| dbo:abstract |
تاريخ الصواريخ وضعت الصواريخ التي تعمل بطاقة البارود الأولى في عهد أسرة سونغ في الصين في القرن ال13. وانتشرت في جميع أنحاء العالم القديم في أعقاب غزوات المغول في منتصف القرن ال13 . واستخدمت الصواريخ الحديثة في العصور الوسطى عسكريا مثل الأسلحة الحارقة في الحصار. وقد صممت الصواريخ الاولي المغلفة بالحديد في أواخر القرن ال15 في مملكة ميسور. استخدام أنواع الوقود السائل بدلا من البارود لتحسن الفاعلية المدفعية الصاروخية في الحرب العالمية الأولى، وفتح إمكانية رحلات الفضاء بعد عام 1918. (ar) The first rockets were used as propulsion systems for arrows, and may have appeared as early as the 10th century in Song dynasty China. However more solid documentary evidence does not appear until the 13th century. The technology probably spread across Eurasia in the wake of the Mongol invasions of the mid-13th century. Usage of rockets as weapons before modern rocketry is attested to in China, Korea, India, and Europe. One of the first recorded rocket launchers is the "wasp nest" fire arrow launcher produced by the Ming dynasty in 1380. In Europe rockets were also used in the same year at the Battle of Chioggia. The Joseon kingdom of Korea used a type of mobile multiple rocket launcher known as the "Munjong Hwacha" by 1451. The use of rockets in war became outdated by 15th century. The use of rockets in wars was revived with the creation of iron-cased rockets, which were used by Kingdom of Mysore (Mysorean rockets) and by Marathas during the mid 18th century, and were later copied by the British. The later models and improvements were known as the Congreve rocket and used in the Napoleonic Wars. (en) I primi razzi potrebbero essere comparsi già nella Cina del X secolo, dinastia Song, benché una solida prova documentale non si trovi prima del XIII secolo. La tecnologia probabilmente si diffuse attraverso l'Eurasia contestualmente alle Invasioni mongole di metà XIII secolo. L'uso di razzi come armi anteriore alla missilistica moderna è attestato in Cina, Corea, India, ed Europa. Uno dei primi lanciarazzi di cui vi sia traccia è il lanciatore di frecce di fuoco "nido di vespe" prodotto dalla Dinastia Ming nel 1380. Sempre in quell'anno i razzi furono impiegati in Europa, durante la Battaglia di Chioggia. Il regno Joseon di Corea adoperava un tipo di lanciarazzi multiplo detto "Munjong Hwacha" dal 1451. I razzi rivestiti di acciaio, noti come Razzi Mysore, furono sviluppati dal Regno di Mysore dalla fine del XV secolo, e in seguito copiati dai britannici. I perfezionamenti di detti razzi portarono al Razzo Congreve utilizzato nelle Guerre napoleoniche. L'uso di propellenti liquidi al posto della polvere da sparo migliorò considerevolmente l'efficacia dell'artiglieria missilistica nella prima guerra mondiale, rendendo possibile alcuni anni più tardi il volo spaziale umano. (it) De geschiedenis en ontwikkeling van raketten gaat terug tot ver vóór de Tweede Wereldoorlog. We kunnen twee soorten onderscheiden, namelijk de vastebrandstofraket en de raket die zijn stuwkracht aan vloeistof ontleent. (nl) História dos foguetes inicia quando os primeiros foguetes foram usados como sistemas de propulsão para flechas, e podem ter aparecido já no século X na dinastia Song na China. No entanto, evidências documentais mais sólidas não aparecem até o século XIII. A tecnologia provavelmente se espalhou pela Eurásia na esteira das conquistas e invasões mongóis de meados do século XIII. O uso de foguetes como armas antes dos foguetes modernos é atestado na China, Coreia, Índia e Europa. Um dos primeiros lança-foguetes registrados é o lançador de flechas de fogo "ninho de vespa" produzido pela dinastia Ming em 1380. Na Europa, foguetes também foram usados no mesmo ano na (Veneza). O reino joseon da Coreia usou um tipo de lançador móvel de foguetes múltiplos conhecido como Munjong Hwach'a em 1451. O uso de foguetes na guerra tornou-se ultrapassado por volta do século XV. O uso de foguetes em guerras foi revivido com a criação de foguetes de ferro, que foram usados pelo Reino de Maiçor e pelo Império Marata durante meados do século XVIII, e mais tarde foram copiados pelos britânicos. Os modelos e melhorias posteriores eram conhecidos como o foguete Congreve e usado nas Guerras Napoleônicas. (pt) |
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http://muse.jhu.edu/login%3Fauth=0&type=summary&url=/journals/technology_and_culture/v049/49.3.bachrach.html http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/198577/explosive https://archive.org/details/cambridgeillustr00ebre_0 https://archive.org/details/gunpowderalchemy00jack http://www.history-science-technology.com/Articles/articles%202.htm http://www.history-science-technology.com https://archive.org/details/bigbanghistoryof00brow https://archive.org/details/givingupgun00noel https://archive.org/details/historyofgreekfi00part https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/publications/dangerous-energy/ http://www.armchairgeneral.com/confederate-boys-and-peter-monkeys.htm https://archive.org/details/courseofinstruct00bentrich%7C |
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| dbp:caption |
A hwacha manual from the Gukjo orye seorye (en) The 'divine fire arrow screen' from the Huolongjing. A stationary arrow launcher that carries one hundred fire arrows. It is activated by a trap-like mechanism, possibly of wheellock design. (en) Depiction of rocket arrows, from the Huolongjing. The left arrow reads 'fire arrow' , the middle is a 'dragon shaped arrow frame' , and the left is a 'complete fire arrow' . (en) A "nest of bees" arrow rocket launcher as depicted in the Wubei Zhi. So called because of its hexagonal honeycomb shape. (en) |
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center (en) |
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January 2018 (en) |
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Fire arrow rocket launcher.jpg (en) Hwacha-1500s-painting2.jpg (en) Oldest depiction of rocket arrows.jpg (en) 一窩蜂.jpg (en) |
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Rocket (en) |
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تاريخ الصواريخ وضعت الصواريخ التي تعمل بطاقة البارود الأولى في عهد أسرة سونغ في الصين في القرن ال13. وانتشرت في جميع أنحاء العالم القديم في أعقاب غزوات المغول في منتصف القرن ال13 . واستخدمت الصواريخ الحديثة في العصور الوسطى عسكريا مثل الأسلحة الحارقة في الحصار. وقد صممت الصواريخ الاولي المغلفة بالحديد في أواخر القرن ال15 في مملكة ميسور. استخدام أنواع الوقود السائل بدلا من البارود لتحسن الفاعلية المدفعية الصاروخية في الحرب العالمية الأولى، وفتح إمكانية رحلات الفضاء بعد عام 1918. (ar) De geschiedenis en ontwikkeling van raketten gaat terug tot ver vóór de Tweede Wereldoorlog. We kunnen twee soorten onderscheiden, namelijk de vastebrandstofraket en de raket die zijn stuwkracht aan vloeistof ontleent. (nl) The first rockets were used as propulsion systems for arrows, and may have appeared as early as the 10th century in Song dynasty China. However more solid documentary evidence does not appear until the 13th century. The technology probably spread across Eurasia in the wake of the Mongol invasions of the mid-13th century. Usage of rockets as weapons before modern rocketry is attested to in China, Korea, India, and Europe. One of the first recorded rocket launchers is the "wasp nest" fire arrow launcher produced by the Ming dynasty in 1380. In Europe rockets were also used in the same year at the Battle of Chioggia. The Joseon kingdom of Korea used a type of mobile multiple rocket launcher known as the "Munjong Hwacha" by 1451. (en) I primi razzi potrebbero essere comparsi già nella Cina del X secolo, dinastia Song, benché una solida prova documentale non si trovi prima del XIII secolo. La tecnologia probabilmente si diffuse attraverso l'Eurasia contestualmente alle Invasioni mongole di metà XIII secolo. L'uso di razzi come armi anteriore alla missilistica moderna è attestato in Cina, Corea, India, ed Europa. Uno dei primi lanciarazzi di cui vi sia traccia è il lanciatore di frecce di fuoco "nido di vespe" prodotto dalla Dinastia Ming nel 1380. Sempre in quell'anno i razzi furono impiegati in Europa, durante la Battaglia di Chioggia. (it) História dos foguetes inicia quando os primeiros foguetes foram usados como sistemas de propulsão para flechas, e podem ter aparecido já no século X na dinastia Song na China. No entanto, evidências documentais mais sólidas não aparecem até o século XIII. A tecnologia provavelmente se espalhou pela Eurásia na esteira das conquistas e invasões mongóis de meados do século XIII. O uso de foguetes como armas antes dos foguetes modernos é atestado na China, Coreia, Índia e Europa. Um dos primeiros lança-foguetes registrados é o lançador de flechas de fogo "ninho de vespa" produzido pela dinastia Ming em 1380. Na Europa, foguetes também foram usados no mesmo ano na (Veneza). O reino joseon da Coreia usou um tipo de lançador móvel de foguetes múltiplos conhecido como Munjong Hwach'a em 1451. (pt) |
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تاريخ الصواريخ (ar) History of rockets (en) Storia dei razzi (it) Geschiedenis van de raket (nl) História dos foguetes (pt) |
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dbr:History_of_gunpowder dbr:Timeline_of_the_Gunpowder_Age |
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