Conflicts of interest Research Papers (original) (raw)

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- Public Health Policy, Medical Ethics, Public Health, Medical Law and Ethics

Corruption affects, and even shapes public policy in both developing and developed countries. Within this, the prevention of conflict of interest has been pointed out as one of the most challenging tasks for governments and the international community. This theory-driven article provides a framework of policy instruments and explores mechanisms from two areas of the world where this is an important issue, Asia and Latin America. The authors argue that the creation of effective conflict of interest prevention and prosecution mechanisms depends on the adequate operationalization of governance and social control instruments which can regulate conflict of interest.

- by Rolando Ochoa
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- Latin American Studies, Southeast Asia, Mexico, Corruption

Regulations and practices of lobbying and interest representation in Portugal. It includes recommendations for reform.

In the speakers’ bureau system, physicians are recruited andtrained by pharmaceutical, biotechnology, and medical device companies to deliver information about products to other physicians, in exchange for a fee. Using publicly available disclosures, we assessed the thesis that speakers’ bureau involvement is not a feature of academic medicine in Canada, by estimating the prevalence of participation in speakers’ bureausamong Canadian faculty in one medical specialty, cardiology. We analyzed the relevant features of an actual contract made public by the physician addressee and applied the Canadian Medical Association (CMA) guidelines on physician–industry relations to participation in a speakers’ bureau. We argue that speakers’ bureau participation constitutes a form of peer selling that should be understood to contravene the prohibition on product endorsement in the CMA Code of Ethics. Academic medical institutions, in conjunction with regulatory colleges, should continue and strengthen their policies to address participation in speakers’ bureaus.

- by Lynette Reid
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- Medical Ethics, Conflicts of interest

The purpose of this paper is to explore the issue of private practice while working in the public service, using law lecturers as case study. The paper explores this question relying on critical analysis of legislative provisions and the rationale behind attempts at prohibiting this practice. To put the debate in context and understand the universality or otherwise of the position canvassed, examples are drawn from two other jurisdictions with regulatory frameworks on second employment. The paper finds that the main concern of law makers is conflict of interest and how it can be managed where it arises. The paper concludes that total prohibition is not the best approach and that management of conflicts of interest are possible in the Nigerian through regulations and policy guidelines. The paper also makes suggestions of better alternative legislative provisions with particular reference to Nigeria.

Conflicts are differences in terms of approaches for a certain task or activity. The versatility of human brains, creativity, environment, sociopolitical and religious approaches create such scenarios in which one's thinking can clash with others. It may also be due to the difference of abilities of a person in viewing and resolving problems. While working in teams for a certain purpose, conflicts are common and their management is the necessary portion for the continuous development of an organization. Conflict of interest particularly refers to conflicts regarding mutual interests which commonly evolve during teamwork. These scenarios also possess threats to the organization in forging decisions and hindering primary professional goals while achieving secondary personal interests. Such prolonged behaviors might lead to disruption of organizational structures(Putnam & practice, 2006). The term conflict of interest can be coined as a clash of preferences on opinions, decisions, and working. Conflict of interest may arise in any field where a group of interrelated and interconnected people works on single or multiple yet co-related tasks. It may also be a difference in obligations, goals, and commitments towards the organization which affects the decision-making process(Brody, 2011). These situations arise due to certain factors like the versatility of ideas in brain-writing sessions, getting funds/ sponsorships, and certain personal preferences. In brain-writing sessions, a bunch of people working together to devise strategies for efficient work formulates different ideas that may contradict others. All the ideas or hypotheses are genuine having a bunch of pros and cons with them. This creates a scenario of conflict regarding the selection of the ideas. Each person influences the leader to select the idea, one has proposed. While the others point out cons in that suggestion (Jehn, 2014).

- by Hammad Ul Hussan
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- Conflict Management, Conflicts of interest

This study seeks to identify the potential conflicts of interest inherent in real estate transactions between a commercial tenant and a prospective landlord; evaluate the legal, regulatory, and industry mechanisms in place to protect the interests of commercial tenants through professional representation in these transactions; and where necessary, make recommendations for how such tenant protections might be strengthened to assure an arm’s length transaction between the parties, thereby optimizing the functioning of the commercial real estate marketplace.

This chapter provides an overview of the 2014 revisions to the IBA Guidelines on Conflicts of Interest in International Arbitration, which have become a very important tool and are regularly referred to in decisions on challenges to... more

- by Ricardo Dalmaso Marques and +1
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- Arbitration, Arbitration Law, International Commercial Arbitration, ARBITRAGEM

While core to our understanding of corruption in public office, conflicts of interest pose a complex regulatory challenge. Practically, the term relies on a conceptual distinction between public and private duties which – in a world of outsourcing, secondments and New Public Management – has become blurred. Most regulation trusts individuals to recognise their own conflicts and insulate decisions from personal and social obligations, yet we know that humans are prone to situational biases and struggle with ambiguity. Regulation should address the difficulties of avoiding bias, while training should allow individuals to explore risks in safe contexts. Professional groups may be important for creating peer support networks and helping to socialise members into norms of integrity. Such ‘soft’ regulation is not a substitute for rules and sanctions but might enhance the utility of traditional ‘hard’ approaches, by helping individuals become more self-aware and better able to make informed decisions about their conduct.

- by Liz David-Barrett
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- Public Administration, Ethics, Political Corruption, Conflicts of interest

Changes in the practice of law have increased the potential for conflict between the duties owed to former and current clients. In particular, the development of the mega-firm and increases in lawyer mobility have placed enormous pressure on the existing conflict rules. This article examines the different approaches to disqualification of practitioners in this situation, and the various stages and components of the disqualification process. In determining the appropriate approach to disqualification, the importance of maintaining high standards in the legal profession, allowing litigants to choose their own counsel and mobility within the legal profession must be kept in mind. The current rule, which is based on the possibility of misuse of confidential information and an irrebuttable presumption of shared confidences, could lead to the absurd situation where the movement of a few lawyers would disqualify entire firms. This article proposes reform to the current rule to create a more flexible approach to conflict disqualification. This would involve an irrebuttable presumption of disclosure of confidential information at the primary disqualification stage, combined with the safeguard of a threshold substantial relationship test. At the secondary disqualification stage there would be a presumption of shared confidences rebuttable by appropriately built Chinese Walls. This type of approach to disqualification achieves a better balance of the competing policy interests while taking into account the realities of modern legal practice.

- by Andrew D Mitchell
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- Conflicts of interest

Konflik berasal dari kata kerja Latin configere yang berarti saling memukul. Secara terminologi konflik kepentingan atau conflict of interest adalah suatu kepentingan saling memukul atau saling berlawanan dengan kepentingan lainnya. Menurut black law dictionary Konflik kepentingan atau conflict of interest definisinya adalah "a situation that can undermine a person due to self interest and public interest" (suatu keadaan yang dapat merusak seseorang karena kepentingan pribadinya dan kepentingan publik) atau "a situation when parties discharge responsibility to a third party" (suatu keadaan ketika suatu pihak melepaskan tanggungjawab kepada pihak ketiga)1 Business dictionary, secara lengkap menjelaskan conflict interest adalah "A situation in which a party's responsibility to a second-party limits its ability to discharge its responsibility to a third-party.2 (tanggungjawab suatu pihak kedua yang membatasi kemampuannya untuk melepaskan tanggungjawab kepada pihak ketiga) The Association of Certified Fraud Examiners (ACFE) menyatakan konflik kepentingan atau conflict of interest adalah sebuah fraud. Konflik kepentingan terjadi jika seseorang dalam mengambil keputusan penjualan, keputusan hukum, keputusan keuangan, keputusan pembelian, atau keputusan operasional dan keputusan kebijakan dalam bentuk dan nama apapun tidak memihak kepada nilai kejujuran, keadilan, dan kebenaran. Ini adalah konsep universal dari konflik kepentingan. Dalam konteks organisasional, konflik kepentingan biasanya tidak memihak kepada kepentingan dan tujuan organisasional dengan mengabaikan kode etik. Dari ketiga definisi konflik kepentingan diatas secara garis besar dapat ditarik kesimpulan bahwa konflik kepentingan terjadi karena 3 syarat yaitu (i) adanya suatu pihak (orang atau badan hukum) sebagai aktor (ii) adanya kewenangan yaitu hak kewajiban yang dimiliki aktor (iii) adanya sebuah keputusan atau tindakan yang dilakukan aktor. Kepentingan yang seharusnya (das sollen) yang menjadi tanggungjawab suatu pihak menjadi berubah karena pengaruh dari dalam pihak itu sendiri atau pengaruh dari luar yang memukul mundur kepentingan yang seharusnya (das sollen) sehingga keputusan terhadap suatu hal menjadi berbeda dengan apa yang diharapkan kepentingan seharusnya (das sollen). Dikarenakan konflik kepentingan pasti melekat pada aktor maka tentu saja langsung merujuk pada kompetensi dan integritas secara personal. Perwujudan kompetensi dan integritas seorang pejabat selalu berada didalam kerangka "etika pejabat" baik diranah privat 1 https://thelawdictionary.org/conflict-of-interest/ 2

- by Imanuddin Arrahim
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- Conflicts of interest, Shareholder, Pengertian Pemegang Saham

The goal of this paper is to discuss scientific integrity, consumerism, conflicts of interest, and transparency within the context of forensic science. Forensic scientists play crucial roles within the legal system and are constantly under various pressures when performing analytical work, generating reports based on their analyses, or testifying to the content of these reports. Maintaining the scientific integrity of these actions is paramount to supporting a functional legal system and the practice of good science. Our goal is to discuss the importance of scientific integrity as well as the factors it may compromise, so that forensic practitioners may be better equipped to recognize and avoid conflicts of interest when they arise. In this discussion we define terms, concepts, and professional relationships as well as present three case studies to contextualize these ideas.

- by Nicholas Passalacqua
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- Forensic Anthropology, Ethics, Forensic Science, Scientific Integrity

Respuesta a dudas y consultas sobre el Código de Ética Profesional de 2011.

La question des conflits d’intérêts dans l’arbitrage international s’est approfondie avec l’expansion de l’arbitrage qui s’est imposé comme le moyen naturel de règlement des litiges du commerce international. Le sujet intéresse par conséquent les universitaires et les praticiens. Les relations croisées se multiplient entre les avocats-conseils et les arbitres exerçant dans ce domaine, ce qui crée un accroissement des conflits d’intérêts potentiels et avérés. Une difficulté liée à cette évolution réside notamment dans l’instrumentalisation du conflit d’intérêts aux fins d’entrave au bon règlement du litige. Ainsi, certaines parties utilisent cet argument comme manœuvre dilatoire perturbant le bon déroulement de la procédure tant au niveau de la constitution du tribunal arbitral qu’une fois la sentence prononcée. La gestion des conflits d’intérêts dans l’arbitrage international est essentielle à la crédibilité et à la prospérité de ce mode de règlement des litiges.

- by anissa boussofara
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- International Law, Arbitration, International Commercial Arbitration, Tunisia
- by arry pongtiku
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- Critical Theory, Organizational Behavior, Management, Marketing

New calculative techniques of management and accountancy are having a transforma-tive effect on organisations, individuals and society. These processes are often associated with contemporary neoliberal capitalism, but what exactly is driving the proliferation of these measurement systems and how is this change actually occurring? We address these questions by exploring the history of the Big 4 international accountancy firms and their role in spreading audit culture and the rationalities of financial accountancy. Since the 1990s, the expansion of their remit from traditional auditing to a growing emphasis on consultancy services has increasingly blurred the boundary between their public watchdog role and their commercial interests. Combined with the changing values, career trajectories and 'habitus' of audit company professionals, and the weaknesses of self-regulation, this has resulted in problems for ethics and corporate social responsibility. Using ethnographic examples, we examine the metamorphosis that occurs as accountants, originally trained in the disciplines of financial probity, become more entrepreneurially oriented when they ascend to senior positions as company managers and partners. If the calculative practices of accountancy are central to modern forms of audit, we argue they are also transforming accountancy firms themselves into evermore calculative and financialised entities. We conclude by

- by Cris Shore
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- Social and Cultural Anthropology, Auditing, Capitalism, Accountancy

Most private banks in Ethiopia ended the last fiscal year with positive results although market conditions have changed in the past few years making the outlook for this year and beyond much more challenging. As highlighted above notable variations were seen among private banks in terms of their comparative financials and performances. In terms of Earning per Share (EpS), which reflects the portion of a company's profit allocated to each share, the large seven private banks continue to hold dominant positions by exhibiting higher than the industry average of 32Pct EpS while the remaining banks exhibits below the average EpS of the industry. Although it's EpS fell from 92.6Pct two years before to 82.3Pct last year, the 18 year old Dashen Bank asserted its dominant place among private banks providing its shareholders the highest returns in the banking industry. In terms of net profit after tax and total assets, the Bank also rose above the achievements of the other private banks in the country. Although Dashen's profit after tax showed a 7Pct decline compared with the previous year, it is still 38Pct higher than the 438.6 million birr profit registered by the first private bank in the country, Awash International Bank.

- by abdi rezaq
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- Conflicts of interest

Peertechz Publications is an online publisher for Open Access scientific research journals. The organization has more than 100 journals catering the need of researchers in science, health, pharmaceuticals, engineering and technology. All... more

- by Peertechz Publications
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- Open Access, Archives, Peer Review, Authorship

As researchers, we are often required to disclose any conflicts of interest we might have, for instance, when submitting a paper to a journal, or when acting as reviewers of a research project at the request of a funding agency. Over the past few decades, the duty to declare conflicts of interest has become a normal component of academic life. However, the concept is sometimes misunderstood. What is a conflict of interest and why it matters?

What happens when a secret trust fails in English law? Secret Trusts are a conundrum. That is why they feature iso prominently in LLB Trust examinations. Let's take an example. Adam [a Testator age 80] contacts his friend Bruce to ask him a favour. He asks Bruce if he can be a legatee for him for a property he wishes to hold and distribute for Claire, his long-time secret lover with whom he has a child Debbie. He does not want Eve his wife to know that this property is to be held for Claire. So he swears Bruce to secrecy. He intends Bruce to hold this property cottage on the Gower Peninsula for Claire, who in turn is instructed to hold on a life interest, with residual for her daughter Debbie. Adam then dies and in his will he leaves £400,000 in cash for his wife Claire, and a cottage on the Gower Peninsula worth £180,000 to his friend Bruce. So we can see a few problems from the start. The first is has Bruce told Claire that he is legatee for her life-tenancy in the Gower Cottage and that she is told hold the residual estate for her daughter Debbie? If she is unaware of Adam's intention for her to benefit from a life interest in the cottage and residual for Debbie, , then how evidentially can this property be held for Claire? It is somewhat of a waste of time and a good lawyer would not propose such a trust solution. Furthermore, as we know from §53(1)b LPA 1925, all transfers of real property must be "evidenced" in writing. Was there any writing? But the big issue is whether this is an express trust that can be recognized consistent with §9 of the Wills Act 1837 which require compliance with formalities, absent in this case, [2 witnesses who are not beneficiaries to attest to Adam's signature on the Will]. Equity cannot allow statute to be used as an instrument of fraud. The fraud here would be that if no-one knows that Bruce holds for Claire, then Bruce can just ignore the oral trust. He can justify this by stating that §9 of the Wills Act requires a signed and witnessed will for the legacy to be valid. WHAT ARE THE STEPS FOR RECOGNIZING A SECRET TRUST.

Master's thesis on Corruption and anti-corruption policy - the case of Croatia.

- by Karmen Skube
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- Political Science, Political Corruption, Corruption, Post-Communist Studies
- by Ciprian Jipa
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- Conflicts of interest
- by habib rexa
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- International Relations, Diplomatics, International Politics, China

O processo de instalação do sistema Janela Única Electrónica (JUE) de Desembaraço Aduaneiro, adjudicada ao consórcio Associação Escopil/SGS em 2009, poderá ter lesado regras de procurement público estabelecidas por lei, apurou uma investigação do CIP. O Estado Moçambicano lançou um concurso público presumivelmente internacional, que visava seleccionar a empresa ou o consórcio para implementar em exclusividade o projecto, na metodologia “Construir, Operar e Transferir” (BOT) durante 15 anos. Todavia, concluído o concurso, o próprio Estado e o supervisor (CTA) passaram
a accionistas do projecto e um dos membros (SGS) do consórcio (concorrente único e) vencedor virou subcontratada.

- by Milton Machel
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- Public Procurement, Government transparency, Conflicts of interest
- by Abdullatif El Ali
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- Marxism, Interest, Exploitation, Imperialism

Bolkiah represents the latest decision on the increasingly litigated issue of subsequent adverse representation. While the decision is clear and rejects a number of problematic presumptions and duties imposed in other cases, its test is too stringent and unduly interferes with the client's right to choose his or her firm of lawyer. It is submitted that if a firm has taken all reasonable measures to protect client confidences and disclosure of confidential information is not probable, then the firm should be able to continue to act. The matter of Chinese walls has been considered by the highest Courts in Canada, New Zealand, and England.

- by Andrew D Mitchell
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- Conflicts of interest

Una sorprendente omissività disinformante nel libro di
Grignolio concerne il problema del conflitto di interessi, che è negato. Grignolio muove dal presupposto indimostrato che la scienza medica in materia di vaccini è trasparente e offre dati pubblici e certificabili. Non compare nemmeno il Documento “Conflitti d’interessi nella Ricerca Biomedica e nella Pratica Clinica” dell’ 8 Giugno 2006 redatto dal Comitato Nazionale per la Bioetica presso la Presidenza del Consiglio dei Ministri

- by silvio riondato
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- Vaccines, Corruption (Corruption), Medicine, Deontology

RECENT revelations of plagiarism by Australian sports neurologist Dr Paul McCrory () have sent shockwaves through professional sporting bodies internationally. As a leading member of the international Concussion in Sport Group (CISG) for over 20 years, Dr McCrory’s downfall has cast doubt over international consensus guidelines for the management of head injury in sport, and focused a bright light onto conflicts of interest in sports medicine within elite/professional sports.

- by Alan Pearce
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- Conflicts of interest, Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy
- by Dr. Alex A. Ambore Bruce, PhD
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- Conflicts of interest
- by Emilia Kaczmarek
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- European Law, Pharmaceutical Marketing, Conflicts of interest, Sunshine Laws

There are countless ways and forms in which one would create or engage in an activity that may pose an ethical conflict. Ethical problems tend to arise between a person and another, which may not be in the interest of one or both parties where a conflict may appear. In order to better understand what a conflict of interest is, we must first define it.

- by Ecler Jaqua and +1
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- Business, Business Ethics, Law, Conflict

O Conselho de Ministros aprovou, nos últimos quatro anos, uma série de Concessões Empresariais, Parcerias Público-Privadas e regulamentação específica que beneficiam directamente interesses económicos da Nomenklatura. Regra geral, estes negócios revelam uma fuga estratégica à Lei do Procurement Público e foram antecedentes à vigência da Lei das Parcerias Público-Privadas (PPP), Concessões Empresariais (CE) e Projectos de Grande Dimensão.

- by Milton Machel
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- Conflicts of interest, Corruption Political Ethcs, Public Policy

This paper is an attempt to explain the emerging cultural conflicts in the urban centers in Kerala. The popular ideologies of morality, sexuality, gender, tradition, values, etc. are in a transformation phase, and trying to fetch a new meaning and manifestation in the Kerala society especially for the last two decades. But conservatives who uphold the tradition and customs of Kerala always question the rampant westernization of the society. A cultural conflict is visible in every field of life in Kerala society. This paper is constructed on the background of 'Kiss of Love'-a protest against moral policing happened in the recent past.

- by Aneesh K Anirudh
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- Gender Studies, Values, Sexuality, Gender and Sexuality

Mexican law’s definition of conflicts of interest and current proposals to change it hold on to a narrow and impractical definition of conflicts of interest, which does not allow for any kind of prevention or mitigation. In order to prevent scandals, new legislation on the matter would require a reconceptualization of how public servants manage their assets, how public decisions are made, and the verification of the information in declarations of assets and interests.

The objective of this study aimed to examine the effect of environmental Remediation Cost management on the social harmony of solid mineral resource-based communities cum firm performance in Nigeria. Studies within environmental remediation costs have considerably dealt with community conflicts as a bridge of miners-community agreement by the mining firm with minimal or no regard for mismanagement of environmental remediation costs. This research utilized Ex-Post Facto and survey research design. The sample of this study was based on fifty-six (56) solid mineral firms that meet the government's 3 million naira royalty threshold. The proxies for environmental remediation cost include annual community development cost and infrastructural cost, while Contribution to Gross Domestic Product value in Nigeria was employed as the performance measure. Ordinal regression and Augmented Dickey-Fuller test regression analysis via E-view 9 statistical software were used to test the hypothesis. Findings revealed that community conflicts are characterized by contentions among communities on mineral rights and benefits rights. The result also showed that mismanagement of annual community development benefits led to community conflicts that affect firm performance. This study recommends that government should intervene by creating an environmental intervention fund through which all the environmental challenges emanating as a result of mining activities can be timely addressed and the standard of living in the community be improved.

- by IAEME Publication
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- Management, Performance, Conflicts of interest, Environmental Costs

Este artículo analiza los diferentes mecanismos para la prevención de los conflictos de intereses que ha recogido la Ley 3/2015, de 30 de marzo, reguladora del ejercicio del alto cargo en la Administración General del Estado. Asimismo,... more

- by Agustí Cerrillo-i-Martínez
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- Conflicts of interest
- by Grzegorz Makowski
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- Public Administration, Anti-Corruption, Corruption, Government transparency

La figura del psicoterapeuta en los medios ha tenido un incremento notorio durante los últimos años. Series como
In Treatment y su versión local En Terapia; Historias de diván, y más recientemente PS! han puesto el acento no
sólo en las cuestiones técnicas de la labor sino que han desplegado las cuestiones éticas de nuestra práctica. ¿Puede
un terapeuta involucrarse amorosamente con una paciente que acaba de interrumpir su tratamiento? ¿Debe
guardar el terapeuta confidencialidad frente a crímenes de guerra? ¿Cómo debe manejar un terapeuta sus
conflictos personales cuando éstos interfieren con el trabajo profesional? Estas y otras cuestiones aparecen
desplegadas para el gran público, generando una representación social de la figura del profesional y sus conductas
deseables. Este trabajo, fruto de una investigación en curso dentro del Programa de Ciencia y Técnica de la UBA,
indaga estas cuestiones desde dos perspectivas: (1) qué tipo de valores y nociones de derechos se imparten a la
comunidad a partir de estos fenómenos de masa; (2) cuáles son los recaudos que se deben tomar cuando se llevan
a la pantalla situaciones inspiradas en casos reales de pacientes. Ambas dimensiones hacen a una responsabilidad
del psicólogo frente a un mundo cada vez más comunicado pero a la vez más intenso e inmediato. El artículo
recorre esta delicada cuestión a través de ejemplos del cine, del género telenovela, del formato serie televisiva,
aplicando conceptos de la deontología profesional y del psicoanálisis para abordar la complejidad en juego.

- by Irene Cambra Badii and +1
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- Psychology, Ethics, Cinema, Conflicts of interest
- by Michal Ben-gal
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- Religion, Sociology, Sociology of Religion, Human Geography
- by Augustin Lazar
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- Conflicts of interest, Law Cases, Coruption

Suele argumentarse en favor del lobby que es una actividad de participación ciudadana, por canalizar intereses particulares ante las autoridades públicas. Sin embargo, al ser el lobby el producto de una industria especializada, lo que genera es una competencia con la participación ciudadana en el esfuerzo de incidir en una decisión pública. Para regular la forma en la que se representan los intereses particulares a las autoridades públicas, en Chile se publicó la Ley del Lobby después de más de una década de debate parlamentario.
La legislación contempló la creación de registros de lobbistas y gestores de intereses particulares, permitiendo la existencia de ambas figuras y diferenciándolas por la existencia de una remuneración en el ejercicio de influencias. Pero la norma no contempló disposiciones que regularan a la actividad de lobby, y fue implementada con escaso apoyo político, pese a lo cual ha tenido niveles de cumplimiento que, según las evaluaciones disponibles, desde el punto de vista formal puede considerarse aceptables.
De todas formas, urgen reformas legales que incorporen mecanismos permitan que la legislación incorpore mecanismos tendientes a realizar los principios de igualdad de influencia política, fomento de la participación ciudadana y mayores estándares de integridad en el sector privado. Otras reformas de la agenda anticorrupción podrán complementar virtuosamente esta normativa, que no se encuentra aislada y es parte de una política anticorrupción que debe abordarse de manera integral.

- by Manuel Arís
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- Political Corruption, Lobbying, Transparency, TRANSPARENCIA