Parliament of Scotland (original) (raw)
Das Parliament of Scotland (scots: Pairlament o Scotland, deutsch ‚Parlament Schottlands‘, schottisch-gälisch Pàrlamaid na h-Alba), offiziell Estates of Parliament, war das historische Parlament und damit die Legislative des Königreichs Schottland (Kinrick o Scotland).
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| dbo:abstract | يُعدّ برلمان اسكتلندا (بالإنجليزية: Parliament of Scotland) السلطة التشريعية لمملكة اسكتلندا. وقد تطور البرلمان، شأنه شأن مؤسسات أخرى، خلال العصور الوسطى من مجلس الملك للأساقفة والإيرلز. وُصِفَ كبرلمان للمرة الأولى عام 1235، خلال عهد ألكسندر الثاني من اسكتلندا، عندما أُطلق عليه وصف «ندوة» إذ كان له بالفعل دور سياسي وقضائي هام. بحلول أوائل القرن الرابع عشر، أصبح حضور الفرسان والحاكمين أمرًا بالغ الأهمية إذ حضر الاجتماع أكثر من 1326 عضو لجنة من مختلف البلديات. وقد وافق البرلمان، الذي يتألف من «ثلاث طبقات مجمعية» ورجال الدين والنبلاء ورؤساء البلديات في مجلس مكون من غرفة واحدة، على رفع الضرائب، ولعب أيضًا دورًا هامًا في إدارة المحاكم والسياسة الخارجية وشؤون الحرب وكافة أشكال التشريعات الأخرى. قامت المؤسسات «الشقيقة» بأعمال البرلمان، مثل المجالس العامة أو مؤتمرات الدول الأوروبية. وقد كان بمقدورها القيام بالكثير من الأعمال التجارية التي يديرها البرلمان أيضًا - الضرائب، والتشريعات، وصنع السياسات - إلا أنها افتقرت إلى السلطة المطلقة للبرلمان الكامل. اجتمع برلمان اسكتلندا لأكثر من أربعة قرون إلى أن تم تأجيله إلى أجل غير مُسَّمى في فترة أعمال الاتحاد عام 1707. بعد ذلك، عمل برلمان بريطانيا العظمى لكل من إنجلترا واسكتلندا بعد إنشاء المملكة البريطانية العظمى في 1 مايو من عام 1707. عندما أُلغيَ برلمان أيرلندا عام 1801، ثم دُمِجَ أعضاؤه السابقين في ما يسمى الآن برلمان المملكة المتحدة. من يناير عام 1801 حتى 1927، دُعيت الدولة البريطانية رسميًا بالمملكة المتحدة لبريطانيا العظمى وأيرلندا (رغم أن الدولة الأيرلندية الحرة قد ظهرت في ديسمبر عام 1922). وُصِفَ البرلمان السابق للاتحاد لفترة طويلة على أنه هيئة معيبة دستوريًا لم تكن تعمل إلا كختم مطاطي للقرارات المَلكية، لكن الأبحاث التي أجريت في أوائل القرن الحادي والعشرين وجدت أنه قد لعب دورًا نشطًا في سياسة اسكتلندا الأمر الذي أقلق التاج الإسكتلندي في بعض الأحيان. (ar) Das Parliament of Scotland (scots: Pairlament o Scotland, deutsch ‚Parlament Schottlands‘, schottisch-gälisch Pàrlamaid na h-Alba), offiziell Estates of Parliament, war das historische Parlament und damit die Legislative des Königreichs Schottland (Kinrick o Scotland). (de) La parlamento de Skotlando (skote Pairlament o Scotland, angle Parliament of Scotland, oficiale skote Estates o Pairlament, angle Estates of Parliament) estis la parlamento de la reĝlando Skotlando (skote Kinrick o Scotland). La parlamento, kiel aliaj tiaj institucioj, evoluis dum la mezepoko el la reĝa konsilio de episkopoj kaj grafoj. Ĝi estas unua identigebla kiel parlamento en 1235, dum la reĝado de Aleksandro la 2-a, kiam ĝi estis priskribita kiel 'kolokvo' kaj jam posedis politikan kaj juĝa rolon. De la frua 14-a jarcento, la reprezentejo de kavaliroj kaj grundoposedantoj fariĝis grava, kaj ekde 1326 reprezentantoj de la burĝoj ĉeestis. Parlamentantoj el la 'tri statoj' de pastraro, nobelaro kaj la burĝoj sidis en sola ĉambro. La Parlamento de Skotlando kunvenis dum pli ol kvar jarcentoj, ĝis ĝi estis neniigita kadre de la premita unuigo de Anglio kaj Skotlando en 1707. Poste la Parlamento de Britio funkciis por kaj Anglio kaj Skotlando, tiel kreante la Unuiĝintan Reĝlandon de Granda Britio. Kiam la Parlamento de Irlando estis aboliciita en 1801, ĝiaj malnovaj membroj estis kunfanditaj en kio nun nomatas la Parlamento de Britio. (eo) El Parlamento de Escocia, o los Estados del Parlamento, fue el órgano legislativo del Reino de Escocia. El parlamento, al igual que otras instituciones similares, evolucionó durante el medioevo a partir de un consejo real formado por obispos y señores. El primer registro del parlamento unicameral de Escocia data del siglo XIII. La primera reunión de la cual se tienen datos, tuvo lugar en Kirkliston en 1235 durante el reinado de Alejandro II. Al igual que su contemporáneo, el Parlamento de Inglaterra, es mencionado como un colloquium en los documentos en latín existentes hoy. El parlamento, también conocido como Estados de Escocia, la Comunidad del Reino, los Tres Estados (en escocés antiguo Thrie Estaitis), el Parlamento de los Escoceses o el auld Scots Parliament (del inglés: antiguo), se reunió hasta su aplazamiento sine die en el momento del Acta de Unión en 1707. A partir de entonces el Parlamento del Reino Unido funcionó tanto para Inglaterra como para Escocia, creando por ello el Reino Unido de la Gran Bretaña. El parlamento anterior a la Unión fue largamente representado como un cuerpo constitucionalmente defectuoso que actuaba meramente como un notariado de las decisiones reales, pero investigaciones de los primeros años del siglo XXI han encontrado que jugó un rol activo en la política de Escocia, y fue algunas veces una espina clavada para la corona escocesa. (es) The Parliament of Scotland (Scots: Pairlament o Scotland; Scottish Gaelic: Pàrlamaid na h-Alba) was the legislature of the Kingdom of Scotland from the 13th century until 1707. The parliament evolved during the early 13th century from the king's council of bishops and earls, with the first identifiable parliament being held in 1235 during the reign of Alexander II, when it already possessed a political and judicial role. A unicameral institution, for most of its existence the Parliament consisted of the three estates of clergy, nobility, and the burghs. By the 1690s it comprised the nobility, the shires, the burghs, and various officers of state. Parliament gave consent for the raising of taxation and played an important role in the administration of justice, foreign policy, war, and the passing of a broad range of legislation. Parliamentary business was also carried out by "sister" institutions, such as General Councils or Conventions of Estates, which could both carry out much business dealt with by parliament, but lacked the powers and ultimate authority of a full parliament. The Parliament of Scotland was adjourned and dissolved in 1707 following the ratification of the Treaty of Union between Scotland and England. With the creation of the Kingdom of Great Britain on 1 May 1707, the parliaments of Scotland and England were succeeded by the new Parliament of Great Britain. Under the Acts of Union 1800, the parliaments of Great Britain and Ireland merged to become the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Long portrayed as a constitutionally defective body that acted merely as a rubber stamp for royal decisions, modern research has found that the Parliament of Scotland played an active role in Scottish affairs, and often limited the power of the Scottish Crown. (en) Pour l'institution actuelle, voir l'article Parlement écossais Parlement d'Écosse Le Parlement d'Écosse, officiellement appelé États du Parlement (Estates of Parliament), est l'organe législatif du royaume d'Écosse, avant que celui-ci ne fût rattaché à celui d'Angleterre en 1707, lors de la formation du royaume de Grande-Bretagne. L'existence avérée du Parlement monocaméral d'Écosse remonte au début du XIIIe siècle. Ses assemblées étaient désignées, comme pour le Parlement d'Angleterre, par le terme latin de colloquium : colloque, conférence, pourparlers. La première de ces réunions, dont on possède des preuves fiables, se tint en 1235, durant le règne d'Alexandre II d'Écosse, à , une petite ville se trouvant maintenant dans la banlieue d'Édimbourg. Ce Parlement était également appelé « les États d'Écosse », « les Trois États » ou « le Parlement des Scots ». Il se réunit jusqu'en 1707, date à laquelle l'Acte d'Union le fusionna avec le Parlement d'Angleterre, créant le nouveau Parlement de Grande-Bretagne. Le Parlement d'avant 1707 a longtemps été dépeint comme un corps constitutionnellement défectueux, sa fonction consistant essentiellement à enregistrer les décisions royales. Mais des recherches récentes ont montré qu'il avait joué un rôle actif dans les affaires écossaises, et avait même été parfois une source d'irritation pour la couronne écossaise. (fr) Het Parlement van Schotland, officieel de Standen van het parlement (Engels: Estates of Parliament) maakte deel uit van de wetgevende macht van het Koninkrijk Schotland. De oudste aanwijzingen van het unicamerale parlement van Schotland gaat terug tot het begin van de twaalfde eeuw met een vergadering die rond het jaar 1140 moet hebben plaatsgevonden op Edinburgh Castle. De eerste samenkomst waarvan een primaire bron bestaat (waarnaar wordt verwezen als een colloquium in Latijnse bronnen), vond plaats in (een klein dorp dat vandaag in de buitenwijken van Edinburgh ligt) in het jaar 1235 onder de heerschappij van Alexander II van Schotland. Andere namen die verwijzen naar dit parlement zijn Standen van Schotland (Estates of Scotland), de Gemeenschap van het Koninkrijk (Community of the Realm), de Drie Standen (Schots: Thrie Estaitis), Schots parlement (Scots Parliament) of oud-Schots parlement (auld Scots Parliament). Deze wetgevende instelling kwam samen tot aan de Acts of Union (1707) die leidden tot de ontbinding van het parlement van Schotland. Het werd vervangen door het parlement van Groot-Brittannië in 1707. Het parlement dat vóór de vereniging van de landsdelen bestond, werd lange tijd foutief beschreven als een grondwettelijk gebrekkige instantie die enkel optrad om gedachteloos in te stemmen met koninklijke beslissingen. Recent onderzoek toont daarentegen aan dat het een actieve rol speelde in Schotse aangelegenheden en dat het af en toe een hinderpaal was voor de Schotse monarchen. (nl) La locuzione Parlamento di Scozia (in inglese: Parliament of Scotland, o, ufficialmente: Estates of Parliament) era utilizzata per definire l'organo legislativo del Regno di Scozia. Il Parlamento, come altre istituzioni simili, si evolvette durante il Medioevo a partire dal consiglio reale formato da vescovi e conti. È identificabile per la prima volta come parlamento nel 1235, durante il regno di Alessandro II, quando fu descritto come "colloquium" e possedeva già ruolo politico e giuridico. Dall'inizio del XIV secolo, la partecipazione di cavalieri e proprietari terrieri era divenuta importante, e dal 1325 parteciparono anche i commissari dei burgh reali. Consistendo dei "tre stati" di clero, nobiltà e burgh che sedevano nella stessa camera, il parlamento diede il consenso per l'imposizione delle tasse e giocò un ruolo fondamentale nell'amministrazione della giustizia, della politica estera, della guerra e in tutti gli ambiti della legislazione. Gli affari parlamentari erano condotti anche da istituzioni di pari grado, come i Consigli Generali o la Convenzione degli Stati; questi potevano decidere su materie di cui trattava anche il Parlamento, cioè tassazione, legislazione e politica, ma non avevano l'autorità suprema di un pieno parlamento. Il Parlamento di Scozia si riunì per più di quattro secoli, finché fu prorogato sine die al momento dell'Atto di Unione del 1707. In seguito, il Parlamento di Gran Bretagna operò sia per l'Inghilterra che per la Scozia, unite all'interno del Regno di Gran Bretagna. Quando il Parlamento d'Irlanda fu abolito nel 1801, i suoi ex membri parteciparono a quello che oggi è il Parlamento del Regno Unito. Il Parlamento pre-Unione fu a lungo descritto come un corpo costituzionale imperfetto che agì meramente come approvatore delle decisioni reali, ma ricerche effettuate all'inizio del XXI secolo portarono alla scoperta di un suo ruolo attivo negli affari scozzesi, e in determinati periodi costituì una spina nel fianco della Corona scozzese. (it) Skottlands parlament, eller Skottlands ständer (engelska Estates of Parliament, Parliament of Scotland, Scots Parlament, Three estates, lågskotska Thrie Estaitis) var den lagstiftande församlingen i Kungariket Skottland. (sv) 蘇格蘭王國國會（Parliament of Scotland；低地蘇格蘭語：Pairlament o Scotland；蘇格蘭蓋爾語：Pàrlamaid na h-Alba），是蘇格蘭王國的立法機構。國會為一院制，由組成，各級分別為神職人員（第一級）、貴族（第二級）和市鎮代表（第三級）。國會職權涉及稅收、司法、外交、戰爭以及其他立法事宜。除國會外，立法事宜亦可由和等不具全部立法權力的機構負責。有如中世紀間各國立法機構，蘇格蘭王國國會演變自內庭樞密院，成員包括主教和伯爵。1235年亞歷山大二世在位時首將樞密院稱之爲國會，當時已具備政治及司法功能。列席的騎士及地主日益影響國會，1326年起更增設代表。 蘇格蘭王國國會延續逾四世紀，直至1707年5月1日因《1707年聯合法令》而宣告休會待續無期。新成立的大不列顛國會（即當今英国议会之前身）由英格蘭及蘇格蘭國會合併而成，同時管轄兩地。 合併前的蘇格蘭王國國會長期被學者視作憲法上有缺陷，只是橡皮圖章，但二十一世紀起的研究發現國會實際上有積極參與政治事務，亦會反對蘇格蘭君主所提出的決定。 (zh) |
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| dbp:title | Parliament of Scotland (en) |
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| rdfs:comment | Das Parliament of Scotland (scots: Pairlament o Scotland, deutsch ‚Parlament Schottlands‘, schottisch-gälisch Pàrlamaid na h-Alba), offiziell Estates of Parliament, war das historische Parlament und damit die Legislative des Königreichs Schottland (Kinrick o Scotland). (de) Skottlands parlament, eller Skottlands ständer (engelska Estates of Parliament, Parliament of Scotland, Scots Parlament, Three estates, lågskotska Thrie Estaitis) var den lagstiftande församlingen i Kungariket Skottland. (sv) 蘇格蘭王國國會（Parliament of Scotland；低地蘇格蘭語：Pairlament o Scotland；蘇格蘭蓋爾語：Pàrlamaid na h-Alba），是蘇格蘭王國的立法機構。國會為一院制，由組成，各級分別為神職人員（第一級）、貴族（第二級）和市鎮代表（第三級）。國會職權涉及稅收、司法、外交、戰爭以及其他立法事宜。除國會外，立法事宜亦可由和等不具全部立法權力的機構負責。有如中世紀間各國立法機構，蘇格蘭王國國會演變自內庭樞密院，成員包括主教和伯爵。1235年亞歷山大二世在位時首將樞密院稱之爲國會，當時已具備政治及司法功能。列席的騎士及地主日益影響國會，1326年起更增設代表。 蘇格蘭王國國會延續逾四世紀，直至1707年5月1日因《1707年聯合法令》而宣告休會待續無期。新成立的大不列顛國會（即當今英国议会之前身）由英格蘭及蘇格蘭國會合併而成，同時管轄兩地。 合併前的蘇格蘭王國國會長期被學者視作憲法上有缺陷，只是橡皮圖章，但二十一世紀起的研究發現國會實際上有積極參與政治事務，亦會反對蘇格蘭君主所提出的決定。 (zh) يُعدّ برلمان اسكتلندا (بالإنجليزية: Parliament of Scotland) السلطة التشريعية لمملكة اسكتلندا. وقد تطور البرلمان، شأنه شأن مؤسسات أخرى، خلال العصور الوسطى من مجلس الملك للأساقفة والإيرلز. وُصِفَ كبرلمان للمرة الأولى عام 1235، خلال عهد ألكسندر الثاني من اسكتلندا، عندما أُطلق عليه وصف «ندوة» إذ كان له بالفعل دور سياسي وقضائي هام. بحلول أوائل القرن الرابع عشر، أصبح حضور الفرسان والحاكمين أمرًا بالغ الأهمية إذ حضر الاجتماع أكثر من 1326 عضو لجنة من مختلف البلديات. وقد وافق البرلمان، الذي يتألف من «ثلاث طبقات مجمعية» ورجال الدين والنبلاء ورؤساء البلديات في مجلس مكون من غرفة واحدة، على رفع الضرائب، ولعب أيضًا دورًا هامًا في إدارة المحاكم والسياسة الخارجية وشؤون الحرب وكافة أشكال التشريعات الأخرى. قامت المؤسسات «الشقيقة» بأعمال البرلمان، مثل المجالس العامة أو مؤتمرات الدول الأوروبية. وقد كان بمقدور (ar) La parlamento de Skotlando (skote Pairlament o Scotland, angle Parliament of Scotland, oficiale skote Estates o Pairlament, angle Estates of Parliament) estis la parlamento de la reĝlando Skotlando (skote Kinrick o Scotland). La parlamento, kiel aliaj tiaj institucioj, evoluis dum la mezepoko el la reĝa konsilio de episkopoj kaj grafoj. Ĝi estas unua identigebla kiel parlamento en 1235, dum la reĝado de Aleksandro la 2-a, kiam ĝi estis priskribita kiel 'kolokvo' kaj jam posedis politikan kaj juĝa rolon. De la frua 14-a jarcento, la reprezentejo de kavaliroj kaj grundoposedantoj fariĝis grava, kaj ekde 1326 reprezentantoj de la burĝoj ĉeestis. Parlamentantoj el la 'tri statoj' de pastraro, nobelaro kaj la burĝoj sidis en sola ĉambro. (eo) El Parlamento de Escocia, o los Estados del Parlamento, fue el órgano legislativo del Reino de Escocia. El parlamento, al igual que otras instituciones similares, evolucionó durante el medioevo a partir de un consejo real formado por obispos y señores. El primer registro del parlamento unicameral de Escocia data del siglo XIII. La primera reunión de la cual se tienen datos, tuvo lugar en Kirkliston en 1235 durante el reinado de Alejandro II. Al igual que su contemporáneo, el Parlamento de Inglaterra, es mencionado como un colloquium en los documentos en latín existentes hoy. (es) The Parliament of Scotland (Scots: Pairlament o Scotland; Scottish Gaelic: Pàrlamaid na h-Alba) was the legislature of the Kingdom of Scotland from the 13th century until 1707. The parliament evolved during the early 13th century from the king's council of bishops and earls, with the first identifiable parliament being held in 1235 during the reign of Alexander II, when it already possessed a political and judicial role. (en) Pour l'institution actuelle, voir l'article Parlement écossais Parlement d'Écosse Le Parlement d'Écosse, officiellement appelé États du Parlement (Estates of Parliament), est l'organe législatif du royaume d'Écosse, avant que celui-ci ne fût rattaché à celui d'Angleterre en 1707, lors de la formation du royaume de Grande-Bretagne. Ce Parlement était également appelé « les États d'Écosse », « les Trois États » ou « le Parlement des Scots ». Il se réunit jusqu'en 1707, date à laquelle l'Acte d'Union le fusionna avec le Parlement d'Angleterre, créant le nouveau Parlement de Grande-Bretagne. (fr) La locuzione Parlamento di Scozia (in inglese: Parliament of Scotland, o, ufficialmente: Estates of Parliament) era utilizzata per definire l'organo legislativo del Regno di Scozia. Il Parlamento, come altre istituzioni simili, si evolvette durante il Medioevo a partire dal consiglio reale formato da vescovi e conti. È identificabile per la prima volta come parlamento nel 1235, durante il regno di Alessandro II, quando fu descritto come "colloquium" e possedeva già ruolo politico e giuridico. Dall'inizio del XIV secolo, la partecipazione di cavalieri e proprietari terrieri era divenuta importante, e dal 1325 parteciparono anche i commissari dei burgh reali. Consistendo dei "tre stati" di clero, nobiltà e burgh che sedevano nella stessa camera, il parlamento diede il consenso per l'imposizi (it) Het Parlement van Schotland, officieel de Standen van het parlement (Engels: Estates of Parliament) maakte deel uit van de wetgevende macht van het Koninkrijk Schotland. De oudste aanwijzingen van het unicamerale parlement van Schotland gaat terug tot het begin van de twaalfde eeuw met een vergadering die rond het jaar 1140 moet hebben plaatsgevonden op Edinburgh Castle. De eerste samenkomst waarvan een primaire bron bestaat (waarnaar wordt verwezen als een colloquium in Latijnse bronnen), vond plaats in (een klein dorp dat vandaag in de buitenwijken van Edinburgh ligt) in het jaar 1235 onder de heerschappij van Alexander II van Schotland. (nl) |
| rdfs:label | Parliament of Scotland (en) برلمان اسكتلندا (ar) Parliament of Scotland (de) Parlamento de Skotlando (eo) Parlamento de Escocia (es) Parlement d'Écosse (fr) Parlamento di Scozia (it) Parlement van Schotland (nl) Skottlands parlament (sv) 苏格兰王国议会 (zh) |
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