Guild (original) (raw)
Výraz gilda označuje volné sdružení či společenskou skupinu založenou pro zajištění vzájemné výpomoci v případě nouze. Společenství fungovala na základě domluvy, smlouvy či dohody, přičemž dohoda a smlouva se zakládala na oboustranné příslibné přísaze. Etymologicky slovo gilda označuje ve starohornoněmčině gelt - placení, plat, dar - germánsky geldan - proplatit, zaplatit. Bylo to tedy společenství založené nejen na přísaze, ale také na daru či platbě. Výraz gilda se v současnosti přeneseně používá i v obecnějším smyslu pro jakékoliv obchodní či jiné sdružení a společenství.
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| dbo:abstract | Guilda (de l'antic neerlandès gilde) és una corporació de mercaders o comerciants, la seva forma habitual d'associació durant la Baixa edat mitjana (segles XI al XV). Funcionava institucionalment de manera equivalent als gremis dels artesans, és a dir, com la reunió d'un grup de persones que comparteixen una activitat comuna, trien càrrecs directius, es doten a si mateixos de regles determinades que obliguen a tots ells i comparteixen els mateixos drets o llibertats. Tals conceptes no tenien el mateix valor que van adquirir en l'Edat Contemporània, i eren entesos com una forma de privilegis compatibles amb una situació marginal en el sistema socioeconòmic feudal, que a partir dels últims segles de l'Edat Mitjana (especialment des de la ) es trobava en un lent procés de crisi i transformació, en . Els mercaders enriquits de les guildes, si bé no podien formar part dels estaments privilegiats, si podien aconseguir una alta posició econòmica. Els romans, especialment els poden considerar un precedent remot de les guildes. La forma més elaborada de guilda va ser la que va adquirir la Hansa a les ciutats del Bàltic i altres ports del nord d'Europa, on va arribar a ser poderosíssima, va funcionar gairebé com un Estat, i fins i tot va mantenir forces armades. Els d'Anglaterra són un altre exemple significatiu. (ca) Výraz gilda označuje volné sdružení či společenskou skupinu založenou pro zajištění vzájemné výpomoci v případě nouze. Společenství fungovala na základě domluvy, smlouvy či dohody, přičemž dohoda a smlouva se zakládala na oboustranné příslibné přísaze. Etymologicky slovo gilda označuje ve starohornoněmčině gelt - placení, plat, dar - germánsky geldan - proplatit, zaplatit. Bylo to tedy společenství založené nejen na přísaze, ale také na daru či platbě. Výraz gilda se v současnosti přeneseně používá i v obecnějším smyslu pro jakékoliv obchodní či jiné sdružení a společenství. (cs) Eine Gilde (von altnordisch gildi „Genossenschaft“, „Trinkgelage“) im engeren Sinne war im Mittelalter ein selbstnütziger und durch einen Schwur besiegelter Zusammenschluss von Kaufleuten (Patriziern) einer Stadt oder einer Gruppe fahrender Händler zum Schutz und zur Förderung gemeinsamer Interessen. Im weiteren Sinne wurden mit dem Begriff auch Handwerkergenossenschaften erfasst. Allerdings werden diese primär und zur Unterscheidung von den kaufmännischen Vereinigungen als Zünfte bezeichnet. In manchen europäischen Sprachen wird allerdings auch das Wort „Gilde“ in Zusammenhängen verwendet, die offenbar Zünfte wie Gilden gleichermaßen bedeuten können, so etwa im englischen guild, das sich auch auf eine Künstlergilde beziehen kann. In den romanischen Sprachen, wie z. B. dem Italienischen, unterscheidet man zwischen den arti maggiori und den arti minori für solche Zusammenschlüsse des 13. bis 15. Jahrhunderts. Die ersten Gilden wurden auf dem Gebiet des heutigen Frankreichs im 8. Jahrhundert nachgewiesen. Von Gilden auf deutschem Boden war erstmals in der sogenannten Burgenordnung (926) Heinrichs I. zu lesen. Diese frühen bruderschaftlichen Vereinigungen hatten im Gegensatz zu den späteren Kaufmannsgilden und Handwerkerzünften noch keinen berufsspezifischen Charakter. Sie versprachen ihren Mitgliedern Schutz und Hilfe in allen Lebensbereichen. Dazu zählten im Wesentlichen die Sicherheit des Warentransports, die gegenseitige Unterstützung in Unglücksfällen sowie die gemeinschaftliche Pflege von Religiosität (= Kalandsgilde). Mit der Zeit entwickelten sich die Gilden zu Handelsmonopolen in den jeweiligen Städten, und sie bildeten sogar eigene Handelsräume aus. Dadurch gewannen die Gilden zunehmend an politischem Einfluss, wobei es ihnen zuweilen gelang, einzelne Städte politisch zu kontrollieren. In Italien ist hierfür das Geschlecht der Medici ein außerordentlich gutes Beispiel, welches schrittweise die Stadtrepublik Florenz unter seine Kontrolle brachte. Im deutschen Raum verfügten die Familien der Fugger und der Welser in Augsburg und Nürnberg über ähnlich großen Einfluss. Eine der bedeutendsten Fernhandelsgilden in Europa im Mittelalter war die Hanse, die sich schließlich Mitte des 14. Jahrhunderts zu einem mächtigen Städtebund weiterentwickelte. Neben den Händler- und Handwerksgilden gab es auch, doch eher seltener, die so genannten Söldnergilden oder Kriegergilden, die nach denselben Prinzipien der Zünfte/Gilden handelten. Diese boten Sicherheit gegen Entgelt, d. h. die Gilde wurde von Händlern oder Wohlhabenden/Adel für einen begrenzten Zeitraum um Schutz gebeten, z. B. während einer Reise. Falls ein Söldner bei einem Auftrag ums Leben kam, kümmerte sich die Gilde um die hinterbliebene Familie. (de) A guild (/ɡɪld/ GILD) is an association of artisans and merchants who oversee the practice of their craft/trade in a particular area. The earliest types of guild formed as organizations of tradesmen belonging to a professional association. They sometimes depended on grants of letters patent from a monarch or other ruler to enforce the flow of trade to their self-employed members, and to retain ownership of tools and the supply of materials, but were mostly regulated by the city government. A lasting legacy of traditional guilds are the guildhalls constructed and used as guild meeting-places. Guild members found guilty of cheating the public would be fined or banned from the guild. Typically the key "privilege" was that only guild members were allowed to sell their goods or practice their skill within the city. There might be controls on minimum or maximum prices, hours of trading, numbers of apprentices, and many other things. These rules reduced free competition, but sometimes maintained a good quality of work. An important result of the guild framework was the emergence of universities at Bologna (established in 1088), Oxford (at least since 1096) and Paris (c. 1150); they originated as guilds of students (as at Bologna) or of masters (as at Paris). (en) Une guilde, ou ghilde ou gilde désignait au Moyen Âge (XIe – XIVe siècles) une association ou coopération de personnes pratiquant une activité commune, généralement des marchands, qui, s'étant dotés de règles et de privilèges spécifiques, demandaient protection aux autorités d'une ville ou d'un État. De nos jours, ce terme, quelque peu désuet, désigne une association privée ayant un but précis. Ce mot provient du vieux norrois gildi signifiant « coopération » ou « assemblée » ou « troupe » (autour d'un repas ou d'une trinquerie, beuverie, potacio) et par extension, accord, entente, de personnes entre elles. D'autres orthographes sont signalées en ancien français ou néerlandais : guild ou ghilde. Est attesté le déterminant issu du latin médiéval ancré dans le langage juridique saxon à partir de gilda, gildum, geldum, à savoir : prestation, tribut, service. Les premières guildes se mettant au service de marchands, apparues en Allemagne du Nord sous le règne de Henri Ier, précèdent la Ligue hanséatique. (fr) Una guilda (del antiguo neerlandés gilde) es una corporación de mercaderes o de comerciantes; una forma habitual de asociación de la Baja Edad Media. (es) Gilda (bahasa Inggris: guild) adalah serikat pengrajin atau saudagar yang dibentuk guna memantau kegiatan usaha atau perniagaan mereka di daerah tertentu. Gilda-gilda tertua dibentuk sebagai serikat-serikat persaudaraan awam Kristen atau paguyuban-paguyuban usahawan. Gilda diatur mirip , serikat pekerja, kartel, dan perkumpulan rahasia. Keberadaan gilda acap kali bergantung kepada surat paten yang dianugerahkan kepala monarki atau kepala pemerintahan lainnya kepada gilda yang bersangkutan sebagai izin tertulis untuk menguasai dan mengendalikan kegiatan usaha tertentu demi kepentingan anggota-anggotanya, untuk mempertahankan kepemilikan sarana kerja, dan untuk menjamin kelancaran pasokan bahan baku. Petilasan gilda-gilda tradisional yang masih terlestarikan sampai sekarang adalah balai gilda, yakni gedung balai pertemuan anggota-anggota gilda. Anggota gilda yang kedapatan berlaku curang di muka umum akan dikenai denda atau dicabut keanggotaannya. Salah satu kemajuan penting yang lahir dari kegiatan berserikat ala gilda adalah pendirian universitas di Bologna (berdiri tahun 1088), Oxford (berdiri selambat-lambatnya sejak tahun 1096), dan Paris (berdiri sekitar tahun 1150). Universitas-universitas tersebut mula-mula didirikan sebagai gilda pelajar (Universitas Bologna) atau gilda pengajar (Universitas Paris). (in) ( 다른 뜻에 대해서는 길드 (동음이의) 문서를 참고하십시오.) 길드(guild)는 중세에서 근세에 이르기까지 유럽의 도시를 중심으로 장인이나 상인이 조직한 조합이다. 또한 길드는 사업권 면허를 통해 해당 지역의 생산권이나 상권을 독점하였다. 초기의 길드는 무역상의 동업자 조합 형태였으며 일반적으로 한 도시를 거점으로 단일 품목의 거래를 중재하였다. 이 외에도 직능 조합이나 노동조합, 카르텔, 또는 비밀결사와 같은 형태를 취하기도 하였다. 길드의 설립은 종종 군주나 영주 또는 해당 지역의 통치자가 발급한 형태로 사업 허가를 받아 조직되었으며 조합원의 충원, 도제의 고용과 훈련, 생산 도구의 소유와 관리 등에 대한 자치권을 인정받았다. 길드는 부정한 거래를 하다 발각된 회원을 추방할 수 있었다. 통상적으로 길드의 활동은 도시 정부의 규제를 받았다. 지금까지도 유럽의 대도시에는 이 남아있다. 핵심적인 길드의 특권은 해당 도시에서 재화와 용역의 판매에 대해 독점적 지위를 갖는 것이었다. 길드는 상품의 최소가 또는 최대가를 조정하였고, 거래 개시와 종료 시간을 결정하였으며, 도제의 수를 제한하였다. 이외에도 상거래와 관련한 다른 여러 가지 것들이 길드의 결정에 따라 정해졌다. 이를테면 길드의 이익을 위해 자유로운 경쟁을 규제하거나 상품이나 용역의 품질 기준을 마련하였고 도제 고용의 심사를 통해 이주민이나 여성의 고용을 배제하기도 하였다. 곳에 따라서는 비기독교인의 경제 활동을 가로막는 길드도 있었다. 예를 들어 독일 지역의 길드는 유대인을 회원으로 받아들이지 않았다. 중세는 사회의 여러 분야가 길드의 분업에 의해 이루어졌다. 교육 역시 마찬가지여서 세계 최초의 대학으로 1088년 설립된 볼로냐 대학교나 1096년 무렵 세워진 옥스퍼드 대학교, 1150년 무렵 시작된 파리 대학교 등은 애초에 길드로서 출발한 것이었다. 볼로냐 대학교의 경우엔 학생 조합이 설립 주체였고 파리 대학교는 길드의 마스터들에 의해 세워졌다. (ko) ギルド（英: guild、独: Zunft、伊: arti）は、中世より近世にかけて西欧諸都市において商工業者の間で結成された各種の職業別組合。商人ギルド・手工業ギルド（同職ギルド）などに区分される。一般に封建制における産物とされる。現在における職能団体の源流である。 (ja) La gilda o ghilda, termine di origine incerta (forse dal germanico gelten, "valore", o dall'anglosassone gylta, "società religiosa") era una corporazione tipicamente germanica che si sviluppò a cavallo del I millennio. (it) Gildia (niem. Gilde – związek); także konfraternia (z łac. współbractwo) – w średniowiecznej Europie stowarzyszenie o charakterze obronnym, religijnym lub towarzyskim. W XI w. kupiectwo stało się najbogatszą warstwą miejskiej społeczności. Wobec dużego zagrożenia, jakie stanowiły na drogach bandy rabusiów, kupcy organizowali się w gildie, wspólnie ponosząc koszty organizowania podróży i gromadzenia towarów, dzięki czemu rozkładało się ryzyko związane z handlem. Nazwą tą określano w północnej Europie także cechy rzemieślnicze.Polska nazwa „giełda” pochodzi od dolnoniemieckiego słowa „die Gilde”, a ta ze staroskandynawskiego gildi – oznaczająca zebranie, stowarzyszenie, następnie cech rzemieślniczy. (pl) Gille var en medeltida sammanslutning av människor, ett där medlemmarna lovade varandra ett visst skydd. I modern form kan de liknas vid föreningar som bildades på olika plan i samhället och för olika behov, men de var samtidigt religiösa föreningar samt sjuk- och . Gillena höll även fester, gillesdrickningar vilka under senmedeltiden, då ätten och släkten börjat tappa sitt starka grepp om människornas liv och statsmakten och kyrkan i viss mån börjat dra försorg om människor, kom att bli gillenas viktigaste funktion. Gillet var ett av medeltidens mest specifika fenomen som fanns i stad såväl som på landsbygd. Med tiden fick gillena en allt starkare religiös prägel, och reformationen ogillade gillenas fokusering på katolska helgon vilket kom att betyda slutet för det medeltida gillesfenomenet. Västerås riksdag 1544 beslöt om att upplösa landets kvarvarande gillen. (sv) Купецька гільдія (від нім. Gilde «об'єднання») — основна форма організації людей, які зайняті торгівлею. Запозичена назва від середньо-нижньо-німецького нім. gilde (від старо-німецького нім. gilda, gelda, gildomia — «плата»; сучасне нім. Geld — «гроші»), пізніше — «біржа». Дотичні поняття нім. Zunft, Hanse — «цех», «унія». (uk) Купе́ческая ги́льдия — основная форма организации людей, занятых торговлей. Заимствовано: ср.-нж.-н. gilde (от старо-нем. gilda, gelda, gildomia — плата; сравн. с совр. нем. Geld — деньги), позднее — «биржа». Родственные понятия: в нем. Zunft, Hanse — цех, уния. Гильдии защищали своих членов и подчиняли их деятельность определённым правилам. (ru) |
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| rdfs:comment | Výraz gilda označuje volné sdružení či společenskou skupinu založenou pro zajištění vzájemné výpomoci v případě nouze. Společenství fungovala na základě domluvy, smlouvy či dohody, přičemž dohoda a smlouva se zakládala na oboustranné příslibné přísaze. Etymologicky slovo gilda označuje ve starohornoněmčině gelt - placení, plat, dar - germánsky geldan - proplatit, zaplatit. Bylo to tedy společenství založené nejen na přísaze, ale také na daru či platbě. Výraz gilda se v současnosti přeneseně používá i v obecnějším smyslu pro jakékoliv obchodní či jiné sdružení a společenství. (cs) Una guilda (del antiguo neerlandés gilde) es una corporación de mercaderes o de comerciantes; una forma habitual de asociación de la Baja Edad Media. (es) ギルド（英: guild、独: Zunft、伊: arti）は、中世より近世にかけて西欧諸都市において商工業者の間で結成された各種の職業別組合。商人ギルド・手工業ギルド（同職ギルド）などに区分される。一般に封建制における産物とされる。現在における職能団体の源流である。 (ja) La gilda o ghilda, termine di origine incerta (forse dal germanico gelten, "valore", o dall'anglosassone gylta, "società religiosa") era una corporazione tipicamente germanica che si sviluppò a cavallo del I millennio. (it) Купецька гільдія (від нім. Gilde «об'єднання») — основна форма організації людей, які зайняті торгівлею. Запозичена назва від середньо-нижньо-німецького нім. gilde (від старо-німецького нім. gilda, gelda, gildomia — «плата»; сучасне нім. Geld — «гроші»), пізніше — «біржа». Дотичні поняття нім. Zunft, Hanse — «цех», «унія». (uk) Купе́ческая ги́льдия — основная форма организации людей, занятых торговлей. Заимствовано: ср.-нж.-н. gilde (от старо-нем. gilda, gelda, gildomia — плата; сравн. с совр. нем. Geld — деньги), позднее — «биржа». Родственные понятия: в нем. Zunft, Hanse — цех, уния. Гильдии защищали своих членов и подчиняли их деятельность определённым правилам. (ru) Guilda (de l'antic neerlandès gilde) és una corporació de mercaders o comerciants, la seva forma habitual d'associació durant la Baixa edat mitjana (segles XI al XV). Funcionava institucionalment de manera equivalent als gremis dels artesans, és a dir, com la reunió d'un grup de persones que comparteixen una activitat comuna, trien càrrecs directius, es doten a si mateixos de regles determinades que obliguen a tots ells i comparteixen els mateixos drets o llibertats. Tals conceptes no tenien el mateix valor que van adquirir en l'Edat Contemporània, i eren entesos com una forma de privilegis compatibles amb una situació marginal en el sistema socioeconòmic feudal, que a partir dels últims segles de l'Edat Mitjana (especialment des de la ) es trobava en un lent procés de crisi i transformaci (ca) Eine Gilde (von altnordisch gildi „Genossenschaft“, „Trinkgelage“) im engeren Sinne war im Mittelalter ein selbstnütziger und durch einen Schwur besiegelter Zusammenschluss von Kaufleuten (Patriziern) einer Stadt oder einer Gruppe fahrender Händler zum Schutz und zur Förderung gemeinsamer Interessen. Im weiteren Sinne wurden mit dem Begriff auch Handwerkergenossenschaften erfasst. Allerdings werden diese primär und zur Unterscheidung von den kaufmännischen Vereinigungen als Zünfte bezeichnet. In manchen europäischen Sprachen wird allerdings auch das Wort „Gilde“ in Zusammenhängen verwendet, die offenbar Zünfte wie Gilden gleichermaßen bedeuten können, so etwa im englischen guild, das sich auch auf eine Künstlergilde beziehen kann. In den romanischen Sprachen, wie z. B. dem Italienischen, u (de) A guild (/ɡɪld/ GILD) is an association of artisans and merchants who oversee the practice of their craft/trade in a particular area. The earliest types of guild formed as organizations of tradesmen belonging to a professional association. They sometimes depended on grants of letters patent from a monarch or other ruler to enforce the flow of trade to their self-employed members, and to retain ownership of tools and the supply of materials, but were mostly regulated by the city government. A lasting legacy of traditional guilds are the guildhalls constructed and used as guild meeting-places. Guild members found guilty of cheating the public would be fined or banned from the guild. (en) Une guilde, ou ghilde ou gilde désignait au Moyen Âge (XIe – XIVe siècles) une association ou coopération de personnes pratiquant une activité commune, généralement des marchands, qui, s'étant dotés de règles et de privilèges spécifiques, demandaient protection aux autorités d'une ville ou d'un État. De nos jours, ce terme, quelque peu désuet, désigne une association privée ayant un but précis. Les premières guildes se mettant au service de marchands, apparues en Allemagne du Nord sous le règne de Henri Ier, précèdent la Ligue hanséatique. (fr) Gilda (bahasa Inggris: guild) adalah serikat pengrajin atau saudagar yang dibentuk guna memantau kegiatan usaha atau perniagaan mereka di daerah tertentu. Gilda-gilda tertua dibentuk sebagai serikat-serikat persaudaraan awam Kristen atau paguyuban-paguyuban usahawan. Gilda diatur mirip , serikat pekerja, kartel, dan perkumpulan rahasia. Keberadaan gilda acap kali bergantung kepada surat paten yang dianugerahkan kepala monarki atau kepala pemerintahan lainnya kepada gilda yang bersangkutan sebagai izin tertulis untuk menguasai dan mengendalikan kegiatan usaha tertentu demi kepentingan anggota-anggotanya, untuk mempertahankan kepemilikan sarana kerja, dan untuk menjamin kelancaran pasokan bahan baku. Petilasan gilda-gilda tradisional yang masih terlestarikan sampai sekarang adalah balai gild (in) ( 다른 뜻에 대해서는 길드 (동음이의) 문서를 참고하십시오.) 길드(guild)는 중세에서 근세에 이르기까지 유럽의 도시를 중심으로 장인이나 상인이 조직한 조합이다. 또한 길드는 사업권 면허를 통해 해당 지역의 생산권이나 상권을 독점하였다. 초기의 길드는 무역상의 동업자 조합 형태였으며 일반적으로 한 도시를 거점으로 단일 품목의 거래를 중재하였다. 이 외에도 직능 조합이나 노동조합, 카르텔, 또는 비밀결사와 같은 형태를 취하기도 하였다. 길드의 설립은 종종 군주나 영주 또는 해당 지역의 통치자가 발급한 형태로 사업 허가를 받아 조직되었으며 조합원의 충원, 도제의 고용과 훈련, 생산 도구의 소유와 관리 등에 대한 자치권을 인정받았다. 길드는 부정한 거래를 하다 발각된 회원을 추방할 수 있었다. 통상적으로 길드의 활동은 도시 정부의 규제를 받았다. 지금까지도 유럽의 대도시에는 이 남아있다. (ko) Gildia (niem. Gilde – związek); także konfraternia (z łac. współbractwo) – w średniowiecznej Europie stowarzyszenie o charakterze obronnym, religijnym lub towarzyskim. W XI w. kupiectwo stało się najbogatszą warstwą miejskiej społeczności. Wobec dużego zagrożenia, jakie stanowiły na drogach bandy rabusiów, kupcy organizowali się w gildie, wspólnie ponosząc koszty organizowania podróży i gromadzenia towarów, dzięki czemu rozkładało się ryzyko związane z handlem. (pl) Gille var en medeltida sammanslutning av människor, ett där medlemmarna lovade varandra ett visst skydd. I modern form kan de liknas vid föreningar som bildades på olika plan i samhället och för olika behov, men de var samtidigt religiösa föreningar samt sjuk- och . Gillena höll även fester, gillesdrickningar vilka under senmedeltiden, då ätten och släkten börjat tappa sitt starka grepp om människornas liv och statsmakten och kyrkan i viss mån börjat dra försorg om människor, kom att bli gillenas viktigaste funktion. Gillet var ett av medeltidens mest specifika fenomen som fanns i stad såväl som på landsbygd. (sv) |
| rdfs:label | Guild (en) جيلد (ar) Guilda (ca) Gilda (cs) Gilde (Berufsverband) (de) Guilda (es) Gilda (perhimpunan) (in) Guilde (fr) Gilda (storia) (it) 길드 (ko) ギルド (ja) Gildia (historia) (pl) Купеческая гильдия (ru) Gille (sv) Купецька гільдія (uk) |
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| is dbp:name of | dbr:List_of_cultural_property_of_national_significance_in_Switzerland:_Zürich |
| is dbp:type of | dbr:Australian_Production_Design_Guild dbr:Australian_Screen_Sound_Guild dbr:The_Guild_of_St_Joseph_and_St_Dominic |
| is gold:hypernym of | dbr:National_Association_of_Actors dbr:Ivan's_Hundred dbr:Saint_Anne's_Guild dbr:Cohong dbr:Basoche dbr:Company_of_Cutlers_in_Hallamshire dbr:Company_of_Watermen_and_Lightermen dbr:Federfechter dbr:Masters_of_Defence dbr:Writers_Guild_of_America_Award_for_Best_Adapted_Screenplay dbr:Australian_Directors_Guild dbr:Ainnurruvar dbr:Graphic_Artists_Guild dbr:Knighten_Guilde dbr:Guild_of_the_Holy_Cross dbr:Guild_of_Entrepreneurs dbr:Guild_of_Railway_Artists dbr:Jenna_Bans dbr:Teatro_Tomasino dbr:The_Animation_Guild,_I.A.T.S.E._Local_839 dbr:The_Cuban_Bartenders’_Club dbr:The_Guild_of_Air_Traffic_Control_Officers dbr:Edge_of_Dawn dbr:The_Society_of_Arts_and_Crafts_of_NSW dbr:Directors_Guild_of_America dbr:Arte_della_Lana dbr:Arte_della_Seta dbr:Australian_Screen_Editors dbr:Great_Guild,_Tallinn dbr:Guild_of_St._John,_Deritend dbr:Guild_of_the_German_Stage dbr:Carpenters'_Company_of_the_City_and_County_of_Philadelphia dbr:Real_Maestranza_de_Caballería_de_Sevilla dbr:Screen_Directors_Guild_of_New_Zealand dbr:Worshipful_Company_of_Haberdashers dbr:Shadowclan dbr:Five_Hundred_Lords_of_Ayyavolu dbr:Manigramam dbr:Nanadesis dbr:Motion_Picture_Editors_Guild dbr:Tōdōza |
| is foaf:primaryTopic of | wikipedia-en:Guild |
