Ethical Behavior Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

This study aimed to analyze the teachers' expectations related to the school principals' ethical behaviors and the frequency of the school principals' performing ethical leadership behaviors based on the teachers' perceptions. Data were... more

This study aimed to analyze the teachers' expectations related to the school principals' ethical behaviors and the frequency of the school principals' performing ethical leadership behaviors based on the teachers' perceptions. Data were collected through the Teacher Ethical Expectation Scale (ÖEBÖ) and School Principal's Performing Ethical Leadership Scale (PELBS) which were developed by the researchers for the aim of this research. The sample of the study consisted of 541 participant teachers selected from the population of the teachers working at public schools located in Sakarya, province of Turkey, during the 2018-2019 academic year. According to the teachers' perceptions, it was found that the teachers' expectations of the school principals' ethical behaviors and the frequency of the principals' performing ethical leadership behaviors were quite high. It was also seen that there was a significant positive relationship at a low level because of the path analysis, which was done to predict the school principals' performing ethical behaviors through the teachers' expectations on ethical behaviors. It was concluded that the ethical behaviors from the school principals expected by the teachers as the independent variable were seen to explain 8.6% of the variance in ethical behaviors performed by the school principals as the dependent variable. Journal of Education and Educational Development Article

The aim of the present study was to examine to what degree different mechanisms of moral disengagement were related to age, gender, bullying, and defending among school children. Three hundred and seventy-two Swedish children ranging in... more

The aim of the present study was to examine to what degree different mechanisms of moral disengagement were related to age, gender, bullying, and defending among school children. Three hundred and seventy-two Swedish children ranging in age from 10 to 14 years completed a questionnaire. Findings revealed that boys expressed significantly higher levels of moral justification, euphemistic labeling, diffusion of responsibility, distorting consequences, and victim attribution, as compared with girls. Whereas boys bullied others significantly more often than girls, age was unrelated to bullying. Moral justification and victim attribution were the only dimensions of moral disengagement that significantly related to bullying. Furthermore, younger children and girls were more likely to defend victims. Diffusion of responsibility and victim attribution were significantly and negatively related to defending, while the other dimensions of moral disengagement were unrelated to defending.

Marketing managers must focus on the effectiveness of their advertisements, and by implementing a utilitarian approach, their message will be transparent. They need to stay true to their brand’s identity, aim for loyalty, and keep in mind... more

Marketing managers must focus on the effectiveness of their advertisements, and by implementing a utilitarian approach, their message will be transparent. They need to stay true to their brand’s identity, aim for loyalty, and keep in mind what the customer really needs. Marketing managers will continue to use shock advertising, because it gets them exposure and attention; whether it is good or bad, “any publicity, is good publicity”.

This paper focuses on one of the major criticisms made to Aristotle's virtue ethics, namely that it lacks explicit moral action guidance. The same criticism has been addressed to later developments of virtue ethics. There have been... more

This paper focuses on one of the major criticisms made to Aristotle's virtue ethics, namely that it lacks explicit moral action guidance. The same criticism has been addressed to later developments of virtue ethics. There have been several attempts to overcome this objection and to demonstrate that modern theories of virtue ethics do provide principles of right action. In this paper, I discuss mainly two such major attempts: the exemplarist approach and the virtue rules approach. My aim is to examine whether, if applied to Aristotle’s virtue ethics, these two approaches can provide a convincing answer to the criticism that Aristotle’s ethics does not offer explicit moral action guidance .

Stressing that the pronoun "I" picks out one and only one person in the world (i.e., me), I argue against Hunt (and other like-minded Rand commentators) that the supposed "hard case" of destructive people who do not care for their own... more

Stressing that the pronoun "I" picks out one and only one person in the world (i.e., me), I argue against Hunt (and other like-minded Rand commentators) that the supposed "hard case" of destructive people who do not care for their own lives poses no special difficulty for rational egoism. I conclude that the proper response to a terse objection like "What about suicide bombers?" is the equally terse assertion "But I don't want to get blown up."

The aim of the present study was to investigate how basic moral sensitivity in bullying, moral disengagement in bullying and defender self-efficacy were related to different bystander behaviors in bullying. Therefore, we examined pathways... more

The aim of the present study was to investigate how basic moral sensitivity in bullying, moral disengagement in bullying and defender self-efficacy were related to different bystander behaviors in bullying. Therefore, we examined pathways that linked students' basic moral sensitivity, moral disengagement, and defender self-efficacy to different bystander behaviors in bullying situations. Three hundred and forty-seven teenagers completed a bullying survey. Findings indicated that compared with boys, girls expressed higher basic moral sensitivity in bullying, lower defender self-efficacy and moral disengagement in bullying. Results from the SEM showed that basic moral sensitivity in bullying was negatively related to pro-bully behavior and positively related to outsider and defender behavior, mediated by moral disengagement in bullying, which in turn was positively related to pro-bully behavior and negatively related to outsider and defender behavior. What differed in the relations between outsider and defender behaviors was the degree of defender self-efficacy.

The purpose of this study is to determine the ethical dilemmas experiencing by the counsellors who work at different conditions and what they do to solve these dilemmas as well as the obstacles they have to deal with while resolving the... more

The purpose of this study is to determine the ethical dilemmas experiencing by the counsellors who work at different
conditions and what they do to solve these dilemmas as well as the obstacles they have to deal with while
resolving the dilemmas. This is a qualitative study in which multi-state pattern was used. For this research, 40
counsellors were chosen using maximum diversity sampling method. When the findings are examined, it can
be seen that psychological counsellors working a universities, schools and private psychological counselling
centres experience ethical dilemmas related to “teaching environments”, “voluntarism” and “determination
of service fee” respectively. The common ethical dilemmas experienced in all institutions were found out as
“limitations to privacy”, “entering into multiple relations”, and “transfer of competences and values”. It has been
found out that they try to resolve these dilemmas by “taking ethical rules into consideration”, “receiving help”,
“engaging the counsellor in the process”, “conducting personal queries”, or “trying to stay in legal process”.
The obstacles to resolution of dilemmas are determined as “political and institutional”, “lack of competence in
resolution of ethical dilemmas” and “personal reasons”. These results have been discussed under the light of
literature and suggestions have been provided.

This theme issue has the founding ambition of landscaping Data Ethics as a new branch of ethics that studies and evaluates moral problems related to data (including generation, recording, curation, processing, dissemination, sharing, and... more

This theme issue has the founding ambition of landscaping Data Ethics as a new branch of ethics that studies and evaluates moral problems related to data (including generation, recording, curation, processing, dissemination, sharing, and use), algorithms (including AI, artificial agents, machine learning, and robots), and corresponding practices (including responsible innovation, programming, hacking, and professional codes), in order to formulate and support morally good solutions (e.g. right conducts or right values). Data Ethics builds on the foundation provided by Computer and Information Ethics but, at the same time, it refines the approach endorsed so far in this research field, by shifting the Level of Abstraction of ethical enquiries, from being information-centric to being data-centric. This shift brings into focus the different moral dimensions of all kinds of data, even the data that never translate directly into information but can be used to support actions or generate behaviours, for example. It highlights the need for ethical analyses to concentrate on the content and nature of computational operations—the interactions among hardware, software, and data—rather than on the variety of digital technologies that enables them. And it emphasises the complexity of the ethical challenges posed by Data Science. Because of such complexity, Data Ethics should be developed from the start as a macroethics, that is, as an overall framework that avoids narrow, ad hoc approaches and addresses the ethical impact and implications of Data Science and its applications within a consistent, holistic, and inclusive framework. Only as a macroethics Data Ethics will provide the solutions that can maximise the value of Data Science for our societies, for all of us, and for our environments.

This paper explores the issue of students’ unethical behaviour by investigating students from Egypt. It investigates participants’ concern toward ethical publishing as well as plagiarism practicing and moral reasoning. Using a sample of... more

This paper explores the issue of students’ unethical behaviour by investigating students from Egypt. It investigates participants’ concern toward ethical publishing as well as plagiarism practicing and moral reasoning. Using a sample of 238 university students in Egypt, the current study deployed the McMahon and Harvey’s model of moral intensity (2006) to understand and explain the unethical behaviour of students in the study. Research findings showed that while gender does not have any significant effect on intentions to engage in unethical behaviour, level of studies has a partially significant impact in this regard. Being among the first studies tackling this issue in the context of Africa, the paper provides new insights on the status of plagiarism practice by students and investigates the effects of gender and level of studies on ethical behaviour of students.

The paper discusses Derrida's concept of hospitality which perfectly describes the experience of loosing the sense of feeling at home and reveals the disintegrating entrance of the Otherness into a coherent home space. Jacques Derrida's... more

The paper discusses Derrida's concept of hospitality which perfectly describes the experience of loosing the sense of feeling at home and reveals the disintegrating entrance of the Otherness into a coherent home space. Jacques Derrida's theory makes it possible to deconstruct the familiar home space, which, however, does not constitute in any case its destruction. Revealing a complex and ambiguous nature of the challenge of hospitality, he perceives the sense of feeling at home as one of the necessary conditions of a stable subject. This is the subject that most fears the Otherness which could disrupt, unsettle their permanent structure and a sense of certainty. Therefore, the Author follows closely the fear of strangeness and the nostalgic longing for the sense of feeling at home as depicted by David Lynch and Michael Haneke in their films. Then he passes on to the field of contemporary art which not only reveals the fact that something has happened to the house we have known so far, but it also allows for creative deconstruction of the feeling at home. The artistic works selected by the Author break the binary oppositions: one’s own/someone else’s, familiar/strange (Jessica Sue Layton), close/distant (Shizuka Yokomizo) and finally the most important one: interior/exterior (Marja Pirilä, Eve Dent).

Many of the scandalous organizational practices to have come to light in the last decade—rigging LIBOR, misselling payment protection insurance, rampant Wall Street insider trading, large-scale bribery of foreign officials, the packaging... more

Many of the scandalous organizational practices to have come to light in the last decade—rigging LIBOR, misselling payment protection insurance, rampant Wall Street insider trading, large-scale bribery of foreign officials, the packaging and sale of toxic securities to naïve investors—require ethically problematic judgments and behaviors. However, dominant models of workplace unethical behavior fail to account for what we have learned from moral psychology and cognitive neuroscience in the past two decades about how and why people make the moral decisions they do. In this review, we explain how intuition, affect, physiology and identity support and inform more deliberative reasoning process in the construction and enactment of moral behavior. We then describe how these processes play into how individuals approach a potential moral choice, whether they have the ability in the moment to enact it, and how it is encoded in the action’ his aftermath, feeding back into future approaches. Throughout, we attend to the role of organizational context in influencing these processes. By reviewing this large body of research and presenting a new framework that attempts to integrate these new findings, our hope is to motivate new research about how to support more moral workplace behavior that starts from what we know now.

The paper investigates the ethics of information transparency (henceforth transparency). It argues that transparency is not an ethical principle in itself but a pro-ethical condition for enabling or impairing other ethical practices or... more

The paper investigates the ethics of information transparency (henceforth transparency). It argues that transparency is not an ethical principle in itself but a pro-ethical condition for enabling or impairing other ethical practices or principles. A new definition of transparency is offered in order to take into account the dynamics of information production and the differences between data and information. It is then argued that the proposed definition provides a better understanding of what sort of information should be disclosed and what sort of information should be used in order to implement and make effective the ethical practices and principles to which an organisation is committed. The concepts of ''heterogeneous organisation'' and ''autonomous computational artefact'' are further defined in order to clarify the ethical implications of the technology used in implementing information transparency. It is argued that explicit ethical designs, which describe how ethical principles are embedded into the practice of software design, would represent valuable information that could be disclosed by organisations in order to support their ethical standing.

The European Medical Information Framework (EMIF) project, funded through the IMI programme (Innovative Medicines Initiative Joint Undertaking under Grant Agreement No. 115372), has designed and implemented a federated platform to connect... more

The European Medical Information Framework (EMIF) project, funded through the IMI programme (Innovative Medicines Initiative Joint Undertaking under Grant Agreement No. 115372), has designed and implemented a federated platform to connect health data from a variety of sources across Europe, to facilitate large scale clinical and life sciences research. It enables approved users to analyse securely multiple, diverse, data via a single portal, thereby mediating research opportunities across a large quantity of research data. EMIF developed a code of practice (ECoP) to ensure the privacy protection of data subjects, protect the interests of data sharing parties, comply with legislation and various organisational policies on data protection, uphold best practices in the protection of personal privacy and information governance, and eventually promote these best practices more widely. EMIF convened an Ethics Advisory Board (EAB), to provide feedback on its approach, platform, and the EcoP. The most important challenges the ECoP team faced were: how to define, control and monitor the purposes (kinds of research) for which fed-erated health data are used; the kinds of organisation that should be permitted to conduct permitted research; and how to monitor this. This manuscript explores those issues, offering the combined insights of the EAB and EMIF core ECoP team. For some issues, a consensus on how to approach them is proposed. For other issues, a singular approach may be premature but the challenges are summarised to help the community to debate the topic further. Arguably, the issues and their analyses have application beyond EMIF, to many research infrastructures connected to health data sources.

The world in the first part of the 20th century had witnessed two World Wars. On parallel to the World War II, from 1933 till the end of the War, a dark event that puts the whole mankind especially the German Nazis to shame took place —... more

The world in the first part of the 20th century had witnessed two World Wars. On parallel to the World War II, from 1933 till the end of the War, a dark event that puts the whole mankind especially the German Nazis to shame took place — The Holocaust. It was the time when a massive genocide of the people of a particular race took place in several extermination camps in German-occupied European Countries.
At that juncture, Oskar Schindler stands as a befitting example of a ‘True Human Being.’ Being a German Industrialist, a member of the Nazi Party, and a man with “Great Contacts with the Most Influential People”, he had all the powers to exploit the Jews who were working in the labour camps. But he did not choose to be on the side of Exploiters, instead he throughout ‘the time’, stood for the protection of the lives of the Jews who were working in his Fabryka Emalia (Enamel Factory). He saved the lives of around 1100 Jews and became one among those few ‘righteous’ people who stood for safeguarding the lives of Jewish people at the point in history.
The current paper, with a brief background to the events that lead to the Holocaust, analyses the character of Oskar Schindler as it was presented in the novel Schindler’s List. It also has taken some of the testimonies of the Schindlerjuden (Schindler’s Jews), which were recorded by USC Shoah Foundation and Documentaries of Martin Kent on Oskar Schindler into consideration. This study on the character of Schindler tries to see him as a person who stood for his fellow human beings, who were subjugated to exploitation, by utilising almost all the powers he had had.

Prompted by the thesis that an organism’s umwelt possesses not just a descriptive dimension, but a normative one as well, some have sought to annex semiotics with ethics. Yet the pronouncements made in this vein have consisted mainly in... more

Prompted by the thesis that an organism’s umwelt possesses not just a descriptive dimension, but a normative one as well, some have sought to annex semiotics with ethics. Yet the pronouncements made in this vein have consisted mainly in rehearsing accepted moral intuitions, and have failed to concretely further our knowledge of why or how a creature comes to order objects in its environment in accordance with axiological charges of value or disvalue. For want of a more explicit account, theorists writing on the topic have relied almost exclusively on semiotic insights about perception originally designed as part of a sophisticated refutation of idealism. The end result, which has been a form of direct givenness, has thus been far from convincing. In an effort to bring substance to the right-headed suggestion that values are rooted in the biological and conform to species-specific requirements, we present a novel conception that strives to make explicit the elemental structure underlying umwelt normativity. Building and expanding on the seminal work of Ayn Rand in metaethics, we describe values as an intertwined lattice which takes a creature’s own embodied life as its ultimate standard; and endeavour to show how, from this, all subsequent valuations can in principle be determined.

This paper summarizes the results of 28 studies that were published between 2010 and 2020 on the ethics of bribery. The following 34 political jurisdictions are included: Argentina, Australia, Azerbaijan, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Brazil,... more

This paper summarizes the results of 28 studies that were published between 2010 and 2020 on the ethics of bribery. The following 34 political jurisdictions are included: Argentina, Australia, Azerbaijan, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Brazil, Canada, China, Colombia, Egypt, England, Ethiopia, France, Germany, Ghana, Great Britain, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Italy, Kazakhstan, Kosovo, Kyrgyzstan, Macedonia, Mexico, New Zealand, Rwanda, South Africa, South Korea, Taiwan, Turkey, the United Arab Emirates, the United States and Uzbekistan. It is part of a much larger project on the ethics of bribery that will be published in 2022.

In recent decades, the topic of spirituality in organizations, are increasingly trepidations the researchers that it will be remembered as a benevolent of intelligence. Nowadays, the two concepts of spirituality and ethicality are... more

In recent decades, the topic of spirituality in organizations, are increasingly trepidations the researchers that it will be remembered as a benevolent of intelligence. Nowadays, the two concepts of spirituality and ethicality are extensively debated by organizations. Spiritual intelligence is defined as a set of mental capacities which contribute to the awareness, integration, and adaptive application of the nonmaterial and transcendent aspects of one's existence, leading to such outcomes as deep existential reflection, enhancement of meaning, recognition of a transcendent self, and mastery of spiritual states. Spiritual intelligence concerns the ability to become more conscious of the lower motivations (i.e. fear, greed, ego) and how to transform these to higher motivations that are more sustainable (i.e. creativity, serving the community, etc.).The term " ethical behaviour " refers to how an organization ensures that all its decisions, actions, and stakeholder interactions conform to the organization's moral and professional principles. The objectives of the research is to examine the influence of spiritual intelligence and human values on ethical behavior in selected ITES Organizations in Bangalore and to find and use the deepest inner resources(Spiritual Intelligence & Ethical Behavior) from which comes the capacity to care and the power to tolerate and adapt in ITES Research instruments in a form of a questionnaire will be used to obtain data from managers and employees about their spiritual intelligence and humane values of selected ITES Organizations in Bengaluru. Spiritual intelligence is defined as a set of mental capacities which contribute to the awareness, integration, and adaptive application of the nonmaterial and transcendent aspects of one's existence, leading to such outcomes as deep existential reflection, enhancement of meaning, recognition of a transcendent self, and mastery of spiritual states. Spiritual intelligence represents the extent to which higher values, meaning and a sense of purpose influence an individual's decisions and actions. Spiritual intelligence concerns the ability to become more conscious of the lower motivations (i.e. fear, greed, and ego) and how to transform these to higher motivations that are more sustainable (i.e. creativity, serving the community, etc. This research will try to study the understanding of the connection of spiritual intelligence and human values, as well as the influence they have on employees and managers ethical behavior.

The purpose of this study was to identify both the ethical leadership qualities and the unethical practices types of Lebanese private school leaders. It also sought to specify the reasons explaining and reinforcing the unethical attitudes... more

The purpose of this study was to identify both the ethical leadership qualities and the unethical practices types of Lebanese private school leaders. It also sought to specify the reasons explaining and reinforcing the unethical attitudes and behaviors of these school leaders. For this purpose, an extensive review of the literature of ethical leadership was conducted which constituted the base for the generation of a survey consisting of three sections: section A requested participants to identify the ethical leadership qualities characterized by school principals, section B requested respondents to determine the unethical behavior practiced by these school leaders and section C requested them to identify the causes behind the unethical behavior of the principals and the excuses used by them to justify their unethical practices. The questionnaire was sent to 63 private schools. The total sample consisted of 252 teachers (4 from each school). SPSS 21.0 was utilized to analyze data. The image provided by teachers about applying ethical leadership principles by school principals is relatively dark. The results of this study identify the principals’ unethical practices that should be treated and determines the causes that explain and consolidate these practices. Limitations of the study are mentioned and recommendations for future research are suggested. Finally, the study’s recommendations help principals enhance their ethical leadership principles and practices.

Formation of child club has been proved to be a crucial effort in the attempt to enhance the overall development of the students. With its formation and functioning, the students have become self-disciplined and self-motivated... more

Formation of child club has been proved to be a crucial effort in the attempt to enhance the overall development of the students. With its formation and functioning, the students have become self-disciplined and self-motivated contributing to maintain peaceful and conducive learning environment in schools. The children have become aware for their rights and responsibilities. For instance, they have developed the feeling that one should be regular in school and should never be absent in the classroom. In some schools, children get an opportunity to participate in School Management Committee meeting. Because of all these benefits, child clubs have been formed even in the schools where there is no development assistance. However, there is serious concern of sustainability of child clubs. In most of the schools, child clubs are still considered as the part of development assistance which resists the ownership of child clubs by the schools. In addition, there is also a serious concern about the children’s excessive engagement in child club activities. This reduces the time allocated by children for their study which further hampers their learning achievement. In conclusion, the practice of child clubs in the public schools of Nepal has appeared to be a new dimension of schools through which the students are motivated for their improvement. This practice is to be protected and promoted duly.

Successful development of tourist destinations helps building a partnership between tourism entrepreneurs, host community and tourists. It requires a responsible and ethical behavior of the three stakeholders in the tourism industry as... more

Successful development of tourist destinations helps building a partnership between tourism entrepreneurs, host community and tourists. It requires a responsible and ethical behavior of the three stakeholders in the tourism industry as well as a fair distribution of the benefits of tourism activity for the three stakeholders groups. This paper has the following three major objectives: 1. To example the satisfaction and the respect of the interests of the three stakeholder groups - participants in the tourism activity; 2. To present a set of indicators of ethical tourism behavior and measure these indicators through proper research methods; and 3. To identify the problem areas in fulfilling their obligations in terms of professional ethics in tourism and give recommendations to cope with them in the future. The study employs a number of scientific methods: primary data has been collected by conducting a questionnaire survey, interview, monitoring and feedback; the methods of induction and deduction have been used to make general conclusions both at regional and national and level. Some of the main survey results imply a lack of transparency and objectivity concerning future business projects in the field of tourism, low interest in the necessities of the local population and inconsistency in planning and architectural approach. As for the tourists, the survey proves that this group of respondents appears to be most satisfied with the tourism experience and least and affected least affected by the outlined business ethics discrepancies.

Journalists have been shown to be highly capable of making good moral decisions, but they do not always act as ethically as studies show them to be able. In other words, there is a gap between moral motivation and moral behavior. Using... more

Journalists have been shown to be highly capable of making good moral decisions, but they do not always act as ethically as studies show them to be able. In other words, there is a gap between moral motivation and moral behavior. Using the Reasoned Action Model, this study explores the reason for this gap and tests the proposition that different social norms can help predict how journalists behave across three ethical and three unethical behaviors (N=374). As hypothesized, just as it found that descriptive norms predicted ethical behaviors; it also found that injunctive norms predicted unethical behaviors. In addition, descriptive norms accounted for more variance in journalists’ ethical behavior (48%) than injunctive norms did on unethical behavior (28%). Findings from this study advance the Four-Component Model in significantly improving moral behavior predictability, and offer a new way to assess journalists’ moral reasoning. This study provides a theory-driven approach to promoting ethical behavior among journalists.

The personality traits of social work leaders are important factors influencing ethical decision-making in organisations. The lack of empirical evidence with regard to the relationship between personal authenticity and ethical... more

The personality traits of social work leaders are important factors influencing ethical decision-making in organisations. The lack of empirical evidence with regard to the relationship between personal authenticity and ethical decision-making in social work stimulated the present study. Two hundred and thirty-eight leaders (81.9% female) from organisations working in various fields of social work were given the Authenticity Scale, Managerial Ethical Profile, and conducted two free association tasks with the cue words authenticity and self. Authenticity was positively correlated with ethical decision-making. In contrast, authenticity was not correlated with the tendency to make decisions in an effort to maximise economic profit for the organisation. The results of the present study have important practical implications for the social work sector. The positive correlation of authenticity with ethical decision-making indicates that positive reinforcement of authenticity in leaders could possibly lead to supporting ethical decision-making within an organisation. Therefore, supporting authenticity in leaders working in social work may also help foster quality services and prevent unethical behaviour.

En nuestras sociedades globalizadas, la interdependencia se ha ido manifestando cada vez con mayor claridad como dimensión que atraviesa toda la existencia humana, en forma de red de relaciones basadas en cuidados mutuos. Esta red se da... more

En nuestras sociedades globalizadas, la interdependencia se ha ido manifestando cada vez con mayor claridad como dimensión que atraviesa toda la existencia humana, en forma de red de relaciones basadas en cuidados mutuos. Esta red se da en un contexto sociopolítico evolutivo que ha de entenderse ecosistémicamente. La construcción de una nueva ciudadanía globalizada, que responda a la naturaleza ecosistémica de todo fenómeno social y humano, demanda una ética también compleja y ecosistémica: la ética del cuidado. Una ética que supera tanto el esquema de las éticas materiales como el de las éticas formales o discursivas, para transformarse en una ética del equilibrio de unos principios sistémicos que evolucionan adaptativamente junto con la misma vida. La ética del cuidado, como ética compleja, entonces, es más que una teoría ética: es una forma alternativa de gestionar los problemas humanos derivados de la interdependencia y del carácter sistémico y no-lineal del efecto que ejercemos sobre los demás en la red de nuestros procesos de construcción humana y social.

Setiap perusahaan besar memiliki tata kelola yang baik atau biasa disebut good corporate governance (GCG). Penerapan prinsip GCG yang baik dapat meningkatkan kinerja perusahaan dan nilai ekonomi jangka panjang bagi para investor dan... more

Setiap perusahaan besar memiliki tata kelola yang baik atau biasa disebut good corporate governance (GCG). Penerapan prinsip GCG yang baik dapat meningkatkan kinerja perusahaan dan nilai ekonomi jangka panjang bagi para investor dan pemangku kepentingan (stakeholder). Salah satu unsur dari GCG

In this article, we argue that personal medical data should be made available for scientific research, by enabling and encouraging patients to donate their medical records once deceased, in a way similar to how they can already donate... more

In this article, we argue that personal medical data should be made available for scientific research, by enabling and encouraging patients to donate their medical records once deceased, in a way similar to how they can already donate organs or bodies. This research is part of a project on posthumous medical data donation (PMDD) developed by the Digital Ethics Lab at the Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford, and funded by Microsoft. We provide ten arguments to support the need to foster posthumous medical data donation. We also identify two major risks—harm to others, and lack of control over the use of data—which could follow from unregulated donation of medical data. We reject the argument that record-based medical research should proceed without the need to ask for informed consent, and argue for a voluntary and participatory approach to using personal medical data. Our analysis concludes by stressing the need to develop an ethical code for data donation to minimise the risks providing five foundational principles for ethical medical data donation; and suggesting a draft for such a code.

The concept of distributed moral responsibility (DMR) has a long history. When it is understood as being entirely reducible to the sum of (some) human, individual, and already morally loaded actions, then the allocation of DMR, and hence... more

The concept of distributed moral responsibility (DMR) has a long history. When it is understood as being entirely reducible to the sum of (some) human, individual, and already morally loaded actions, then the allocation of DMR, and hence of praise and reward or blame and punishment, may be pragmatically difficult, but not conceptually problematic. However, in distributed environments it is increasingly possible that a network of agents, some human, some artificial (e.g. a program) and some hybrid (e.g. a group of people working as a team thanks to a software platform) may cause distributed moral actions (DMAs). These are morally good or evil (i.e., morally loaded) actions caused by local interactions that are in themselves neither good nor evil (morally neutral). In this article, I analyse DMRs that are due to DMAs and argue in favour of the allocation, by default and overridably, of full moral responsibility (faultless responsibility) to all the nodes/agents in the network causally relevant for bringing about the DMA in question, independently of intentionality. The mechanism proposed is inspired by, and adapts, three concepts: back propagation from network theory, strict liability from jurisprudence, and common knowledge from epistemic logic.

Sparrow argues that military robots capable of making their own decisions would be independent enough to allow us denial for their actions, yet too unlike us to be the targets of meaningful blame or praise—thereby fostering what Matthias... more

Sparrow argues that military robots capable of making their own decisions would be independent enough to allow us denial for their actions, yet too unlike us to be the targets of meaningful blame or praise—thereby fostering what Matthias has dubbed “the responsibility gap.” We agree with Sparrow that someone must be held responsible for all actions taken in a military conflict. That said, we think Sparrow overlooks the possibility of what we term “blank check” responsibility: A person of sufficiently high standing could accept responsibility for the actions of autonomous robotic devices—even if that person could not be causally linked to those actions besides this prior agreement. The basic intuition behind our proposal is that humans can impute relations even when no other form of contact can be established. The missed alternative we want to highlight, then, would consist in an exchange: Social prestige in the occupation of a given office would come at the price of signing away part of one's freedoms to a contingent and unpredictable future guided by another (in this case, artificial) agency.

The purpose of this study was to investigate and generate a grounded theory on how and why students behave as they do in school situations in which they witness another student in distress. Fieldwork and interviews were conducted in 2... more

The purpose of this study was to investigate and generate a grounded theory on how and why students behave as they do in school situations in which they witness another student in distress. Fieldwork and interviews were conducted in 2 Swedish elementary schools and guided by a grounded theory approach. The study resulted in a grounded theory of moral frames in bystander situations in school. In this study, 5 main moral frames of school have been identified: (a) the moral construction of the good student, (b) institutionalized moral disengagement, (c) tribe caring, (d) gentle caring-girl morality, and (e) social-hierarchy-dependent morality. The study highlights how moral action is generally inhibited by the conformity fostered in school settings and by moral dilemmas constructed by the moral frames. A revised model of bystander behavior adapted to the school context is also presented.

The post graduate degree in Management has evolved over a long period of time in India. But increasingly Industry has found these post graduates unemployable due to lack of skills & right attitude. While lots of programmes are now being... more

The post graduate degree in Management has evolved over a long period of time in India. But increasingly Industry has found these post graduates unemployable due to lack of skills & right attitude. While lots of programmes are now being conducted by Business Schools to incorporate requisite skills in students, attitude still remains largely an unexplored area. Attitude formation is a process whose base consists of values & beliefs imbibed in the individual over a period of time. Their assessment will help identify the flaws in individual students and education system and should help them attain ‘Right personality fit for Businesses’. It will help them during the course & afterwards when they work on these weaknesses at their levels. A survey is thus conducted among students of II semester MBA across various Institutions affiliated to RCU. This research paper gives the findings of this survey in detail. This study is an attempt to assess ‘Value systems’ of students which could result in the University introducing necessary changes in curriculum to bring about a change in the same thereby benefiting all the stakeholders i.e. students, institutions and businesses’ in the process of selection.

abstract: Nowadays there is a growing interest in business ethics, both in academia and professionally. However, moral lapses continue to happen in business activities, leading academicians and professionals to rethink what is being done... more

abstract: Nowadays there is a growing interest in business ethics, both in academia and professionally. However, moral lapses continue to happen in business activities, leading academicians and professionals to rethink what is being done and reinventing new strategies to successfully manage ethics in business organisations. Thus, whereas efforts to promote ethics are basically oriented to using and developing explicit, written formal mechanisms, the literature suggests that other instruments are also useful and necessary to achieve this. Thus, studying the role of the Human Resource Management (hereafter, HRM) in promoting ethics is an emerging research topic due to the heavy influence that HRM practices are thought to have on employees. This paper is aimed at developing a thorough analysis of HRM's role in promoting ethics, and specifically at focusing on one of its practices, training. As an illustrative example of the utility of this practice, an empirical study was conducted on a range 1

The aim of this study is to examine the relations of ethical leadership among the organizational trust, affective commitment and job satisfaction. For this aim, firstly, the ethical leadership, secondly organizational trust, thirdly... more

The aim of this study is to examine the relations of ethical leadership among the organizational trust, affective commitment and job satisfaction. For this aim, firstly, the ethical leadership, secondly organizational trust, thirdly affective commitment and, finally, the job satisfaction are explained. In the application
part, a questionnaire including the measures of the ethical leadership, organizational trust, affective commitment and job satisfaction is distributed to employees of one of the leading private universities in Turkey and the data were assessed by statistical analysis methods. Finally, it is found that there is a positive relationship among ethical leadership, organizational trust, affective commitment and the job satisfaction