3G and 4G technologies Research Papers (original) (raw)

Channel Estimation in Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is difficult task in any wireless technology. In pilot based channel estimation, choice of estimators is important which involves trade-offs between complexity and accurate estimation. The Least Square (LS) has degrading performance due to AWGN noise, although it exhibits lower complexity. The LS estimation performance can be improved using Minimum Mean Square Error (MMSE) estimator however it executes large number of operations with increasing number of sub-carriers. In this paper, simplified low complexity MMSE estimators (SMMSE) are presented. Low complexity SMMSE estimators based on various decomposition techniques like Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) and QR Decomposition (QRD) are proposed. The complexity and Bit Error Rate performance of all estimators are presented to evaluate efficiency of estimators.

- by
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- 3G and 4G technologies, LTE Optimization, Ofdm Channel Estimation, 5G Mobile Communications

Mobile Commerce, Mobile Computing, Mobile Devices and Mobile Internet Access are growing much faster than before. Several characteristics of mobile networks make them more attractive than fixed networks. Mobile Commerce has been of a great benefit to users, which is driven by the technological innovations. Technology innovations have also reduced many barriers to acceptance. Increasing globalization has led to more mobility and therefore to greater demand for mobile ubiquitous services that can be consumed anytime and anywhere. This paper examines the future of mobile commerce with 4G Wireless Technology. To exploit the new technology, companies from developed as well as developing countries are rapidly integrating mobile commerce technology into their business models. Countries around the world, however, exhibit considerable heterogeneity in their adoption of mobile device and mobile commerce technology. This paper also identifies and categorizes some of these issues so that researchers, developers, and managers have a starting point for focusing their activities within the emerging mobile commerce areas.

This presentation reviews 5G RAN functional decomposition along with RAN architecture evolution before exploring technical solutions for fronthaul transport. The relative techno-economics are presented along with considerations based on... more

- by Andy Sutton
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- Mobile Technology, Mobile and Telecommunicaions, Optical Networks, Mobile Computing

A network centric view of the evolution of digital cellular mobile communications systems; from 2G GSM, through 3G UMTS, 4G LTE to 5G.

Antenna systems are critical components of any radio system operating at any frequency. The antenna and associated system comprising coaxial transmission line (commonly known as feeder cable) and any power amplifiers, RF combiners, duplex filters and so on significantly impacts on radio performance if not correctly specified, installed and operated. This paper explores the evolution of cellular antenna systems from GSM through UMTS and LTE to 5G.

Two wireless technologies, WiMAX based on IEEE standards and LTE standardized by 3GPP, are two competing technologies, nevertheless, are very technically similar. This competition started with the advent of their pre-4G versions (802.16e for Mobile WiMAX and 3GPP release 8 for LTE) and continued with the advent of their 4G versions (WiMAX 2.0 based on IEEE 802.16 m and LTE-Advanced standardized by Release 10). It looks that the competition ended with the advantage of LTE. Plans are set for WiMAX to migrate/integrate with LTE in a multiple heterogeneous access technology mode. This article addresses the technical similarities and differences that advantage one technology over the other technology in order to determine which of these factors might have contributed to LTE winning. Non-technical factors of commercial and historical nature which might also advantage one technology over the other one are also explored. Finally, current activities in the standardization of both WiMAX and LTE are presented with a perspective on the prospects of both technologies.

- by Ismat Dmour
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- IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX), Long Term Evolution (LTE), 3G and 4G technologies

This book described the basic knowledge of LTD Drive Test for young engineers

This presentation explores the evolution of GSM, UMTS and LTE radio access network architectures before a detailed review of the RAN architecture options for 5G. The functional decomposition of the 5G radio access network presents the network designer with many challenges with regards placement of RU, DU and CU nodes, all of which are discussed. The presentation concludes with a review of BT UK plans for 5G launch with a fully distributed RAN in support of an EN-DC architecture.

Indoor Building Coverage (IBC) is one of solution that can be applied to solve blank spot problem inside the building. Blank spot problem is caused by when the radio wave is propagated through multipath environment and experiences various loss such as building constituent material. Blank spot tunnel in MRT Tunnel can be solved by means of Distributed Antenna System (DAS) by distributing a number of antennas inside the tunnel. The simulation was done using Radio wave Propagation Simulator (RPS) to simulate the coverage inside the tunnel and Network Simulator 3 (NS3) to simulate and analyze the user mobility effect toward network performance, respectively. From the result of link budget calculation based on coverage it obtained 6 bi-directional antennas to cover the entire tunnel area with EIRP 29.255 dBm. Coverage overlapping was made at 10% to maintain UE connectivity with the network, thus the UE between antennas would be separated by 1026 meters. From the coverage planning simulation using Radio wave Propagation Simulator (RPS), it obtained the average value of RSRP in the designed area with RSRP value of-73.35dBm with PDF value of 1.5% and CDF value of 52%. The averaged SIR value was obtained in the designed area with SIR value of 8.43 dB with PDF value of 1.2% and CDF value of 50%. In user mobility simulation the UE velocity would be varied by 10km/h, 40km/h, and 80km/h. The first scenario with UE velocity 10 km/h obtained the averaged RSRP of-122.39 dBm, averaged RSRQ of-9.548 dB, and averaged SINR of 30.869 dB. The second scenario with UE velocity 40 km/h obtained the averaged RSRP of-122.375 dBm, averaged RSRQ of-9.561 dB, and averaged SINR of 30.864 dB. The third scenario with UE velocity of 80 km/h obtained the averaged RSRP of-122.388 dBm, averaged RSRQ of-9.587 dB, and averaged SINR of 30.851 dB.

- by alfin hikmaturokhman and +1
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- Long Term Evolution (LTE), 3G and 4G technologies, Wireless technology (3G & LTE), BRT and MRT
- by Hafez Shurrab
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- Organizational Behavior, Information Systems, Informatics, Organizational Change

This paper reviews the design and deployment of the EE 5G network. EE owned by BT, launched the UKs first 5G network on the 30th May 2019, initially focused on enhanced mobile broadband use cases. This paper provides an overview of the radio access network and backhaul connectivity that has been deployed along with exploring the initial performance of 5G in EN-DC mode of operation. Particular focus is given to the optical and wireless backhaul solutions which connect the 5G RAN to the mobile core network. The paper goes on to consider what's next as 5G evolves to support massive machine type connectivity and ultra reliable and low latency networks.

This paper presents the growth in wireless communication. Remarkable developments can be seen in wireless communication in last decade. Second generation 2G cellular telecom networks were commercially launched on the GSM standard. 3G telecommunication networks support services that provide an information transfer rate of at least 200 kbit/s. WiMAX is another technology verging on or marketed as 4G. The 5G terminals will have software defined radios and modulation scheme as well as new error-control schemes can be downloaded from the Internet on the run. The development is seen towards the user terminals as a focus of the 5G mobile networks.

- by IAEME Publication
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- Evolution, 3G and 4G technologies, Generations, Wimax
- by Mark Edwards
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- UMTS 3G SYSTEMS, 3G and 4G technologies

Cellular technology is the foundation of mobile wireless communications and supports users in locations that are not easily served by wired networks. Cellular technology is the underlying technology for mobile telephones, personal communications systems, wireless Internet and wireless Web applications, and much more. This article looks at how cellular technology has evolved through four generations and is poised for a fifth generation.

This chapter introduces one of the key enabling technologies at the heart
of the 5G systems, namely Device-to-Device (D2D) communications. The potential
of D2D communications paradigm holding the promise to overcome the limitations
of conventional cellular systems with very high bit rates, low delay, and low power
consumption is illustrated. D2D communications can be especially useful in a num-
ber of applications where devices are in close proximity and significant improve-
ments can be obtained. However, there are many issues still waiting for a solution
before a widespread use of D2D communications in next 5G systems is granted.
Moreover, some research aspects received little attention so far. Starting from an
overview of D2D communications technology, this chapter will browse through all
these aspects, with a view on the standardization process, the challenges and the
open issues.

- by Antonino Orsino and +1
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- Wireless Communications, Wireless networks, Wireless Networks (Computer Science), Long Term Evolution (LTE)
- by Ahmed Abd Elaziz
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- Optimization techniques, UMTS 3G SYSTEMS, 3G and 4G technologies, UMTS

An update on BT/EE 5G deployment in the UK.

This project is to conduct a performances analysis and comparison between 3G and 4G technology. Firstly we will develop a simple UniKL Portal for Student Affairs as the platform for conducting the analysis. Performances analysis covers on Quality of Service (QoS) parameters based on packet delay variation, packet loss, jitter and downtime. The analysis result will then be compared and the best technology to be implemented on new learning system such as interactive or multimedia application is being recommended.

- by momo velia
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- 3G and 4G technologies

Layanan mobile broadband terus berkembang seiring dengan meningkatnya mobilitas masyarakat dalam beraktivitas serta kebutuhan layanan internet. Berbagai teknologi seluler terus dikembangkan mulai dari GSM/GPRS/EDGE (2G), UMTS/HSPA (3G), dan teknologi LTE. LTE adalah standar terbaru dalam teknologi jaringan seluler dibandingkan GSM/EDGE and UMTS/HSPA. LTE adalah sebuah nama baru dari layanan yang mempunyai kemampuan tinggi dalam sistem komunikasi bergerak yang merupakan langkah menuju generasi ke-4 (4G) dari teknologi radio yang dirancang untuk meningkatkan kapasitas dan kecepatan jaringan telepon mobile. LTE adalah suatu proyek dalam third generation partnership project (3GPP).

- by pradip kumar
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- Wireless Communications, Computer Networks, 3G and 4G technologies

In the past few years' wireless telephone networks have had a huge leap forward from the 1G that depended solely on analog communication to the 3G where users could afford relatively fast dependable data service. And the 4G 5G the internet became more depended on IP address. Throughout this change the frequency band have increased drastically currently waves include most of the micro and Nano band spectrums, providing faster service and the ability to connect more devices, thereby opening the way for the age of internet of things

- by OBAIDALLAH ELSHAFIEY
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- Wireless Communications, 3G and 4G technologies

This paper assesses the performance of mobile messaging and VoIP connections. We investigate the CPU usage of WhatsApp and IMO under different scenarios. This analysis also enabled a comparison of the performance of these applications on two Android operating system (OS) versions: KitKat or Lollipop. Two models of smartphones were considered, viz. Galaxy Note 4 and Galaxy S4. The applications behavior was statistically investigated for both sending and receiving VoIP calls. Connections have been examined over 3G and WiFi. The handset model plays a decisive role in CPU usage of the application. t-tests showed that IMO has a better performance that WhatsApp whatever be the Android at a significance level 1%, on Galaxy Note 4. In contrast , WhatsApp requires less CPU than IMO on Galaxy S4 whatever be the OS and access (3G/WiFi). Galaxy Note 4 using WiFi always outperformed S4 in terms of processing efficiency.

- by R. C. Oliveira and +2
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- 3G and 4G technologies, Cpu Processing, Performance Analysis, Smartphones

This paper explores the way that increasing engagement in international standardisation processes has enabled Chinese ﬁrms to become global players in mobile telecommunications technologies and China to become a major inﬂuence in the international information and communications technology (ICT) standards arena. From a ‘social shaping of technology’ perspective it examines the development of the third generation (3G) TD-SCDMA (time division synchronous code division multiple access) mobile telephony standard (TD) and the path laid towards the next generation of mobile broadband standards and technologies. The paper highlights the complex interactions between a wide array of players involved, including national and foreign ﬁrms, and different sections and levels of the Chinese state. TD’s success was by no means predetermined. China eventually adopted a pragmatic approach implementing TD and the two established Western standards. This complex history and interplay between Chinese and foreign players calls into question the idea of national or indigenous technologies for large-scale infrastructures, and highlights the limitations of national strategies in globalised innovation processes.

- by James Stewart and +1
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- Telecommunications Policy, Telecommunications, Innovation Policy, Standards

im working for GPS exactly and i hope im goint to work for my thesis about GPS

- by Merve Paçarizi
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- 3G and 4G technologies, 4G LTE IP, 4G LTE networking, 4G Network Security

Multiple Access Technique for Wireless Communication
- FDMA
- TDMA
- OFDMA
- SCFDMA
- AMC on LTE

Mobile backhaul connectivity is an essential enabler of a mobile network. As networks evolve from 4G LTE to 5G it is vital that the access network connectivity undergoes a transport network transformation to meet new requirements on throughput, PELR, latency, PDV and synchronisation. This talk from the IET 5G Unleashed event, explains the requirements of 5G backhaul and presents a use case from BT UK on the architecture and design of their EE 5G mobile network.

- by Andy Sutton
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- Antennas, Antennas & Radio Wave Propagation, Optical Fiber Communications, Microwave

Long Term Evolution (LTE) adalah jaringan akses radio evolusi jangka panjang yang dikeluarkan oleh 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), LTE merupakan kelanjutan dari teknologi generasi ketiga yakni 3G WCDMA-UMTS. Peneliti melakukan perencanaan coverage sebuah jaringan di kota Jakarta pada sebuah cluster 4G LTE menggunakan frekeunsi 1800 Mhz. Perencanaan coverage menggunakan software planning simulasi UNET. Data-data untuk coverage planning jaringan 4G LTE 1800 Mhz ini akan mengacu pada data Engineer Parameter site-site yang ada pada dalam sebuah cluster. Peneliti telah melakukan perubahan pada sisi nilai parameter logical dan physical tunning. Hasil dari penelitian adalah luas cakupan sel dari perancangan cakupan area LTE pada cluster XXX di daerah DKI Jakarta adalah 6,65 km 2 dengan menggunakan 3 sektor yang memiliki jari-jari 0,51 km, sehingga menghasilkan sebanyak 10 buah eNodeB yang diperlukan untuk mencakup seluruh area cluster XXX.

Cellular mobile networks have evolved from offering a basic mobile
telephony service to supporting high speed mobile broadband multi-media communications. But, can they continue to advance in order to
cope with the ever increasing demands being placed on network
capacity? This paper explores the concept of small cells within a heterogeneous network and how such an implementation can significantly increase area capacity density.

Forecasting is an important step before the
market deployment of upcoming 4G mobile technologies, i.e.
LTE release 8 and release 10. A forecasting model working
on the basis of Gompertz curve has been developed.
Scenarios of rapid, moderate, and slow growth has been
simulated by taking the case of Indonesia, in which the LTE
frequency bands were assumed to be 1800 MHz and 2300
MHz. The number of LTE transceiver sites development
depends on the MIMO configuration of the chosen LTE
technical specifications. It is found that moderate growth
scenario has the stable and controllable growth with its rate
below 10%. This scenario should be enforced with LTE
commonality for regions throughout the country. This
scenario could be viewed as the most reasonable way to
implement LTE in Indonesia

- by Muhammad Suryanegara
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- 3G and 4G technologies
- by Regina Ainaya
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- 3G and 4G technologies, Wireless technology (3G & LTE), Jaringan Komputer, 4G LTE
- by Tatum Derin
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- 3G and 4G technologies, Biografi

Four thin additional resonators are gap coupled to the four edges of a square microstrip antenna for increasing the impedance bandwidth of the antenna. This antenna is both horizontally and vertically polarized by providing the orthogonal feeds and is small in size as compared to the available single polarized broadband antennas, which have comparable size of the parasitic and fed patches. Such an antenna can be used as an array element in the array due to its small size. The antenna operates in the cell tower transmission frequency of 3G communication systems and finds application in MIMO systems, mobile backhaul applications and strategic communication systems.

Albanian mobile market is made of three big players. In this paper the strategies and application for the 4G services of all the operators is discussed and compared. Main point which is tested and discussed in this paper is the quality of service offered by all operators according to their respective clients relative to the application of the strategies pertaining to mobile internet services, and in particular 4G and 4G+ services. The data is organized and gathered according to the SERVQUAL model and his paper is only one piece of a bigger study made in Albanian Telecommunications' Market. Primary data is analyzed using SPSS. The findings are true and representative of the Albanian market, according to the validity test and the findings.

- by Mario Gjoni
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- Marketing, Marketing Research, 3G and 4G technologies, Albania

Abstrak – Dalam perencanaan jaringan gelombang mikro dibutuhkan jaringan yang memiliki kehandalan sistem yang bekerja secara optimal. Namun ada kalanya kehandalan jaringan tidak bekerja secara optimal, salah satu faktor penyebabnya adalah adanya interferensi. Oleh karena itu dibutuhkan pemeriksaan interferensi pada jaringan transmisi untuk menganalisis interferensi yang terjadi serta optimasi untuk menghilangkannya. Untuk mengetahui hal tersebut maka dilakukan simulasi perancangan jaringan menggunakan software Pathloss 5.0. Penelitian ini dilakukan pada daerah urban yaitu pada link hop Pluit Karang Barat-Kuningan Barat-Condet serta pada jaringan yang berada di daerah rural yaitu pada link hop Cibadak-Cibolangkaler-Sukabumi. Interferensi yang terjadi menyebabkan penurunan nilai availability. Pada daerah urban terjadi penurunan availability sebesar 0,00313%, sedangkan pada daerah rural terjadi penurunan availability sebesar 0,00014%. Ada beberapa metode yang digunakan untuk menghilangkan kasus interferensi yaitu dengan mengganti sub band, merubah polarisasi antena, serta menambahkan power pada jaringan. Dari beberapa metode tersebut yang paling optimal untuk menghilangkan interferensi adalah dengan mengganti sub band. sub band yang sebelumnya menggunakan sub band C dengan channel 1 (7.747,70 MHz-8.059,02) menjadi sub band D dengan channel 5 (7.866,30MHz-8.177,62 MHz). Setelah dilakukan optimasi dengan mengganti sub band, maka interferensi yang terjadi dapat dihilangkan dan besarnya peningkatan availability setelah optimasi bernilai sama dengan besarnya penurunan unavailability ketika interferensi.
Kata kunci – gelombang mikro, interferensi, pathloss 5.0, availability

- by Alina Guadamuz Flores
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- Telecommunications, 3G and 4G technologies, Telecomunicaciones, Derecho

This paper in progress describes two experiences carried out in the Argentine provinces of San Juan and Mendoza during the months of July and August 2016. The first aim is to determine the current state of the 4G mobile telephone networks in the national route 40, more specifically, in the route between the cities of San Juan and Mendoza. The second aim is to identify the connectivity problems and their possible causes, according to the reports published by GSMA, ITU and OpenSignal®, among others. Finally, the future work will be specified, which will allow the presentation of a formal proposal to the telephone operators, in order to contribute to the improvement of 4G networks. Resumen. Este trabajo en desarrollo describe dos experiencias realizadas en las provincias argentinas de San Juan y Mendoza, durante los meses de julio y agosto de 2016. El primer objetivo es determinar el estado actual de las redes de telefonía móvil 4G en la ruta nacional 40, más específicamente, en el trayecto comprendido entre las ciudades de San Juan y Mendoza. El segundo objetivo es identificar los problemas de conectividad y sus posibles causas, en función de los informes publicados por GSMA, ITU y OpenSignal®, entre otros. Finalmente, se especificará el trabajo futuro a realizar, el cual permitirá la presentación de una propuesta formal ante los operadores telefónicos, a fin de contribuir en el mejoramiento de las redes 4G.

This research paper creates a user acceptance framework for Information Technology (IT)-based telecommuting or telework work arrangement combining three Information Systems (IS) theories: process virtualization theory (PVT), technology acceptance model (TAM), and the task-technology fit theory (TTF). This study uses the PVT theory as its main theory along with TAM and TTF. The framework presents an assessment of the adoption process of telecommuting work arrangements using the TAM model which is interpreted as the observable willingness of individuals to make use of information technology while working on the tasks to be accomplished.

4G LTE network planning included coverage planning and capacity planning. This research used existing Transceiver Network Base Station (BTS), the utilization of existing BTS in a plan to reduce the cost in terms of infrastructure and applications. The results of the research planning coverage using Frequency Reuse 1 were transmit power value -67.28 dBm and -67.53 dBm, the signal strength value 14.6 dB and 13.89. Capacity planning through simulation user in a rural area connected to the user obtained eNode B was 98.2% and not connected to the user
obtained eNode B was 95.2%. Researchers used Software Planning Tool to gather the result.

- by alfin hikmaturokhman and +1
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- Telecommunications Engineering, Long Term Evolution (LTE), 3G and 4G technologies, Telekomunikasi

Over the last 30 years the mobile phone has evolved from a large brick like object for making telephone calls to what is effectively a handheld computer packed with advanced multi-media features. In addition, mobile networks provide connectivity for millions of other devices which range from connected cars and railway signalling to vending machines and security cameras. Sitting behind the customer facing view of the mobile phone is an entire industry dedicated to developing and implementing the mobile phone networks of cell sites and associated infrastructure, the speed of roll-out has likely exceeded or at least been equal to anything witnessed during any phase of the industrial revolution. This talk will provide an overview of mobile network technologies, explore the engineering of network coverage and capacity and review the typology of cellular radio sites and their evolution from basic telephony to high-speed mobile broadband and the Internet of Things.

its very good training for us .

- by Ali Ausaf
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- 3G and 4G technologies

University campuses are increasingly relying on wireless communication as the preferred media to access the web. Hence, there is a need to conduct on site performance evaluation on the existing wireless standards with the view of analyzing their expected and actual performance. In this paper, a drive-test was performed on three (3) wireless standards of LTE Release 8, 3G and Television White Space (TVWS). The drive-test was performed in both in-building and outdoor environments in a suburban campus settings. Results from LTE Release 8, 3G indicate that user mobility affects the received user throughput and Reference Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI). The test cases are executed by using a real LTE user equipment, equipped with ASCOM's TEMS software on a live 3G and 4G mobile networks for the both Malaysian mobile service providers; Maxis and Celcom. The results showed sufficient coverage within the campus area from both operators. On the other hand, results from field experiment indicate that TVWS is available on the campus. TVWS presents significant new opportunities within the context of emerging 4G networks for deploying new wireless access technology capable of meeting students expectation in terms of throughput and increasing broadband access for the fraction when the legacy 4G networks experience coverage blackout.

- by Sameh Musleh
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- Long Term Evolution (LTE), 3G and 4G technologies, TV Whitespace