Asteroids with satellites (original) (raw)

	by Wm. Robert Johnstonlast updated 28 September 2024

Contents:

• List of binary asteroids/TNOs
  --with links to separate pages of data and links on specific binary asteroids/TNOs
• Tables of data on binary asteroids and other reports of asteroid/TNO companions (separate pages)
• General discussion
• Images and figures regarding binary asteroids/TNOs (separate pages)
• Links--lists, databases, articles, etc.
  --including link to separate page listing abstracts at ADS

Current Count: 553 asteroids and TNOs with companions: 536 binaries, 15 triple systems, 1 quadruple system (130 Elektra), 1 sextuple system (Pluto); 574 companions total:

• 102 near-Earth asteroids (4 with two satellites each),
• 34 Mars crossing asteroids (1 with two satellites),
• 268 main-belt asteroids (1 with three satellites, 8 with two satellites each; 1 binary with dual comet designation),
• 8 Jupiter Trojan asteroids, and
• 141 trans-Neptunian objects (2 with two satellites, 1 with five satellites). Currently there are 4 trans-Neptunian objects and Centaurs known or suspected to have rings, 3 of which also have satellites and are counted above while one has no confirmed satellites.

List of binary asteroids/TNOs--by class or by designation, with orbital class of object in parenthesis
(Follow links to pages with data and links on specific objects, including links to abstracts at ADS):

Link to list by date of announcement of detection

| by dynamical class: near Earth objects: (1862) Apollo (Apollo) (1866) Sisyphus (Apollo) (3122) Florence and two satellites (Amor) (3671) Dionysus and S/1997 (3671) 1 (Apollo) (5143) Heracles (Apollo) (5381) Sekhmet (Aten) (5646) 1990 TR (Amor) (6611) 1993 VW (Apollo) (7088) Ishtar (Amor) (7335) 1989 JA (Apollo) (7888) 1993 UC (Apollo) (7889) 1994 LX (Apollo) (15745) Yuliya (Amor) (31345) 1998 PG (Amor) (31346) 1998 PB1 (Amor) (35107) 1991 VH and S/2008 (35107) 1 (Apollo) (53110) 1999 AR7 (Amor) (65803) Didymos and Dimorphos (Apollo) (66063) 1998 RO1 (Aten) (66391) Moshup and Squannit (Aten) (68063) 2000 YJ66 (Amor) (69230) Hermes (Apollo) (85275) 1994 LY (Amor) (85628) 1998 KV2 (Amor) (85804) 1998 WQ5 (Amor) (85938) 1999 DJ4 (Apollo) (88710) 2001 SL9 (Apollo) (136617) 1994 CC and two satellites (Apollo) (136993) 1998 ST49 (Apollo) (137170) 1999 HF1 (Aten) (138095) 2000 DK79 (Amor) (143649) 2003 QQ47 (Apollo) (152931) 2000 EA107 (Aten) (153591) 2001 SN263 and two satellites (Amor) (153958) 2002 AM31 (Apollo) (162000) 1990 OS (Apollo) (162483) 2000 PJ5 (Aten) (163693) Atira (Atira) (164121) 2003 YT1 (Apollo) (175706) 1996 FG3 (Apollo) (185851) 2000 DP107 and S/2000 (185851) 1 (Apollo) (190166) 2005 UP156 (Amor) (190208) 2006 AQ (Amor) (199145) 2005 YY128 (Apollo) (226514) 2003 UX34 (Apollo) (236716) 2007 FV42 (Amor) (250162) 2002 TY57 (Amor) (276049) 2002 CE26 (Apollo) (285263) 1998 QE2 (Amor) (285571) 2000 PQ9 (Amor) (310560) 2001 QL142 (Apollo) (311066) 2004 DC (Apollo) (326732) 2003 HB6 (Amor) (348400) 2005 JF21 (Amor) (350751) 2002 AW (Apollo) (357439) 2004 BL86 (Apollo) (363027) 1998 ST27 (Aten) (363067) 2000 CO101 (Apollo) (363599) 2004 FG11 (Apollo) (374851) 2006 VV2 (Apollo) (377732) 2005 XJ8 (Apollo) (385186) 1994 AW1 (Amor) (399307) 1991 RJ2 (Amor) (399774) 2005 NB7 (Apollo) (410777) 2009 FD (Apollo) (415029) 2011 UL21 (Apollo) (450894) 2008 BT18 (Apollo) (452561) 2005 AB (Amor) (458732) 2011 MD5 (Apollo) (461852) 2006 GY2 (Apollo) (481532) 2007 LE (Apollo) (488453) 1994 XD (Apollo) (489486) 2007 GS3 (Apollo) (494658) 2000 UG11 (Apollo) (518678) 2008 UZ94 (Apollo) (523625) 2008 DG17 (Apollo) (523664) 2012 OD1 (Aten) (523775) 2014 YB35 (Apollo) (539940) 2017 HW1 (Amor) (612098) 1999 RM45 (Apollo) (613286) 2005 YQ96 (Aten) (620082) 2014 QL433 (Apollo) 1994 CJ1 (Apollo) 2002 BM26 (Amor) 2002 KK8 (Amor) 2003 SS84 (Apollo) 2005 LW3 (Apollo) 2007 DT103 (Apollo) 2013 PY6 (Amor) 2013 WT44 (Apollo) 2014 WZ120 (Apollo) 2015 TD144 (Apollo) 2016 AZ8 (Apollo) 2017 RV1 (Apollo) 2017 YE5 (Apollo) 2018 EB (Apollo) 2018 TF3 (Apollo) 2020 AZ2 (Amor) 2020 BD12 (Amor) 2020 BX12 (Apollo) 2021 CJ16 (Amor) 2023 QE6 (Amor) Mars crossers: (1139) Atami (1656) Suomi (1727) Mette (Hungaria) (2044) Wirt (2449) Kenos (2577) Litva, S/2012 (2577) 1, and second satellite (Hungaria) (3873) Roddy (4435) Holt (5261) Eureka (Mars Trojan) (5407) 1992 AX (5817) Robertfrazer (7002) Bronshten (7369) Gavrilin (8373) Stephengould (10737) Bruck (12008) Kandrup (13920) Montecorvino (15700) 1987 QD (16635) 1993 QO (20037) Duke (23621) 1996 PA (24495) Degroff (26074) Carlwirtz (Hungaria) (26471) Tracybecker (Hungaria) (32039) 2000 JO23 (34706) 2001 OP83 (51356) 2000 RY76 (Hungaria) (53432) 1999 UT55 (Hungaria) (54697) 2001 FA70 (97034) 1999 UK7 (99913) 1997 CZ5 (100015) 1989 SR7 (114319) 2002 XD58 (218144) 2002 RL66 main belt members: (22) Kalliope and Linus (31) Euphrosyne (41) Daphne and Peneius (45) Eugenia, Petit-Prince, and S/2004 (45) 1 (87) Sylvia, Romulus, and Remus (90) Antiope and S/2000 (90) 1 (93) Minerva, Aegis, and Gorgoneion (107) Camilla, S/2001 (107) 1, and S/2016 (107) 1 (121) Hermione and S/2002 (121) 1 (130) Elektra, S/2003 (130) 1, S/2014 (130) 1, and S/2014 (130) 2 (216) Kleopatra, Alexhelios, and Cleoselene (243) Ida and Dactyl (283) Emma and S/2003 (283) 1 (317) Roxane and Olympias (379) Huenna and S/2003 (379) 1 (702) Alauda and Pichi unem (761) Brendelia (762) Pulcova (809) Lundia (854) Frostia (939) Isberga (1016) Anitra (1052) Belgica (1089) Tama (1169) Alwine (1313) Berna (1338) Duponta (1344) Caubeta (1453) Fennia (Hungaria) (1480) Aunus (1509) Esclangona and S/2003 (1509) 1 (Hungaria) (1526) Mikkeli (1626) Sadeya (1717) Arlon (1770) Schlesinger (1798) Watts (1803) Zwicky (1830) Pogson (1879) Broederstroom (1934) Jeffers (1990) Pilcher (2006) Polonskaya (2019) van Albada (2037) Tripaxeptali (2047) Smetana (Hungaria) (2070) Humason (2080) Jihlava (2121) Sevastopol (2131) Mayall (Hungaria) (2150) Nyctimene (2171) Kiev (2178) Kazakhstania (2242) Balaton (2280) Kunikov (2337) Boubin (2343) Siding Spring (2478) Tokai (2486) Metsahovi (2491) Tvashtri (Hungaria) (2500) Alascattalo (2516) Roman (2535) Hameenlinna (2602) Moore (2623) Zech (2691) Sersic (2754) Efimov (2815) Soma (2825) Crosby (2847) Parvati (2860) Pasacentennium (2871) Schober (2873) Binzel (2881) Meiden (2883) Barabashov (2966) Korsunia (3034) Climenhaga (3073) Kursk (3076) Garber (3169) Ostro (Hungaria) (3187) Dalian (3220) Murayama (3309) Brorfelde (Hungaria) (3378) Susanvictoria (3390) Demanet (3433) Fehrenbach (3523) Arina (3533) Toyota (3643) Tienchanglin (3657) Ermolova (3669) Vertinskij (3673) Levy (3703) Volkonskaya (3749) Balam, S/2002 (3749) 1, and third component (3782) Celle (3792) Preston (3841) Dicicco (3865) Lindbloom (3868) Mendoza (3905) Doppler (3912) Troja (3951) Zichichi (3959) Irwin (3969) Rossi (3982) Kastel (4029) Bridges (4030) Archenhold (4092) Tyr (4272) Entsuji (4288) Tokyotech (4296) Van Woerkom (4337) Arecibo (4362) Carlisle (4370) Dickens (4383) Suruga (4411) Kochibunkyo (4440) Tchantches (Hungaria) (4492) Debussy (4494) Marimo (4514) Vilen (4528) Berg (4541) Mizuno (4605) Nikitin (4607) Seilandfarm (4666) Dietz and two satellites (4674) Pauling and S/2004 (4674) 1 (Hungaria) (4765) Wasserburg (Hungaria) (4786) Tatianina (4788) Simpson (4868) Knushevia (4901) O Briain (4951) Iwamoto (5037) Habing (5112) Kusaji (5121) Numazawa (5135) Nibutani (5232) Jordaens (5319) Petrovskaya (5402) Kejosmith (5425) Vojtech (5426) Sharp (5457) Queen's (5474) Gingasen (5477) Holmes (Hungaria) (5481) Kiuchi (5500) Twilley (5536) Honeycutt (5674) Wolff (5772) Johnlambert (5781) Barkhatova (5872) Sugano (5899) Jedicke (Hungaria) (5905) Johnson (Hungaria) (6009) Yuzuruyoshii (6016) Carnelli (6084) Bascom (6086) Vrchlicky (6100) Kunitomoikkansai (6177) Fecamp (6181) Bobweber (6186) Zenon and two satellites (6244) Okamoto (6245) Ikufumi (6265) 1985 TW3 (6369) 1983 UC (6384) Kervin (6615) Plutarchos (6708) Bobbievaile (6764) Kirillavrov (6974) Solti (7089) 1992 FX1 (7132) Casulli (7187) Isobe (7225) Huntress (7307) Takei (7344) Summerfield (7355) Bottke (7393) Luginbuhl (7615) 1996 TA11 (7792) 1995 WZ3 (7930) 1987 VD (7958) Leakey (Hungaria) (8026) Johnmckay (Hungaria) (8077) Hoyle (8116) Jeanperrin (8306) Shoko (8474) Rettig (9069) Hovland (Hungaria) (9260) Edwardolson (9332) 1990 SB1 (9474) Cassadrury (9617) Grahamchapman (9783) Tensho-kan (9940) 1988 VM3 (9972) Minoruoda (10044) Squyres (10123) Fideoja (10132) Lummelunda (10140) Villon (10208) Germanicus (10424) Gaillard (10498) Bobgent (11217) 1999 JC4 (11227) Ksenborisova (11264) Claudiomaccone (11549) 1992 YY (12218) Flesicher (12326) Shirasaki (13123) Tyson (14469) Komatsuataka (15024) 1998 TB (15107) Toepperwein (15268) Wendelinefroger (15430) 1998 UR31 (15822) Genefahnestock (16525) Shumarinaiko (16694) 1995 AJ (17081) Jaytee (17246) Christophedumas and S/2004 (17246) 1 (17251) Vondracek (17260) Kusnirak (17700) Oleksiygolubov (18301) Konyukhov (18303) 1980 PU (18503) 1996 PY4 (18527) 1996 VJ30 (18890) 2000 EV26 (19281) 1996 AP3 (20325) Julianoey (20882) Paulsanchez (20936) Nemrut Dagi (21149) Kenmitchell (21436) Chaoyichi (21527) Horton (22569) 1998 HK36 (22899) Alconrad and S/2003 (22899) 1 (24106) 1999 VA12 (24465) 2000 SX155 (Hungaria) (25015) Lairdclose (25021) Nischaykumar (26416) 1999 XM84 (26420) 1999 XL103 (27568) 2000 PT6 (Hungaria) (27675) Paulmaley (29168) 1990 KJ (29606) 1998 QN94 (31450) Stevepreston (32008) Adriangalad (37424) 2001 YA3 (38079) 1999 HF (43008) 1999 UD31 (44620) 1999 RS43 (46829) McMahon (48470) 1991 TC2 (52316) Daveslater (53453) 1999 XX135 (57027) 2000 UB59 (57202) 2001 QJ53 (69406) Martz-Kohl (72036) 2000 XM44 (76818) Brianenke (Hungaria) (78085) 2002 LV23 (79472) Chiorny (Hungaria) (80218) 1999 VO123 (82256) 2001 KM8 (118303) 1998 UG (152830) Dinkinesh and Selam (172376) 2002 YE25 (300163) 2006 VW139 comet des. 288P Jupiter Trojans: (617) Patroclus and Menoetius (L5) (624) Hektor and Skamandrios (L4) (3548) Eurybates and Queta (L4) (15094) Polymele (L4) (16974) Iphthime (L4) (17365) Thymbraeus (L5) (29314) Eurydamas (L5) (100624) 1997 TR28 (L4) trans-Neptunian objects: (134340) Pluto, Charon, Nix, Hydra, Kerberos, and Styx (26308) 1998 SM165 and S/2001 (26308) 1 (1:2 resonance) (38628) Huya (Plutino) (42355) Typhon and Echidna (Centaur) (47171) Lempo, Paha, and Hiisi (Plutino) (48639) 1995 TL8 (50000) Quaoar and Weywot (Cubewano) (55637) 2002 UX25 (Cubewano) (58534) Logos and Zoe (Cubewano) (60458) 2000 CM114 (SDO) (60621) 2000 FE8 (2:5 resonance) (65489) Ceto and Phorcys (Centaur) (66652) Borasisi and Pabu (Cubewano) (79360) Sila-Nunam (Cubewano) (80806) 2000 CM105 (Cubewano) (82075) 2000 YW134 (3:8 resonance) (82157) 2001 FM185 (88611) Teharonhiawako and Sawiskera (Cubewano) (90482) Orcus and Vanth (Plutino) (119067) 2001 KP76 (4:7 resonance) (119979) 2002 WC19 (1:2 resonance) (120347) Salacia and Actaea (Cubewano) (123509) 2000 WK183 (Cubewano) (134860) 2000 OJ67 (Cubewano) (136108) Haumea, Hi'iaka, and Namaka (SDO, Haumea class) (136199) Eris and Dysnomia (SDO, dwarf planet) (136472) Makemake and S/2015 (136472) 1 (Cubewano, dwarf planet) (139775) 2001 QG298 and S/2003 (139775) 1 (Plutino) (148780) Altjira (Cubewano) (160091) 2000 OL67 (Cubewano) (160256) 2002 PD149 (Cubewano) (174567) Varda and Ilmare (Cubewano) (182933) 2002 GZ31 (SDO, extended) (208996) 2003 AZ84 (Plutino) (225088) Gonggong and Xiangliu (3:10 resonance) (229762) G!kun||'homdima and G!o'e !Hu (SDO) (275809) 2001 QY297 (Cubewano) (303712) 2005 PR21 (Cubewano) (341520) Mors-Somnus (Plutino) (364171) 2006 JZ81 (Cubewano) (385446) Manwe and Thorondor (4:7 resonance) (444025) 2004 HJ79 (Cubewano) (469420) 2001 XP254 (3:5 resonance) (469505) 2003 FE128 (1:2 resonance) (469509) 2003 HC57 (Cubewano) (469514) 2003 QA91 (Cubewano) (469610) 2004 HF79 (Cubewano) (469705) | Kagara and !Haunu (Cubewano) (471165) 2010 HE79 (500835) 2013 GN137 (Cubewano) (505447) 2013 SQ99 (Cubewano) (505476) 2013 UL15 (Cubewano) (506121) 2016 BP81 (Cubewano) (508788) 2000 CQ114 (Cubewano) (508869) 2002 VT130 (Cubewano) (511551) 2014 UD225 (Cubewano) (523624) 2008 CT190 (SDO) (523756) 2014 WD509 (Cubewano) (523764) 2014 WC510 (523794) 2015 RR245 (523983) 1999 RY214 (Cubewano) (524217) 2001 RZ143 (Cubewano) (524366) 2001 XR254 (Cubewano) (524531) 2002 XH91 (Cubewano) (525462) 2005 EO304 (Cubewano) (525816) 2005 SF278 (4:7 resonance) (532037) 2013 FY27 (SDO) (534625) 2014 UQ224 (Cubewano) (554099) 2012 KU50 (612088) 1999 CM158 (Plutino) (612095) 1999 OJ4 (612141) 1999 XY143 (Cubewano) (612147) 2000 CF105 (Cubewano) (612176) 2000 QL251 (1:2 resonance) (612203) 2000 WT169 (Cubewano) (612239) 2001 QC298 (Cubewano) (612242) 2001 QQ322 (Cubewano) (612549) 2003 HG57 (Cubewano) (612578) 2003 QR91 (Cubewano) (612619) 2003 SN317 (Cubewano) (612687) 2003 UN284 (Cubewano) (612719) 2003 WU188 (Cubewano) (612733) 2003 YU179 (Cubewano) (666201) 2009 YK32 (Cubewano) (671468) 2014 LQ28 (Cubewano) 1998 WV24 (Cubewano) 1998 WW31 and S/2000 (1998 WW31) 1 (Cubewano) 1999 RT214 (Cubewano) 2001 FL185 (Cubewano) 2001 QW322 (Cubewano) 2002 VD131 (Cubewano) 2002 VF130 (Cubewano) 2003 QY90 (Cubewano) 2003 TJ58 (Cubewano) 2003 YS179 (Cubewano) 2004 HD79 (Cubewano) 2004 HK79 (Cubewano) 2004 KB19 (Plutino) 2004 KE19 (Cubewano) 2004 KH19 (Cubewano) 2004 MU8 (Cubewano) 2004 PB108 (Cubewano) 2004 PT117 (Cubewano) 2004 PV117 (Cubewano) 2004 PW117 (Cubewano) 2004 PX117 (Cubewano) 2004 SC60 (4:7 resonance) 2004 VD131 (Cubewano) 2005 BW49 (Cubewano) 2005 CE81 (Cubewano) 2005 GD187 (Cubewano) 2005 VZ122 (Cubewano) 2006 BR284 (Cubewano) 2006 CH69 (Cubewano) 2006 JV58 (Cubewano) 2006 QF181 (Cubewano) 2006 SF369 (SDO, 1:3 resonance) 2006 WF206 (Cubewano) 2007 DS101 (Cubewano) 2011 JY31 (Cubewano) 2013 EM149 (Cubewano) 2013 RJ124 (Cubewano) 2013 UW16 (Cubewano) 2014 OS393 (Cubewano) 2015 GC58 (Cubewano) 2015 GH58 (Cubewano) 2015 GP58 (Cubewano) 2015 GU56 (Cubewano) 2015 QL14 (Cubewano) 2015 RB280 (Cubewano) 2015 RJ277 (Cubewano) 2015 RO281 (Cubewano) 2015 RP280 (Cubewano) 2015 RT245 (Cubewano) 2015 VM173 (Cubewano) 2015 VT168 (Cubewano) 2015 VW168 (Cubewano) 2021 DM15 (Cubewano) 2021 DN15 (Cubewano) 2021 DS15 (Cubewano) [hst5] | by designation: (134340) Pluto, Charon, Nix, Hydra, Kerberos, and Styx (22) Kalliope and Linus (31) Euphrosyne (41) Daphne and Peneius (45) Eugenia, Petit-Prince, and S/2004 (45) 1 (87) Sylvia, Romulus, and Remus (90) Antiope and S/2000 (90) 1 (93) Minerva, Aegis, and Gorgoneion (107) Camilla, S/2001 (107) 1, and S/2016 (107) 1 (121) Hermione and S/2002 (121) 1 (130) Elektra, S/2003 (130) 1, S/2014 (130) 1, and S/2014 (130) 2 (216) Kleopatra, Alexhelios, and Cleoselene (243) Ida and Dactyl (283) Emma and S/2003 (283) 1 (317) Roxane and Olympias (379) Huenna and S/2003 (379) 1 (617) Patroclus and Menoetius (624) Hektor and Skamandrios (702) Alauda and Pichi unem (761) Brendelia (762) Pulcova (809) Lundia (854) Frostia (939) Isberga (1016) Anitra (1052) Belgica (1089) Tama (1139) Atami (1169) Alwine (1313) Berna (1338) Duponta (1344) Caubeta (1453) Fennia (1480) Aunus (1509) Esclangona and S/2003 (1509) 1 (1526) Mikkeli (1626) Sadeya (1656) Suomi (1717) Arlon (1727) Mette (1770) Schlesinger (1798) Watts (1803) Zwicky (1830) Pogson (1862) Apollo (1866) Sisyphus (1879) Broederstroom (1934) Jeffers (1990) Pilcher (2006) Polonskaya (2019) van Albada (2037) Tripaxeptali (2044) Wirt (2047) Smetana (2070) Humason (2080) Jihlava (2121) Sevastopol (2131) Mayall (2150) Nyctimene (2171) Kiev (2178) Kazakhstania (2242) Balaton (2280) Kunikov (2337) Boubin (2343) Siding Spring (2449) Kenos (2478) Tokai (2486) Metsahovi (2491) Tvashtri (2500) Alascattalo (2516) Roman (2535) Hameenlinna (2577) Litva, S/2012 (2577) 1, and second satellite (2602) Moore (2623) Zech (2691) Sersic (2754) Efimov (2815) Soma (2825) Crosby (2847) Parvati (2860) Pasacentennium (2871) Schober (2873) Binzel (2881) Meiden (2883) Barabashov (2966) Korsunia (3034) Climenhaga (3073) Kursk (3076) Garber (3122) Florence and two satellites (3169) Ostro (3187) Dalian (3220) Murayama (3309) Brorfelde (3378) Susanvictoria (3390) Demanet (3433) Fehrenbach (3523) Arina (3533) Toyota (3548) Eurybates and Queta (3643) Tienchanglin (3657) Ermolova (3669) Vertinskij (3671) Dionysus and S/1997 (3671) 1 (3673) Levy (3703) Volkonskaya (3749) Balam, S/2002 (3749) 1, and third component (3782) Celle (3792) Preston (3841) Dicicco (3865) Lindbloom (3868) Mendoza (3873) Roddy (3905) Doppler (3912) Troja (3951) Zichichi (3959) Irwin (3969) Rossi (3982) Kastel (4029) Bridges (4030) Archenhold (4092) Tyr (4272) Entsuji (4288) Tokyotech (4296) Van Woerkom (4337) Arecibo (4362) Carlisle (4370) Dickens (4383) Suruga (4411) Kochibunkyo (4435) Holt (4440) Tchantches (4492) Debussy (4494) Marimo (4514) Vilen (4528) Berg (4541) Mizuno (4605) Nikitin (4607) Seilandfarm (4666) Dietz and two satellites (4674) Pauling and S/2004 (4674) 1 (4765) Wasserburg (4786) Tatianina (4788) Simpson (4868) Knushevia (4901) O Briain (4951) Iwamoto (5037) Habing (5112) Kusaji (5121) Numazawa (5135) Nibutani (5143) Heracles (5232) Jordaens (5261) Eureka (5381) Sekhmet (5319) Petrovskaya (5402) Kejosmith (5407) 1992 AX (5425) Vojtech (5426) Sharp (5457) Queen's (5474) Gingasen (5477) Holmes (5481) Kiuchi (5500) Twilley (5536) Honeycutt (5646) 1990 TR (5674) Wolff (5772) Johnlambert (5781) Barkhatova (5817) Robertfrazer (5872) Sugano (5899) Jedicke (5905) Johnson (6009) Yuzuruyoshii (6016) Carnelli (6084) Bascom (6086) Vrchlicky (6100) Kunitomoikkansai (6177) Fecamp (6181) Bobweber (6186) Zenon and two satellites (6244) Okamoto (6245) Ikufumi (6265) 1985 TW3 (6369) 1983 UC (6384) Kervin (6611) 1993 VW (6615) Plutarchos (6708) Bobbievaile (6764) Kirillavrov (6974) Solti (7002) Bronshten (7088) Ishtar (7089) 1992 FX1 (7132) Casulli (7187) Isobe (7225) Huntress (7307) Takei (7335) 1989 JA (7355) Bottke (7344) Summerfield (7369) Gavrilin (7393) Luginbuhl (7615) 1996 TA11 (7792) 1995 WZ3 (7888) 1993 UC (7889) 1994 LX (7930) 1987 VD (7958) Leakey (8026) Johnmckay (8077) Hoyle (8116) Jeanperrin (8306) Shoko (8373) Stephengould (8474) Rettig (9069) Hovland (9260) Edwardolson (9332) 1990 SB1 (9474) Cassadrury (9617) Grahamchapman (9783) Tensho-kan (9940) 1988 VM3 (9972) Minoruoda (10044) Squyres (10123) Fideoja (10132) Lummelunda (10140) Villon (10208) Germanicus (10424) Gaillard (10498) Bobgent (10737) Bruck (11217) 1999 JC4 (11227) Ksenborisova (11264) Claudiomaccone (11549) 1992 YY (12008) Kandrup (12218) Flesicher (12326) Shirasaki (13123) Tyson (13920) Montecorvino (14469) Komatsuataka (15024) 1998 TB (15094) Polymele (15107) Toepperwein (15268) Wendelinefroger (15430) 1998 UR31 (15700) 1987 QD (15745) Yuliya (15822) Genefahnestock (16525) Shumarinaiko (16635) 1993 QO (16694) 1995 AJ (16974) Iphthime (17081) Jaytee (17246) Christophedumas and S/2004 (17246) 1 (17251) Vondracek (17260) Kusnirak (17365) Thymbraeus (17700) Oleksiygolubov (18301) Konyukhov (18303) 1980 PU (18503) 1996 PY4 (18527) 1996 VJ30 (18890) 2000 EV26 (19281) 1996 AP3 (20037) Duke (20325) Julianoey (20882) Paulsanchez (20936) Nemrut Dagi (21149) Kenmitchell (21436) Chaoyichi (21527) Horton (22569) 1998 HK36 (22899) Alconrad and S/2003 (22899) 1 (23621) 1996 PA (24106) 1999 VA12 (24465) 2000 SX155 (24495) Degroff (25015) Lairdclose (25021) Nischaykumar (26074) Carlwirtz (26308) 1998 SM165 and S/2001 (26308) 1 (26416) 1999 XM84 (26420) 1999 XL103 (26471) Tracybecker (27568) 2000 PT6 (27675) Paulmaley (29168) 1990 KJ (29314) Eurydamas (29606) 1998 QN94 (31345) 1998 PG (31346) 1998 PB1 (31450) Stevepreston (32008) Adriangalad (32039) 2000 JO23 (34706) 2001 OP83 (35107) 1991 VH and S/2008 (35107) 1 (37424) 2001 YA3 (38079) 1999 HF (38628) Huya (42355) Typhon and Echidna (43008) 1999 UD31 (44620) 1999 RS43 (46829) McMahon (47171) Lempo, Paha, and Hiisi (48470) 1991 TC2 (48639) 1995 TL8 (50000) Quaoar and Weywot (51356) 2000 RY76 (52316) Daveslater (53110) 1999 AR7 (53432) 1999 UT55 (53453) 1999 XX135 (54697) 2001 FA70 (55637) 2002 UX25 (57027) 2000 UB59 (57202) 2001 QJ53 (58534) Logos and Zoe (60458) 2000 CM114 (60621) 2000 FE8 (65489) Ceto and Phorcys (65803) Didymos and Dimorphos (66063) 1998 RO1 (66391) Moshup and Squannit (66652) Borasisi and Pabu (68063) 2000 YJ66 (69230) Hermes (69406) Martz-Kohl (72036) 2000 XM44 (76818) Brianenke (78085) 2002 LV23 (79360) Sila-Nunam (79472) Chiorny (80218) 1999 VO123 (80806) 2000 CM105 (82075) 2000 YW134 (82157) 2001 FM185 (82256) 2001 KM8 (85275) 1994 LY (85628) 1998 KV2 (85804) 1998 WQ5 (85938) 1999 DJ4 (88611) Teharonhiawako and Sawiskera (88710) 2001 SL9 (90482) Orcus and Vanth (97034) 1999 UK7 (99913) 1997 CZ5 (100015) 1989 SR7 (100624) 1997 TR28 (114319) 2002 XD58 (118303) 1998 UG (119067) 2001 KP76 (119979) 2002 WC19 (120347) Salacia and Actaea (123509) 2000 WK183 (134860) 2000 OJ67 (136108) Haumea, Hi'iaka, and Namaka (136199) Eris and Dysnomia (136472) Makemake and S/2015 (136472) 1 (136617) 1994 CC and two satellites (136993) 1998 ST49 (137170) 1999 HF1 (138095) 2000 DK79 (139775) 2001 QG298 and S/2003 (139775) 1 (143649) 2003 QQ47 (148780) Altjira (152830) Dinkinesh and Selam (152931) 2000 EA107 (153591) 2001 SN263 and two satellites (153958) 2002 AM31 (160091) 2000 OL67 (160256) 2002 PD149 (162000) 1990 OS (162483) 2000 PJ5 (163693) Atira (164121) 2003 YT1 (172376) 2002 YE25 (174567) Varda and Ilmare (175706) 1996 FG3 (182933) 2002 GZ31 (185851) 2000 DP107 and S/2000 (185851) 1 (190166) 2005 UP156 (190208) 2006 AQ (199145) 2005 YY128 (208996) 2003 AZ84 (218144) 2002 RL66 (225088) Gonggong and Xiangliu (226514) 2003 UX34 (229762) G!kun||'homdima and G!o'e !Hu (236716) 2007 FV42 (250162) 2002 TY57 (275809) 2001 QY297 (276049) 2002 CE26 (285263) 1998 QE2 (285571) 2000 PQ9 (300163) 2006 VW139 (303712) 2005 PR21 (310560) 2001 QL142 (311066) 2004 DC (326732) 2003 HB6 (341520) Mors-Somnus (348400) 2005 JF21 (350751) 2002 AW (357439) 2004 BL86 (363027) 1998 ST27 (363067) 2000 CO101 (363599) 2004 FG11 (364171) 2006 JZ81 (374851) 2006 VV2 (377732) 2005 XJ8 (385186) 1994 AW1 (385446) Manwe and Thorondor (399307) 1991 RJ2 (399774) 2005 NB7 (410777) 2009 FD (415029) 2011 UL21 (444025) 2004 HJ79 (450894) 2008 BT18 (452561) 2005 AB (458732) 2011 MD5 (461852) 2006 GY2 (469420) 2001 XP254 (469505) 2003 FE128 (469509) 2003 HC57 (469514) 2003 QA91 (469610) 2004 HF79 (469705) | Kagara and !Haunu (471165) 2010 HE79 (481532) 2007 LE (488453) 1994 XD (489486) 2007 GS3 (494658) 2000 UG11 (500835) 2013 GN137 (505447) 2013 SQ99 (505476) 2013 UL15 (506121) 2016 BP81 (508788) 2000 CQ114 (508869) 2002 VT130 (511551) 2014 UD225 (518678) 2008 UZ94 (523624) 2008 CT190 (523625) 2008 DG17 (523664) 2012 OD1 (523756) 2014 WD509 (523764) 2014 WC510 (523775) 2014 YB35 (523794) 2015 RR245 (523983) 1999 RY214 (524217) 2001 RZ143 (524366) 2001 XR254 (524531) 2002 XH91 (525462) 2005 EO304 (525816) 2005 SF278 (532037) 2013 FY27 (534625) 2014 UQ224 (539940) 2017 HW1 (554099) 2012 KU50 (612088) 1999 CM158 (612095) 1999 OJ4 (612098) 1999 RM45 (612141) 1999 XY143 (612147) 2000 CF105 (612176) 2000 QL251 (612203) 2000 WT169 (612239) 2001 QC298 (612242) 2001 QQ322 (612549) 2003 HG57 (612578) 2003 QR91 (612619) 2003 SN317 (612687) 2003 UN284 (612719) 2003 WU188 (612733) 2003 YU179 (613286) 2005 YQ96 (620082) 2014 QL433 (666201) 2009 YK32 (671468) 2014 LQ28 1994 CJ1 1998 WV24 1998 WW31 and S/2000 (1998 WW31) 1 1999 RT214 2001 FL185 2001 QW322 2002 BM26 2002 KK8 2002 VD131 2002 VF130 2003 QY90 2003 SS84 2003 TJ58 2003 YS179 2004 HD79 2004 HK79 2004 KB19 2004 KE19 2004 KH19 2004 MU8 2004 PB108 2004 PT117 2004 PV117 2004 PW117 2004 PX117 2004 SC60 2004 VD131 2005 BW49 2005 CE81 2005 GD187 2005 LW3 2005 VZ122 2006 BR284 2006 CH69 2006 JV58 2006 QF181 2006 SF369 2006 WF206 2007 DS101 2007 DT103 2011 JY31 2013 EM149 2013 PY6 2013 RJ124 2013 UW16 2013 WT44 2014 OS393 2014 WZ120 2015 GC58 2015 GH58 2015 GP58 2015 GU56 2015 QL14 2015 RB280 2015 RJ277 2015 RO281 2015 RP280 2015 RT245 2015 TD144 2015 VM173 2015 VT168 2015 VW168 2016 AZ8 2017 RV1 2017 YE5 2018 EB 2018 TF3 2020 AZ2 2020 BD12 2020 BX12 2021 CJ16 2021 DM15 2021 DN15 2021 DS15 2023 QE6 [hst5] Data sources for individual object pages Explanation of quantities | | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |

Orbital elements for asteroids from JPL Small-Body Database supplemented by the Minor Planet Center. Physical data supplemented from the Lowell Asteroid Information database. Links to abstracts generated from NASA's ADS Project at Harvard-CfA/SAO.

Tables, other lists:

Asteroids/TNOs with satellites: summary data table

Asteroids/TNOs with satellites: designation data

Other reports of asteroid/TNO companions

Other reports of asteroid/TNO companions: additional data

Combined chronological listing of reported asteroid/TNO companions

Other data sets related to binary asteroid origins and fates:

• TNOs and centaurs with rings (4 TNOs/centaurs)
• Contact binary asteroids, TNOs, and comets (102 asteroids, 1 asteroid satellite, 25 TNOs, and 8 comets)
• Doublet craters
• Asteroid pairs

Discussion:

Counts: The above listing includes 553 objects with companions: 536 binaries, 15 triple systems, 1 quadruple system, and the sextuple system of Pluto, for 574 companions total. These systems include the following:

• 102 near-Earth asteroids (4 with two satellites each),
• 34 Mars crossing asteroids (1 with two satellites),
• 268 main-belt asteroids (1 with three satellites, 8 with two satellites each; 1 binary with dual comet designation),
• 8 Jupiter Trojan asteroids, and
• 141 trans-Neptunian objects (2 with two satellites, 1 with five satellites). These figures include all four TNOs that are currently referred to as dwarf planets by IAU convention: Pluto, (136108) Haumea, (136199) Eris, and (136472) Makemake.

For about two-thirds of the binaries listed above, the detections have been announced by the Minor Planet Center. Only a minority (~10%) of these have been assigned provisional designations, but in any case this distinction does not reliably separate candidates of higher confidence from those of lower confidence. I have attempted to draw some distinctions regarding level of confidence as summarized in the table below, followed by a link to a page with a detailed listing. Please note, however, that these classifications are subjective in some cases--corrections are welcome.

Asteroids/TNOs with companions by type and level of confirmation
number of systems, with total number of companions in parenthesis

Detailed listing by type and level of confirmation, with links to individual pages.

Many additional reports of asteroid companions are listed here: 839 possible binaries reported (plus 23 reports since refuted). These 839 possible binaries include 109 NEAs, 19 Mars crossers, 578 main belt asteroids, 77 Jupiter Trojans, 1 unusual asteroid, 52 TNOs/Centaurs, and 1 comet. In addition 14 objects with confirmed satellites have suggested third components.

Discovery methods: The following table gives counts by type and by method of detection. (Number of systems given, with total number of companions in parenthesis)

Detections by space-based imaging are detections with the Hubble Space Telescope along with a single detection from a space probe (the Galileo probe's detection of Ida's satellite).

History: The first reports of observations suggesting asteroid satellites were obtained during stellar occultations, such as visual observations of (6) Hebe in 1977, and photometric lightcurve observations of (532) Herculina in 1978. These and similar reports over following years were eventually discounted for lack of confirmation. The first confirmed asteroid satellite discovery was made by Galileo during its flyby of (243) Ida in 1993. Several others have been discovered using direct imagery by the Hubble Space Telescope and ground-based adaptive optics telescopes. Lightcurve measurements have been analyzed to indicate the signature of eclipsing binaries for several near-Earth asteroids. Some of these have been confirmed by radar observations. Radar observations have also independently revealed some companions. The first minor planet with multiple satellites, (87) Sylvia, was identified in 2005. The first main belt asteroid showing cometary activity found to be binary, 288P/(300163) 2006 VW139, was confirmed in 2017. Regarding outer solar system objects, Pluto's first satellite was discovered in 1978, long before discovery of other trans-Neptunian objects. Other binary/multiple TNOs have been discovered since 2000.

Taxonomy: The sample of known binary/multiple asteroids and TNOs is large enough to show distinct classes of systems. This is discussed on this page.

Near-Earth objects: The near-Earth multiple asteroids include 9 Atens, 60 Apollos, 32 Amors, and 1 Atira. These include four triple systems: Amor asteroids (3122) Florence, (153591) 2001 SN263, (348400) 2005 JF21, and Apollo asteroid (136617) 1994 CC. The near-Earth systems are all close systems. It appears likely that most of these binaries are "rubble piles" which have been spun up by the YORP effect to the point where mass shedding leads to formation of a satellite. (The Yarkovsky-O'Keefe-Radzievskii-Paddack effect, or YORP effect, results from momentum and torque imparted by thermal radiation emitted from the asteroid.) Many other near-Earth asteroids have high rotation rates--close to the limit where fission will occur--and at least 29 other such objects are double-lobed, like contact binaries. Additionally, the inner planets and the Moon show a number of double craters, apparently formed by the near-simultaneous impact of two objects. Together, the evidence indicates that binary near-Earth asteroids are common.

Mars crossing asteroids: There are 33 non-NEA Mars crossing asteroids and a Mars trojan that are known binaries, plus one Mars crossing triple system. Whereas all near-Earth multiple asteroids are close binaries, there are a few widely separated binaries among the Mars crossing asteroids.

Main belt objects: The companions of main-belt asteroids discovered to date show a wider variety both in terms of separations between components and in terms of relative sizes. Some may be collision fragments that mutually captured each other. The only system yet examined close up is (243) Ida and Dactyl; Galileo imagery shows a very irregular shape for Ida, implying that it is not a simple rubble pile. In 2005, (87) Sylvia was announced to have a second satellite, making it the first known triple component asteroid system. Such systems were predicted as an outcome of collisional disruption. Since collisions play such a large role in the history of main-belt asteroids, fragments as satellites have long been expected by astronomers. Of main belt binaries, 20 are Hungaria asteroids. Probably many of the smaller binaries are YORP effect spun-up rubble piles. A number of small binaries are associated with separated objects in very similar orbits.

Trojan asteroids: The first confirmed double Trojan asteroid, (617) Patroclus, has components which are very similar in size. The second identified binary, (624) Hektor, has a primary which is a contact binary accompanied by a smaller secondary. The unconfirmed binary (17365) Thymbraeus is recently suggested to be rather a contact binary.

Trans-Neptunian objects (including Centaurs): With 138 binary TNOs, 2 triple TNO systems, and the sextuple system of Pluto, among a total of 4,377 known TNOs/Centaurs, such binaries are relatively common. The first companion discovered was that of 1998 WW31, found in December 2000. Most (80) of the known TNO systems are "Cubewanos", orbiting in relatively low eccentricity orbits beyond Pluto. Two are Centaurs: (42355) Typhon and (65489) Ceto. Many of the discovered binaries are more widely separated than the Pluto-Charon system. Exceptions include (139775) 2001 QG298 and the central components of (47171) Lempo, which are near-contact binaries. It has been suggested that the extreme variations in the lightcurve of some TNOs could be explained by the presence of a close companion. Note that Pluto, (136108) Haumea, (136199) Eris, and (136472) Makemake are recognized as dwarf planets; Pluto formerly counted as a planet (and still does for some of us). The Pluto and Haumea systems are believed to be products of collisional disruption of their parent body. Along with (225088) Gonggong, all the dwarf planet-sized objects (or alternately, all TNOs that are planet-sized by Texas standards) are now known to have moons.

Objects with rings: In 2014 discovery of two narrow rings around the centaur (10199) Chariklo was announced; the nature of these rings would be consistent with one or more embedded moonlets and/or shepherd satellites. (136108) Haumea in 2017 found to have a ring system in addition to its two satellites. In 2023 a ring was announced around (50000) Quaoar. Ring material around another centaur, (2060) Chiron, was reported in 2015 though the structure of this material is unclear.

Images and figures regarding binary asteroids/TNOs:

Online lists/databases of binary asteroids/TNOs:

• Asteroid Lightcurve Database by B. Warner et al. (October 2023).
• Small-Body Satellites by JPL (June 2023).
• Orbit Status of Known Binary TNOs by W. M. Grundy et al. (May 2022).
• Binary and Ternary Near-Earth Asteroids Detected by Radar by L. Benner (September 2021).
• Asteroid radar detections by UCLA (June 2021).
• Binary Minor Planets Compilation V3.0 (PDS4) by W. R. Johnston, NASA PDS database (March 2019).
• Binary asteroid parameters by P. Pravec and A. W. Harris (January 2019).
• Ephemerides of the satellites of asteroids (2019).
• List of minor planet companions by IAU (September 2010).
• TNOs and Centaurs with Satellites by J. Parker (2009).
• Summary of the properties of binary Near-Earth asteroids by P. Pravec and P. Scheirich, NASA PDS database (June 2005).
• Binary Asteroid Parameters by Institute of Applied Astronomy of RAS (offline).
• Virtual Observatory for Binary Asteroid Database by F. Marchis et al. (offline).
• List of double Minor Planets by D. Denissenko (offline).

Overview articles on binary asteroids/TNOs: (this is not an exhaustive list by any means)

• K. S. Noll et al., 2023, Trojan asteroid satellites, rings, and activity, Space Science Reviews, 219(7):59.
• W. M. Grundy et al., 2019, Mutual orbit orientations of transneptunian binaries, Icarus, 334:62-78.
• P. Pravec et al., 2016, Binary asteroid population. 3. Secondary rotations and elongations, Icarus, 267:267-295.
• J.-L. Margot et al., 2015, Asteroid systems: Binaries, triples, and pairs, in Asteroids IV, ed. by P. Michel et al., Univ. of Arizona Press (Tucson, AZ).
• K. J. Walsh and S. A. Jacobson, 2015, Formation and evolution of binary asteroids, in Asteroids IV, ed. by P. Michel et al., Univ. of Arizona Press (Tucson, AZ).
• P. Pravec et al., 2012, Binary asteroid population. 2. Anisotropic distribution of orbit poles of small, inner main-belt binaries, Icarus, 218:125-143.
• P. A. Taylor and J.-L. Margot, 2011, Binary asteroid systems: Tidal end states and estimates of material properties, Icarus, 212:661-676.
• K. Noll et al., 2008, Binaries in the Kuiper Belt, in The Solar System Beyond Neptune, ed. by M. A. Barucci et al., Univ. of Arizona Press (Tucson, AZ), 345-363.
• P. Descamps and F. Marchis, 2008, Angular momentum of binary asteroids: Implications for their possible origin, Icarus, 193:74-84.
• P. Pravec and A. W. Harris, 2007, Binary asteroid population: 1. Angular momentum content, Icarus, 190:250-259.
• D. C. Richardson and K. J. Walsh, 2006, Binary minor planets, Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci., 34:47-81.
• K. S. Noll, 2006, Solar system binaries, in Asteroids, Comets, Meteors, Proceedings of the 229th Symposium of the International Astronomical Union, ed. by L. Daniela et al., Cambridge Univ. Press (Cambridge, UK), 301-318.
• P. Pravec et al., 2006, Photometric survey of binary near-Earth asteroids, Icarus, 181:63-93.
• W. J. Merline et al., 2002, Asteroids do have satellites, in Asteroids III, ed. by W. F. Bottke Jr. et al., Univ. of Arizona Press (Tucson, AZ).

General links on binary asteroids/TNOs:

• International Astronomical Union: Astronomical Headlines.
  • Recent IAUCs (requires subscription)
  • Recent CBETSs (requires subscription)
• Minor Planet Center.
  • Unusual Minor Planets.
• Ondrejov NEO Photometric Program.
  • Photometric Survey for Asynchronous Binary Asteroids.
  • Ondrejov NEO Photometric Program - News.
• JPL Asteroid Radar Research.
  • Asteroid Radar History by L. A. M. Benner.
• Minor Planet Bulletin.
• Distant EKOs: The Kuiper Belt Electronic Newsletter by J. Parker.
• Courbes de rotation d'asteroides et de cometes, CdR (in French).
• Dr. William J. Merline (press releases) at SWRI.
• Satellites of Asteroids by P. Maley.
• Observed Minor Planet Occultation Events by D. Dunham (2005).

General links on asteroids/TNOs:

• Lowell Asteroid Information database
• JPL SSD Small-Body Database Browser.
• Small Bodies Node of the NASA Planetary Data System.
• NEODyS-2--Near Earth Objects--Dynamic Site.
• AstoDyS-2--Asteroids--Dynamic Site.
• Near-Earth Objects--ESA.

List of abstracts on binary asteroids/TNOs (from ADS.)

Banner image: Ida and Dactyl (right) in an enhanced color image from Galileo taken 28 August 1993 (credit: NASA).

Comments? Questions? Corrections? Contact me.

© 2001-2023, 2024 by Wm. Robert Johnston.
Last modified 28 September 2024.
Return to Home. Return to Astronomy and Space.