했으며, 작전이 일단 시작되자 공격 목표는 전장의 전술적 상황에 따라 계속 변했다. 연합군은 병력을 필수적인 지역(채널 항구로 향하는 교두보 및 아미앵의 철도역)에 집중시키고 전략적으로 무가치한 곳은 방기하거나 방어태세를 가벼이 했다. 독일의 보급 및 증원 속도는 일선의 진격 속도를 따라잡지 못했다. 쾌진격하던 돌격부대는 충분한 식량 및 탄약을 확보하지 못했고, 독일의 공세들은 모두 장기전을 견뎌내지 못하고 사그라들었다. 1918년 4월 말이 되자 독일이 전선을 돌파할 위험은 지나갔다. 독일 육군은 심각한 피해를 입었으며, 열화된 병력으로 점령지를 유지할 수 없었고 또 그 점령지의 가치조차 확신할 수 없었다. 1918년 8월, 신병 미군 1 ~ 2백만 명이 상륙하자 연합군은 반격을 개시했다(100일 공세). 그 결과 독일군은 춘계 공세로 획득한 점령지를 모두 상실하고 후퇴했으며, 힌덴부르크 선이 무너지고 독일 제국은 그해 11월 조건부 항복에 서명하게 된다. (ko) 1918年の春季攻勢（しゅんきこうせい、ドイツ語: Frühjahrsoffensive, フランス語: Offensive du Printemps）は、第一次世界大戦末期の1918年に行われた、西部戦線におけるドイツ帝国の最後の大攻勢である。皇帝の戦い（ドイツ語: Kaiserschlacht カイザーシュラハト）とも呼ばれる。 (ja) Kaiserschlacht (z niem. Bitwa Cesarza), inne nazwy: ofensywa wiosenna 1918 oraz ofensywa Ludendorffa – seria ataków wojsk niemieckich na zachodnim froncie I wojny światowej, rozpoczynająca się 21 marca 1918 roku. Celem ofensywy było przełamanie frontu i pokonanie aliantów przed przybyciem wojsk amerykańskich. Kaiserschlacht podzielony został na cztery operacje o kryptonimach Michael, Georgette, Gneisenau oraz Blücher-Yorck, które miały być wprowadzane w takiej kolejności. Główną operacją był Michael – miał on na celu okrążenie i zniszczenie sił Brytyjczyków, w wyniku czego front od Sommy do kanału La Manche zostałby właściwie pozbawiony obrońców, co umożliwiłoby wdarcie się wojsk niemieckich w głąb terytorium Francji, omijając trzon wojsk francuskich, zajęcie Paryża i zmuszenie Francji do podpisania pokoju. Pozostałe operacje miały na celu odwrócenie uwagi od tej głównej. Ofensywa rozpoczęła się 21 marca 1918 roku uderzeniem około 750-tysięcznej armii z 6 tysiącami dział na długości 60 kilometrów frontu zachodniego (Operacja Michael). Początkowo wojska niemieckie odnosiły sukcesy. Posuwano się na zachód dość szybko, brano jeńców i zdobywano dobra materialne. Niektóre oddziały zdobywały nawet 40 kilometrów dziennie. Wyniki podobne do tych zdarzyły się tylko w 1914, na początku wojny. Mimo sukcesów, ofensywa nie osiągnęła żadnego celu. Pod koniec maja Niemcy przystąpiły do ofensywy na froncie francuskim. I tutaj były sukcesy militarne, ale nie przełożyły się one na konsekwencje polityczne. Ostatnia próba przerwania frontu miała miejsce 15 lipca nad Marną (bitwa nad rzeką Marną). Wstrzymano ją już 17 lipca, a dzień później kontrofensywę rozpoczęły armie pod dowództwem francuskim i amerykańskim. 14 sierpnia 1918 roku dowódca generał Erich Ludendorff doniósł o porażce. Ofensywa skończyła się formalnym sukcesem Niemców, jednak z powodów logistycznych (braki w zaopatrzeniu przez rozciągnięcie linii transportowych) nie zostały zrealizowane cele ostateczne. W sierpniu nastąpiła aliancka kontrofensywa (ofensywa stu dni) przy wsparciu wojsk amerykańskich, co ostatecznie zmusiło Niemcy do rokowań pokojowych. (pl) Весняний наступ (1918) або Битва кайзера (нім. Kaiserschlacht) та Наступ Людендорфа (англ. Ludendorff Offensive) (21 березня — 18 липня 1918) — остання серія масштабних наступальних операцій німецької армії проти військ союзників, що тривала протягом 5-ти місяців наприкінці Першої світової війни на Західному фронті. (uk) A Ofensiva da Primavera de 1918, ou Kaiserschlacht (A Batalha do Kaiser em alemão), também conhecida como a Ofensiva Ludendorff, foi um conjunto de ataques alemães contra as forças Aliados, ao longo da Frente Ocidental, durante a Primeira Guerra Mundial, iniciados a 21 de Março de 1918, que marcaram os avanços mais significativos, para ambos os lados, desde o início do conflito em 1914. As tropas alemãs tomaram consciência de que a única, e última, hipótese de vitória era derrotar os Aliados antes da entrada em peso das forças norte-americanas, superiores em termos de recursos humanos e materiais, na guerra. Nesta altura, os alemães tinham uma vantagem temporária em termos de número de homens, com cerca de 50 divisões disponíveis depois da rendição dos russos pelo Tratado de Brest-Litovski. Foram quatro os ataques alemães, com os nomes de código Operação Michael, Georgette, Gneisenau e Blücher-Yorck. Michael, a primeira, constituiu o principal ataque, cujo objectivo era penetrar nas linhas Aliadas, cercar as forças britânicas que defendiam a frente a partir do rio Somme até ao Canal da Mancha e derrotar o Exército Britânico. Quando este objectivo fosse cumprido, esperava-se que os franceses assinariam um armistício. As outras ofensivas dependiam da Michael e serviriam para desviar as atenções dos Aliados da principal ofensiva no Somme. No entanto, os objectivos estratégicos da operação não existiam. Não foi estabelecido qualquer objectivo claro antes do começo das ofensivas e, já durante as operações, os alvos dos ataques mudavam constantemente de acordo com a situação táctica do campo de batalha. Por seu lado, os Aliados concentraram as suas forças principais em zonas essenciais (a aproximação aos portos do Canal e a estação de caminhos-de-ferro de Amiens), deixando o terreno estrategicamente sem valor, destruído por anos de combates, com apenas algumas defesas. Os alemães também se mostraram incapazes de reforçar as operações com mantimentos e tropas adicionais de forma rápida e eficiente de forma a manter a sua vantagem inicial. As forças de ataque rápido alemãs, que lideravam as ofensivas, não podiam levar comida e munições suficientes para manterem a sua autonomia, e todos os ataques alemães falharam, em parte devido à falta de suprimentos. No final de Abril de 1918, o perigo de uma vitória alemã tinha passado. O Exército Alemão tinha sofrido pesadas baixas e ocupava agora terreno de pouco valor estratégico que se mostrou impossível de manter com os poucos recursos humanos agora disponíveis. Em Agosto de 1918, ao Aliados deram início a uma contra-ofensiva utilizando novas técnicas de artilharia e métodos operacionais. A Ofensiva dos Cem Dias resultou na retirada dos alemães ou na expulsão destes de todos os terrenos ganhos na Ofensiva da Primavera, na queda da Linha Hindenburg e na capitulação do Império Alemão em Novembro. (pt) Våroffensiven eller Kaiserschlacht var en serie tyska attacker längs västfronten under första världskriget 1918. Offensiven ledde till det största avancemanget sedan 1914. De tyska myndigheterna hade insett att deras chans till seger låg i att besegra de allierade innan de överväldigande resurserna från USA kunde sättas in. De hade också fördelen av att nästan 60 divisioner från östfronten kunde sättas in efter den ryska kapitulationen (Freden i Brest-Litovsk). Det genomfördes fyra separata attacker, med kodnamnen Michael, Georgette, Gneisenau och Blucher-Yorck. De var ursprungligen tänkta att dra bort trupper från kanalhamnarna, som var livsviktiga för de allierade, och sen attackera hamnarna och andra kommunikationslinjer. (sv) Весеннее наступление (в германской историографии известно как «Битва Кайзера» нем. Kaiserschlacht) — последнее наступление германской армии на Западном фронте Первой мировой войны, предпринятое под командованием Эриха Людендорфа 21 марта — 18 июля 1918 года. Целью наступления было прорвать линию обороны сил Антанты до прибытия в Европу войск США. В ходе наступления было проведено четыре последовательных операции, известных под названиями «Михаэль», «Жоржетта», «Блюхер-Йорк» и «Гнейзенау». Самой масштабной стала операция «Михаэль», имевшая целью окружение и уничтожение британских войск, в результате чего оборона на участке фронта между Соммой и проливом Ла-Манш должна была рухнуть, что позволило бы немецким войскам вторгнуться на территорию Франции, избежав при этом встречи с основной частью французских войск. После этого немецкие войска должны были занять территорию на севере Франции, отрезав Францию от Ла-Манша и принудить Францию к подписанию мира. Наступление завершилось формальным успехом немцев, но конечная цель вследствие проблем со снабжением, отсутствием резервов и сопротивлением союзных войск достигнута не была. Союзники же уже в августе предприняли ответное Стодневное наступление при поддержке американских войск, завершившееся принуждением Германии к мирным переговорам. (ru) 皇帝會戰（德語：Kaiserschlacht），又稱作魯登道夫攻勢（法語：offensive de Ludendorff）或春季攻势（德語：Frühjahrsoffensive），是第一次世界大戰由德意志帝國於西方戰線發動的連續攻勢，達到自1914年以來挺進幅度最深的成果。這場攻勢發動的起因為：德軍意識到必須在美國挾壓倒性的物資和人力優勢進駐歐陸前擊敗西線的協約聯軍，這是德國在戰爭中最後的機會，同時也因為東線在俄羅斯帝國退出戰爭後可集中實力發動攻擊，約有50個師得以釋出並取得數量優勢，在質素上也較西線的德軍為佳。 這場攻勢分作4個階段，代號「米夏埃尔」（Michael）、「格奥尔格特」（Georgette）、「格奈泽瑙」（Gneisenau）和「布呂歇爾-约克」（Blücher-Yorck）。米夏埃尔作戰是這次行動的主攻，目的在突破盟軍防線，包圍於索姆河至英吉利海峽的英軍並將其殲滅。德國認為一旦此行動成功，法軍將有可能提出停戰。其他行動皆為米夏埃尔攻勢的輔助作戰，為的是牽制索姆河上其他盟軍的行動。然而皇帝會戰本身缺乏確立的戰略目標，當攻勢開始時目標的選定一直在根據戰場狀況而變化。相比下盟軍的主力都集中於重要的地區，如亞眠的鐵路樞紐和海峽的港口，而撤離了德軍佔領、長期受戰火破壞、並無戰略價值的地區。 德軍在攻勢中遇到機動力不足、後勤運輸無法趕上前線部隊的問題，以至於無法即時擴大戰果。擔任攻勢矛頭、快速移動的突擊部隊無法攜帶足夠維持自己戰力的糧食與彈藥，由於缺乏補給，德軍的攻勢日益減弱。到了1918年4月後半，德軍對聯軍的威脅力量已消失，前者地面部隊已傷亡慘重，是否能固守佔領地、保住戰果也成了非常大的問題。到了1918年8月聯軍使用新型戰術和火砲武器，發動反擊的「百日攻勢」，將德軍自皇帝會戰佔領的土地上逐出，不久德國的兴登堡防线崩潰，德意志帝國解體，第一次世界大戰結束。 (zh)
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dbo:result See aftermath
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dbp:conflict German spring offensive, 1918 (en)
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dbp:place Northern France; West Flanders, Belgium (en)
dbp:result See aftermath (en)
dbp:territory German armies make gains along sections of the Western Front. (en)
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rdfs:comment L'ofensiva de primavera o Kaiserschlacht fou el conjunt d'atacs alemanys al front occidental de la Primera Guerra Mundial realitzats a partir del 21 de març de 1918. L'objectiu era intentar derrotar els aliats abans que l'equilibri de recursos humans i materials es decantés definitivament a favor dels aliats, especialment després de l'entrada en guerra dels Estats Units. L'ofensiva de primavera representà l'avenç més espectacular de les forces alemanyes des de 1914 i consistí en quatre accions ofensives separades: Michael, , i . (ca) Kaiserschlacht (traducida como «batalla de los emperadores» o «La batalla del Káiser», y denominada por los británicos como «La Gran Retirada de Marzo» entre otros nombres) llamada también como la ofensiva de primavera, fue el nombre con el que el General de Infantería alemán Erich Ludendorff llamó a la que sería la última gran ofensiva del ejército alemán durante la Primera Guerra Mundial en honor al Káiser Guillermo II. Se prolongó desde el 21 de marzo hasta el 5 de abril de 1918, siendo el mayor ataque aislado de toda la guerra. (es) Bhí "Ionsaí an Earraigh" (Ludendorff Spring Offensive nó Kaiserschlacht), 21 Márta 1918 - go dtí 18 Iúil 1918, ar na cathanna ba mhó agus ab fhíochmhaire i rith an Chéad Chogaidh Dhomhanda. Ba é seo an seans deireanach ag ceannairí Arm na Gearmáine an Cogadh a bhuachan sula n-éiríodh na Comhghuaillithe róláidir. Bhí na saighdiúirí Meiriceánacha ag teacht isteach sa troid. (ga) Serangan Musim Semi pada tahun 1918, dikenal sebagai Serangan Ludendorff, adalah serangkaian serangan Jerman selama pertempuran di blok Barat selama Perang Dunia I. Empat serangan Jerman secara terpisah (dengan kode , , , dan ) dengan maksud untuk menarik pasukan dari Pelabuhan Channel dan kemudian menyerang kembali pelabuhan tersebut. (in) 1918年の春季攻勢（しゅんきこうせい、ドイツ語: Frühjahrsoffensive, フランス語: Offensive du Printemps）は、第一次世界大戦末期の1918年に行われた、西部戦線におけるドイツ帝国の最後の大攻勢である。皇帝の戦い（ドイツ語: Kaiserschlacht カイザーシュラハト）とも呼ばれる。 (ja) Весняний наступ (1918) або Битва кайзера (нім. Kaiserschlacht) та Наступ Людендорфа (англ. Ludendorff Offensive) (21 березня — 18 липня 1918) — остання серія масштабних наступальних операцій німецької армії проти військ союзників, що тривала протягом 5-ти місяців наприкінці Першої світової війни на Західному фронті. (uk) هجوم الربيع لعام 1918، أو بالألمانية Kaiserschlacht («معركة القيصر»)، والمعروف أيضًا باسم هجوم لودندورف، هو سلسلة من الهجمات الألمانية على امتداد الجبهة الغربية والتي بدأت في 21 مارس 1918 خلال الحرب العالمية الأولى. أدرك الألمان حينها أن فرصتهم المتبقية لتحقيق النصر هي هزيمة الحلفاء قبل أن تتمكن الولايات المتحدة من نشر قواتها بالكامل. كسب الجيش الألماني تفوقًا عدديًا مؤقتًا، إذ حُرّر ما يقارب 50 فرقة بسبب الانسحاب الروسي من الحرب نتيجةً لمعاهدة برست ليتوفسك. (ar) Ludendorffova ofenzíva, nebo též Německá jarní ofenzíva 1918 byla řada německých útoků na západní frontě během první světové války, které se uskutečnily od 21. března do počátku dubna 1918. Německý generál Erich Ludendorff plánoval na rok 1918 jarní ofenzívu, která měla konečně přinést průlom. Toto si přál ještě před příchodem vojenských posil z USA. V konečné fázi příprav se však objevil ještě jeden faktor – zhroucení ruské fronty v souvislosti s uzavřením Brestlitevského míru a následný přesun uvolněných německých sil na západ. (cs) Als Frühjahrsoffensive bezeichnet man eine Serie von fünf Offensiven des deutschen Heeres an der Westfront des Ersten Weltkriegs im Frühjahr des letzten Kriegsjahres 1918. Die erste begann am 21. März 1918; die fünfte Mitte Juli – ein letzter deutscher Offensivversuch an der Marne. Angefangen mit der Operation Michael (auch Große Schlacht in Frankreich oder Kaiserschlacht genannt) war die Frühjahrsoffensive der letzte Versuch des Deutschen Kaiserreichs, an der Westfront einen für die Mittelmächte günstigen Ausgang des Krieges herbeizuführen. (de) The German spring offensive, or Kaiserschlacht ("Kaiser's Battle"), also known as the Ludendorff offensive, was a series of German attacks along the Western Front during the First World War, beginning on 21 March 1918. Following American entry into the war in April 1917, the Germans had realised that their only remaining chance of victory was to defeat the Allies before the United States could ship soldiers across the Atlantic and fully deploy its resources. The German Army had gained a temporary advantage in numbers as nearly 50 divisions had been freed by the Russian defeat and withdrawal from the war with the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. (en) 1918ko Udaberriko Ofentsiba, Kaiserschlacht (Kaiserraren gudua) izenarekin ezagutua Alemanian, Alemaniak Mendebaldeko Frontean egindako eraso multzo bat izan zen, Lehen Mundu Gerraren amaieran. Ofentsiba 1918ko martxoaren 21ean hasi zen, eta eraso honekin 1914an hasitako Lubaki-gerrari amaiera eman zion, mugimendu gerrari berriro hasiera emanez. Alemaniarrek onartu zuten gerra irabaztea ezinezkoa izango zela Estatu Batuak Mendebaldean masan iristen baziren, eta, orduan, azken eraso bat antolatu zute hau gertatu baino lehen. Beste puntu bat Alemaniaren alde Brest-Litovskeko Itunaren sinadura izan zen; Ekialdeko Fronteari amaiera ematen ziona. Honek 50 alemaniar dibisio askatzen zituen Ekialdetik Mendebalderantz bidaltzeko. (eu) L’offensive du Printemps, également connue sous les noms de bataille du Kaiser (en allemand : Kaiserschlacht) ou offensive de Ludendorff, est un terme utilisé pour faire référence aux séries d'attaques allemandes sur le front occidental du 21 mars au 18 juillet 1918 durant la Première Guerre mondiale. Plusieurs opérations allemandes furent mises au point : Michael, Georgette, Gneisenau et Blücher-Yorck. (fr) L'offensiva di primavera conosciuta anche come Kaiserschlacht (in italiano "battaglia per l'imperatore"), nella storiografia della prima guerra mondiale indica una serie di attacchi predisposti dall'esercito tedesco svoltisi durante la primavera del 1918, gli ultimi da parte delle forze militari tedesche sul fronte occidentale. (it) ( 다른 뜻에 대해서는 춘계 공세 (동음이의) 문서를 참고하십시오.) 춘계 공세(春季攻勢, 독일어: Frühjahrsoffensive) 또는 루덴도르프 공세(Ludendorff Offensive)는 제1차 세계 대전 당시 서부 전선에서 이루어진 독일군의 일련의 공격작전이다. 독일은 미국의 압도적인 인적, 물적 자원이 연합군에게 지원되기 전에 서부전선을 정리해야만 전쟁에서 승리할 수 있다는 것을 알게 되었고, 따라서 이 춘계 공세는 1차대전 독일군의 사실상 최후 발악이라고 볼 수 있다. 공세는 1918년 3월 21일부터 개시되었으며, 소비에트 러시아가 항복(브레스트-리토프스크 조약)하자 독일군은 동부전선의 군대를 서부로 돌려 거의 50개 사단을 동원, 일시적으로 수적 우세를 점하기도 했다. 공세가 시작되기 전에 명확한 공격 목표가 정해지지 못했으며, 작전이 일단 시작되자 공격 목표는 전장의 전술적 상황에 따라 계속 변했다. 연합군은 병력을 필수적인 지역(채널 항구로 향하는 교두보 및 아미앵의 철도역)에 집중시키고 전략적으로 무가치한 곳은 방기하거나 방어태세를 가벼이 했다. (ko) Kaiserschlacht (z niem. Bitwa Cesarza), inne nazwy: ofensywa wiosenna 1918 oraz ofensywa Ludendorffa – seria ataków wojsk niemieckich na zachodnim froncie I wojny światowej, rozpoczynająca się 21 marca 1918 roku. Celem ofensywy było przełamanie frontu i pokonanie aliantów przed przybyciem wojsk amerykańskich. (pl) Het Lenteoffensief of de Kaiserschlacht was een combinatie van aanvallen van het Duitse leger tijdens de Eerste Wereldoorlog in de lente en zomer van 1918. De militaire naam van de eerste operatie was "Operatie Michael". Na de Russische ineenstorting in 1917 wilden de Duitsers een beslissende overwinning aan het Westfront afdwingen voor de Amerikanen daar een significante macht zouden kunnen opbouwen. De Duitsers zouden daarom voor de laatste keer alles op alles zetten, deze keer met een nieuwe tactiek. (nl) A Ofensiva da Primavera de 1918, ou Kaiserschlacht (A Batalha do Kaiser em alemão), também conhecida como a Ofensiva Ludendorff, foi um conjunto de ataques alemães contra as forças Aliados, ao longo da Frente Ocidental, durante a Primeira Guerra Mundial, iniciados a 21 de Março de 1918, que marcaram os avanços mais significativos, para ambos os lados, desde o início do conflito em 1914. As tropas alemãs tomaram consciência de que a única, e última, hipótese de vitória era derrotar os Aliados antes da entrada em peso das forças norte-americanas, superiores em termos de recursos humanos e materiais, na guerra. Nesta altura, os alemães tinham uma vantagem temporária em termos de número de homens, com cerca de 50 divisões disponíveis depois da rendição dos russos pelo Tratado de Brest-Litovski (pt) Весеннее наступление (в германской историографии известно как «Битва Кайзера» нем. Kaiserschlacht) — последнее наступление германской армии на Западном фронте Первой мировой войны, предпринятое под командованием Эриха Людендорфа 21 марта — 18 июля 1918 года. Целью наступления было прорвать линию обороны сил Антанты до прибытия в Европу войск США. (ru) Våroffensiven eller Kaiserschlacht var en serie tyska attacker längs västfronten under första världskriget 1918. Offensiven ledde till det största avancemanget sedan 1914. De tyska myndigheterna hade insett att deras chans till seger låg i att besegra de allierade innan de överväldigande resurserna från USA kunde sättas in. De hade också fördelen av att nästan 60 divisioner från östfronten kunde sättas in efter den ryska kapitulationen (Freden i Brest-Litovsk). (sv) 皇帝會戰（德語：Kaiserschlacht），又稱作魯登道夫攻勢（法語：offensive de Ludendorff）或春季攻势（德語：Frühjahrsoffensive），是第一次世界大戰由德意志帝國於西方戰線發動的連續攻勢，達到自1914年以來挺進幅度最深的成果。這場攻勢發動的起因為：德軍意識到必須在美國挾壓倒性的物資和人力優勢進駐歐陸前擊敗西線的協約聯軍，這是德國在戰爭中最後的機會，同時也因為東線在俄羅斯帝國退出戰爭後可集中實力發動攻擊，約有50個師得以釋出並取得數量優勢，在質素上也較西線的德軍為佳。 這場攻勢分作4個階段，代號「米夏埃尔」（Michael）、「格奥尔格特」（Georgette）、「格奈泽瑙」（Gneisenau）和「布呂歇爾-约克」（Blücher-Yorck）。米夏埃尔作戰是這次行動的主攻，目的在突破盟軍防線，包圍於索姆河至英吉利海峽的英軍並將其殲滅。德國認為一旦此行動成功，法軍將有可能提出停戰。其他行動皆為米夏埃尔攻勢的輔助作戰，為的是牽制索姆河上其他盟軍的行動。然而皇帝會戰本身缺乏確立的戰略目標，當攻勢開始時目標的選定一直在根據戰場狀況而變化。相比下盟軍的主力都集中於重要的地區，如亞眠的鐵路樞紐和海峽的港口，而撤離了德軍佔領、長期受戰火破壞、並無戰略價值的地區。 (zh)
rdfs:label هجوم الربيع (ar) Ofensiva de primavera (ca) Ludendorffova ofenzíva (cs) German spring offensive (en) Deutsche Frühjahrsoffensive 1918 (de) Kaiserschlacht (es) Udaberriko Ofentsiba (eu) Ionsaí an Earraigh, 1918 (ga) Serangan Musim Semi (in) Offensive du Printemps (fr) Offensiva di primavera (it) 1918年春季攻勢 (ja) 춘계 공세 (ko) Lenteoffensief (nl) Kaiserschlacht (pl) Ofensiva da Primavera (pt) Våroffensiven (sv) Весеннее наступление (1918) (ru) 皇帝會戰 (zh) Весняний наступ (1918) (uk)
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is rdfs:seeAlso of dbr:Night_action_of_1/2_December_1917
is foaf:primaryTopic of wikipedia-en:German_spring_offensive