Fruits and Nuts Research Papers (original) (raw)

It is always a question whether sensory and nutritional properties of walnut are being affected by drying methods and harvesting date or not. In this study, effect of three drying methods (sun drying and drying at 20 and 30°C) and four maturity stage (harvested weekly from 15 days after initiation of browning of packing tissue around the kernels until hull dehiscence) were tested on quality of two walnut cultivars (‘Chandler’ and ‘Jamal’). Our results revealed that the walnut kernels dried at 20°C have notably higher content of protein (13.1 gr/100 gr), saturated (palmitic [6.62%] and stearic acid [3.98%]) and polyunsaturated (linoleic [62%] and linolenic acid [14.59%]) fatty acids, higher walnut kernel color (85.33%) and lower walnut kernel shrivel (16.38%). Drying at 20°C also caused the lowest peroxide value (0.33 meq/ kg oil). Kernels of the Persian walnuts harvested later had a meaningful higher protein (14.49 gr/100 gr), oil (54.53%), saturated (9.37%) and unsaturated (96.36) fatty acid content, and lower shrivel index (13.46%) but with darker walnut kernel color (37.83%) and higher peroxide value (1.33 meq/kg oil) in comparison with the walnut kernels harvested earlier. Practical applications Nutritional and sensory quality of walnut kernel during postharvest life is determined by various factors. According to our results, from sensory and nutritional quality viewpoint, ‘Chandler’ is considered to be a more suitable cultivar than ‘Jamal’ and drying walnut kernels at 20°C better preserved its sensory and nutritional quality than drying at 30°C and sun drying method. Moreover, a positive correlation of walnut kernels color index and polyunsaturated fatty acid plus a negative correlation between shrivel index and nutraceutical properties of walnut kernels indicates that walnut kernel color and shrivel can simply reflect the nutritional quality of walnut kernels.

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- Biochemistry, Food Science, Nutrition, Drying Technology

This field experiment was designed to assess the vegetative and productive response of young 'William' pear trees to regulated deficit irrigation (RDI), mulching and their combinations with the aim of optimising such parameters. Using a water budged methodology, four levels of irrigation, specifically 100% of ET (control) and deficits of 80%, 60% and 40%, were applied to 10 trees, 5 of which were mulched by a 10 cm layer. The experiment was conducted in Kosovo (Dukagjini Plain) during 2013 on a pear orchard of 10 ha on third year using a nested experimental design. Using ANOVA two-way with post hoc testing we found significant changes in a series of vegetative and productive parameters. Irrigation levels significantly influenced leaf surface and area, shoot length, total number of fruit and their weight and consequently total yield. It should also be stressed that mulching had a positive effect on all parameter values; in particular, on shoot length, and fruit diameter during all their growth but more remarkably in the third stage. RDI and mulching had a combined effect on shoot length and canopy volume while changes were not significant for number of leaves, number of shoots, number of fruits of extra class and first class. Considering the young age of trees and long -term consequences of water stress experiment is continuing.

- by Endrit Kullaj
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- Irrigation, Fruits and Nuts, Deficit Irrigation, Fruit Science

Fruits, nuts, dried fruits, and fruit juice are important components for a balanced diet; it is an essential part of the staple diet. Due to their benefits for a healthy body and preventive effect of numerous diseases. Fruits contain different phytochemicals, dietary fiber, protein, carbohydrates, vitamins, carotenoids, flavonoids, and other components. Furthermore, nuts and dry fruits considered a precious source of energy, antioxidants components, higher vitamins content, a source of numerous minerals. Daily fruits consume particularly, Date fruits, citrus fruit, pomegranate, and Cranberries, provide several advantages for the body and different metabolic processes in the human body. It plays an important role in the management of diabetes mellitus, delaying infection with chronic diseases, enhancing the performance of different systems and physiological processing, reducing harmful effects on human health, in addition, it provides nutritional ingredients such as vitamins, dietary fiber, carbohydrates, minerals …etc. Higher content of fruits particularly antioxidants plays an important role in altering the metabolic processing and detoxification of different diseases particularly carcinogens and reducing the growth of tumor cells. In addition to the effects as potent antioxidants and anti-inflammatory agents, which reduce risks of the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease by counteracting oxidative and inflammation hazards. Furthermore, there are important roles for bioactive components contents of fruits in keeping heart-healthy, preventing cardio-metabolic and non-communicable diseases through different mechanisms.

- by DrWaleed Abobatta
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- Vitamins, Fruits and Nuts, Cardiovascular disease, Antioxidants

Makanan sebagai sumber protein, karbohidrat, lemak, vitamin, dan mineral sangat diperlukan bagi kesehatan fisik, pertumbuhan, dan mengatur proses metabolisme. Makanan yang berkualitas, aman dan menarik dapat diperoleh melalui perlakuan yang tepat pada setiap tahapan produksi, mulai dari persiapan, pengolahan, penyimpanan, pemasaran dan penggunaannya. Makanan yang tidak aman jika dikonsumsi dapat menimbulkan gangguan kesehatan bahkan berakibat pada kematian (Suryana, 1994, dalam Sundari, 2013). Undang-undang Nomor 7 Tahun 1996 menyatakan bahwa kualitas pangan yang dikonsumsi harus memenuhi beberapa kriteria, diantaranya adalah aman, bergizi, bermutu, dan dapat dijangkau oleh daya beli masyarakat. Aman maksudnya mencakup bebas dari cemaran biologis, mikrobiologi, kimia, logam berat, dan cemaran lain yang dapat mengganggu, merugikan dan membahayakan kesehatan manusia (Mudjajanto, 2014). Dalam Islam dikenal dengan istilah makanan halalan thayyiban. Makanan halalan (halal) yaitu makanan yang tidak diharamkan, dan tidak menyalahi hukum syari`at Islam untuk dikonsumsi sesuai Al-Qur'an dan sunnah nabi. Makanan yang baik atau dalam istilah agama thayyiban yaitu baik dari sudut pemenuhan kebutuhan gizi bagi tubuh, pengolahan makanan baik, dan bahan campuran yang baik. Saat ini, Industri pangan di Indonesia telah berkembang dengan pesat, ditandai dengan munculnya industri kecil dan industri rumah tangga yang 1

- by Muthi Rahmah
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- Nutrition and Dietetics, Ruminant Nutrition, Nutrition, Public Health Nutrition

Jam was standardised by incorporating tender coconut pulp at various levels with fruit pulp of pineapple, mango, grapes and papaya. On the basis of nutritional qualities, jam prepared with 25% TCP Tender coconut pulp and 75% pineapple pulp were found to be the best. Jam prepared with 25% TCP and 75% blended fruit pulp were organoleptically more acceptable. The highest gel strength was observed for jam prepared with 25% tender coconut pulp and 75 % blended fruit pulp. The maximum adhesiveness was in the jam prepared using 100% tender coconut pulp. Acidity, moisture, TSS and reducing sugar of the products slightly increased during storage. However, a decreasing trend was observed in the case of total sugar content during storage. The highest fat content was observed in jam prepared using 100% TCP. The mineral content gradually decreased with advancement of storage period.

In Mexico 762 edible fruit species are presently distributed into 288 genera belonging to 87 botanical families. There are 113 cultivated fruit tree species, of which 53 are native and 60 have been introduced; there are also 649 non-cultivated or underutilized species, of which 88 of them were introduced and 554 are native ones. The best representative botanical families are: Anacardiaceae (16 spp.

- by Sergio Segura
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- Fruits and Nuts, Tropical Fruits, Plant Genetic Resources, Neotropics

Grafting is an ancient agricultural practice that joins the root system (rootstock) of one plant to the shoot (scion) of another. It is most commonly employed in woody perennial crops to indirectly manipulate scion phenotype. While recent research has focused on scions, here we investigate rootstocks, the lesser-known half of the perennial crop equation. We review natural grafting, grafting in agriculture, rootstock diversity and domestication, and developing areas of rootstock research, including molecular interactions and rootstock micro-biomes. With growing interest in perennial crops as valuable components of sustainable agriculture, rootstocks provide one mechanism by which to improve and expand woody perennial cultivation in a range of environmental conditions.

- by Eric J B von Wettberg and +2
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- Fruits and Nuts, Tropical Fruits, Domestication, Plant Roots

The Doctrine of Signatures is an old tradition, or a part of many traditions, that plants (as well as animals and minerals and perhaps even phenomena) have clues or signatures in their shapes and forms and actions and things that tell what their purposes are. It is an ancient European philosophy that held that plants bearing parts that resembled human body parts, animals, or other objects, had useful relevancy to those parts, animals or objects. This makes all wonder if there were fruits and vegetables out there that are good for a certain part of human body and look like that body part as well. All will actually very surprised as to know this, Have you ever wondered to know that there are some foods that look like body parts. Here is the list of these foods that look like body parts they're good for and their benefits.

- by Sachin Tyagi
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- Agronomy, Horticulture, Crop genetic diversity, Crop Physiology

The authors of this edition propose a novel and inspiring research approach to the subject of plants, which – being a form of life that is different, yet akin to us – is a constant source of nourishment and metaphors, decoration and obsessions. The articles included in this thematic block on plants enter into lively ongoing debates on genetics, feminism, ecology and plant ontology. They are excellent examples of the fact that in Polish philosophical and cultural reflection there was an understanding very early on of the challenges that posthumanism poses to our anthropocentric intellectual habits. Foreign readers will recognize in these Polish reflections a bold willingness to ask ethical and aesthetic questions of great relevance to the modern world that go far beyond the safe, though most likely imagined, limits of what it is to be human.

- by Andrzej Marzec
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- Critical Theory, Biochemistry, Botany, Landscape Ecology

Pomegranate remains and representations found in the Phoenician site of Motya in Western Sicily give the cue for a summary study of this plant and its fortune in the Near East and the Mediterranean. Fruits offered in wells, a terracotta relief depicting a pomegranate held by a goddess found in the Sacred Area of the Kothon at Motya, and, especially, a pottery vase in the shape of a pomegranate retrieved inside the Temple of Astarte in the same compound, witness the symbolic transcultural role of this fruit and of the pomegranate tree in ancient Mediterranean, from its farthest oriental origins to modern art and religion.

- by Lorenzo Nigro and +1
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- Botany, Archaeology, Classical Archaeology, Near Eastern Archaeology

In Iran, the walnut breeding program started in 1984 through the selection of native germplasm. This project led to the selection of some superior genotypes, of which two new cultivars,JamalandDamavand,werereleasedin 2010 (Hassani et al., 2012a, 2012b). The second phase of this program, with the aim of selecting for late leaﬁng and lateral-bearing cultivars, was carried out during early 2000. A total of 39 promising walnut genotypes were selected from more than41,000haof walnutplantationsinthe Alborz, Qazvin, Zanjan, West Azarbaijan, Kerman, Khorasan Razavi, Semnan, and Yazd Provinces. In 2006, the genotypes were grafted onto seedling rootstocks and were planted at a 7 · 7-m planting distance (square system) in a 6 · 7 lattice experimental design, with two replications and three trees per plot. The experimental orchard was established in Karaj (lat. 35.760560N, long. 50.96843E; elevation, 1268mabovesealevel)andattheRaborWalnut Research Station in Kerman Province (lat. 29.26264N, long. 57.04825E; elevation, 2300 m above sea level). Three commercial cultivars, including ‘Chandler’, ‘Jamal’ and ‘Ronde de Montignac’, were included in this trial as reference cultivars. Phenological and pomological characteristics of promising genotypeswerestudieduntil2018.Fournewcultivars were released in 2019 (Hassani et al., 2019).

- by Kourosh Vahdati
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- Breeding, Fruits and Nuts, Walnut, Cultivar

There is a common saying that 'Take minor fruits throughout the year to prevent under world journey' as these less exploited fruits are plenteous sources of minerals and vitamins. They can receive unfavorable ecological condition and can be grown in unfertile lands. They also bear a part in maintaining national health; get the better of hunger and malnutrition. These fruits have been used as folk medicines; quite a few of these are suitable for processed products. But most have not undergone any volitional stage of domestication and human selection. There is crucial need to make mass-market the fruits, to select suitable genotypes and to systematize the production formalities for commercial exploitation. The underutilized fruits of Bengal await future exploitation. Keeping this, the present study was conducted.

- by Monanjali Bandyopadhyay
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- Horticulture, Fruits and Nuts, Pomology, Horticulture, fruit culture

The jackfruit is member of the family Moraceae and it is
known as a Poor man’s™food€. All parts of its tree are used
either as human consumption, animal feed, timber and
medicinal purpose. Jack fruit is considered to be nutritious,
cool, delicious, satisfying and to prevent excessive formation
of bile, develop flesh, phlegm, strengthen the body and
increase virility. In general 100 gm of ripe jack fruit contain
72.0-94.0 gm of water, 16.0-25.4 gm of carbohydrates, 1.2-
1.9 gm of protein, 0.1-0.4 gm of Fat, 1.0-1.5gm of fiber ,0.03-
0.09 mg of thiamine, 20.0-37.0 mg of calcium, phosphorous,
38.0-41.0 mg of magnesium, 150-540 IU vitamin A. It
also contains phytonutrients, hence it is anti-cancer and
antihypertensive in nature and also rich in potassium, which
helps in the lowering of blood pressure. The extract from its seed, root and bark is supposed to be helpful in digestion
and used also in the treatment of diarrhea and dysentery
.The root extract of jackfruit used as a remedy against skin
disease, asthma and fever .The heated leaves of jackfruit are
placed on wounds and the wood has a sedative property
its pith is said to be produce abortion. An ash produced by
burning the bark is supposed to be healing abscesses and
ear problems and the ash of jack fruit leaves burned with
corn and coconut shells, is used alone or mixed with coconut
oil to heal ulcers also. The dried latex yield of ortostenone,
convertible to artosterone,a compound with marked
androgenic actions .Bark of mature tree also supposed to be
useful in treatment of dysentery and releasing the placenta
after calving in cows . Its decoction and latex are used in the
treatment of asthma, prevent ringworm infection, and heal
cracking of the feet. The infusion of mature leaves and bark
is supposed to be effective in the treatment of diabetes, gall
stones and relieve asthma. Leaves believe to posses wound
healing effects, reduce pain, decrease abuses and relieve ear
problems.

- by Sachin Tyagi
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- Pharmacology, Pharmacy, Postharvest OF Fruit, Fruits and Nuts

Emesis, also known as nausea and vomiting, are common symptoms associated with ingestion of toxicants, drug side effects, advanced terminal diseases such as cancer and postoperative procedures. Emesis is mediated through the coordinated
action of central and peripheral regulatory centres that involve receptors including dopamine Type 2, serotonin, muscarinic cholinergic, histamine, cannabinoids and NK-1 receptors. Many anti-emetic drugs targeting these receptors are currently in
use but they also cause undesirable side effects such as excessive sedation, hypotension,dry mouth, dysphoria, hallucinations and extrapyramidal signs. This review highlights the pharmacological mechanism of emesis and current antiemtic drugs
together with detailed analysis of in vitro and in vivo anti-emetic bioassay models. The pharmacology of crude natural products extracts and purified anti-emeticcompounds (cannabinoids, chalcones, diarylheptanoids, flavonoids, hydroxycinnamic
acids, lignans, phenylpropanoids, polysaccharides, saponins, terpenes and glycosidic derivatives) are also systematically presented with their mechanism of action. The potential of natural products as sources of new clinically proven anti-emetic drugs are discussed.

- by Salman Ahmed
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- Natural Products, Natural Products Chemistry, Africa, Dog Behavior

Chinas Obst konkurriert mit dem in Westeuropa und USA durch gleichzeitige Erntezeit mit z. T. dramatischen Auswirkungen auf den Obstbau und die obstverarbeitende Industrie weltweit. Probekäufe in Pekings Supermärkten, Besuch auf Obstbaubetrieben sowie die aktuelle, offizielle chinesische Agrarstatistik (2009) dienten dazu, Chinas heimischen Obstmarkt mit folgenden Ergebnissen zu analysieren: 1. China ist danach weltgrößter Erzeuger für Äpfel (25–30 Mio. t), Birnen (13,5 Mio. t), Citrus

- by Michael Blanke
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- China, China studies, Fruits and Nuts, Contemporary China

Emesis encompasses the forceful expulsion of the contents of stomach via the mouth or sometimes the nose.
The adverse effects of currently available anti-emetic agents potentiate the natural product researchers to explore the
natural anti-emetics with fewer side effects. The presented communication constitutes a review on anti-emetic effect of
two hundred and forty five plants belonging to seventy-eight families found in different parts of the world. It also
outlined the anti-emetic effect of plant extracts and isolated secondary metabolites studied through a variety of animal
models of emesis. The reported anti-emetic plants in different countries and cultures and the scientific studies on extracts
may help in the identification of promising single chemical compound(s) that may be used as a potential leads for
developing safe anti-emetic agents in future. Moreover the reported secondary metabolites having the same effect may
open the door for the search of same secondary metabolites from other natural sources. This review will provide useful
information for the discovery of natural anti-emetic compounds and fill the gaps in knowledge.

- by Salman Ahmed and +1
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- Pharmacology, Latin American Studies, Egyptology, Ethnobotany

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder of the endocrine system. The disease occurs worldwide
and its incidence is increasing rapidly in most parts of the world. Moreover, continuous use of
the synthetic anti-diabetic drugs causes side effects and toxicity. Therefore, seeking natural and
non-toxic anti-diabetic drugs is necessary for diabetic therapy. Medicinal fruits play an
important role in the development of potent therapeutic agents. The present paper reviews the
data reported on pharmacologically active phytoconstituents obtained from fruits involved in
anti-diabetic activity along with pharmacological status which have been experimentally studied
for hypoglycaemic activity. This work stimulates the researchers for further research on the
potential use of medicinal fruits having anti-diabetic potential

- by VIKRANT ARYA
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- Fruits and Nuts

While it is well-established and commonly agreed upon that fruits and nuts such as apples, plums and hazelnuts were of little importance for human subsistence in the Dutch-German salt-marsh region, as yet no systematic review and critical evaluation of finds has been compiled. This contribution fills this void, and thus allows future claims with respect to this topic to be supported by clear figures. In addition to the edible juicy fruits and nuts, we discuss the potential of edible dry plant seeds and fruits, as well as vegetative plant parts. The little information available from samples dated between AD 1200 and 1600 points to major changes in that phase, and appears to indicate the onset of a segregation between rural, urban, and monastic sites. We argue that this phase deserves special attention in future research and that this calls for more intensive cooperation between archaeologists and historians

- by Mans Schepers
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- Archaeology, Archaeobotany, Fruits and Nuts, Salt Marsh Ecology

Los programas de extinción de frutos son de vital importancia en la fruticultura actual para la
obtención de fruta de alta calidad que le permita al productor competir en el mercado internacional.
El raleo remueve parcialmente las fuentes de giberelinas que se encuentran principalmente en las
semillas y previenen la formación de yemas de flor. Eliminado parte de las flores y los frutos, se logra
aumentar el tamaño de los frutos restantes y aumentar la relación hoja - fruto que debería ser de 30 a 40
hojas por fruto.
También se mejora la exposición de los frutos a la luz y una nutrición adecuada, se reduce el daño
por enfermedades y plagas y se logra una mejor distribución del peso en la estructura del árbol.
Un raleo temprano en la estación de crecimiento estimula la división y el alargamiento celular; los
frutos grandes poseen más células que los frutos pequeños. Cuando más tardíamente se realiza el
tratamiento menor es su efecto. La eliminación de frutos más chicos mejora el calibre por reducir la
competencia y aumentar el desarrollo de los frutos persistentes evitando la presencia de frutos pequeños en
la cosecha.
Los mercados mundiales han aumentado su exigencia en los últimos años en cuanto a los residuos
que puede contener la fruta y además han restringido y prohibido el uso de muchos productos raleadores
que en algunos casos continúan utilizándose pero con poco futuro a corto plazo. Por eso es necesario
experimentar con nuevos formulados y prácticas que permitan dar solución al problema que se presentará
en los próximos años.
En perales, la práctica de raleo químico es menos utilizada en el Alto Valle del Río Negro y Neuquén
debido al temor de ver afectada la fruta por la incidencia de heladas tardías. Además, los raleadores
comúnmente utilizados en manzanos tienen un efecto muy reducido como el ANA o directamente no tienen
efecto, como en el caso del Carbaril. A pesar de esto, en el cultivar ‘Williams’, pueden utilizarse distintos
principios activos, temprano en la estación de crecimiento del fruto y luego se debería realizar un
complemento manual. Los programas de raleo de frutos son de vital importancia en la fruticultura actual
para la obtención de fruta de alta calidad que le permita al productor competir en el mercado internacional.

- by Aynur Civelek
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- History, Archaeology, Art, Fruits and Nuts

I am soliciting the chapters on all aspects of Horticultural Science (fruit, vegetable, flower, spices, medicinal and aromatic plants, mushroom, gardening, etc) to included in the book series Innovations in Horticultural Science being... more

- by Mohammed Wasim Siddiqui
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- Horticulture, Organic agriculture, Food and Nutrition, Vegetable Science

The pattern of walnut flowering varies depending on genetic and environmental factors. To study the patterns of walnut pistillate flowers developing as a result of applying gibberellic acid (GA 3), the research was conducted as a factorial design with 2 factors (three levels of trunk diameter (10 to 12 cm, 12 to 14 cm and 14 to 16 cm) and four levels of GA 3 (0, 50,100 and 200 mg/l)) on 'Chandler' commercial cultivar. Different levels of GA 3 were sprayed twice on the trees, i.e. 2 and 4 weeks after flowering. A new method was used to study the pistillate flower development based on hand-cut cross sections of bud and staining with methyl blue and carmine. Based on the results, different development stages included induction; initiation and differentiation of the pistillate flower bud were observed respectively in late May, early June, September and March. The results of GA 3 application showed that GA 3 treatment can alter the flowering pattern of walnut. GA 3 application significantly increased the number of male flowers, total flowers, and male: female flower ratio per branch. The number of female flowers increased by increasing the tree trunk diameter. The highest number of female flowers (62.3) was observed in trees with trunk diameters between 14-16 cm and application of 100 mg/l of GA 3. Linear regression analysis showed a positive and strong relation between truck diameter with total flower number as well as female flower number.

- by Kourosh Vahdati
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- Horticulture, Fruits and Nuts, Flower, Walnut

Blackline disease, caused by Cherry leaf roll virus (CLRV), is considered a serious threat limiting English walnut (Juglans regia L.) production in Italy and the EU if walnut species other than J. regia are used as rootstock. In spring 2014, canopy decline or death of several walnut trees associated with presence of a necrotic strip at the rootstock-scion junction was observed on plants grafted onto ‘Paradox' (J. hindsii × J. regia) in a commercial orchard located in the Veneto region (north-eastern Italy). To ascertain the presence of CLRV in this orchard and in other walnut intensively managed orchards located in the same region, a monitoring was carried out in 2014- 2015.

- by Cristian Dal Cortivo
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- Fruits and Nuts, Paradox, Juglans regia, Tree decline

The production and consumption of nuts are increasing in the world due to strong economic returns and the nutritional value of their products. With the increasing role and importance given to nuts (i.e., walnuts, hazelnut, pistachio, pecan, almond) in a balanced and healthy diet and their benefits to human health, breeding of the nuts species has also been stepped up. Most recent fruit breeding programs have focused on scion genetic improvement. However, the use of locally adapted grafted rootstocks also enhanced the productivity and quality of tree fruit crops. Grafting is an ancient horticultural practice used in nut crops to manipulate scion phenotype and productivity and overcome biotic and abiotic stresses. There are complex rootstock breeding objectives and physiological and molecular aspects of rootstock–scion interactions in nut crops. In this review, we provide an overview of these, considering the mechanisms involved in nutrient and water uptake, regulation of phytohormone...

- by Thomas Gradziel
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- Fruits and Nuts, Pomology, Plants, Almond
- by David Moster
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- Food and Nutrition, History Of Food Consumption, Fruits and Nuts, Fruit Science

In the area of primary domestication, the fruit of the citron tree (Citrus medica L.), and to a limited extent its leaf and flower, have traditionally been used as a raw condiment, candied, or more rarely, salted. In the area of secondary domestication – the hot Mediterranean climate – culinary uses multiplied during an active phase of cultivar development in the 10 to 16th centuries. In the 19th century, citron products were widely used in the gastronomy of Northern Europe, mainly in sweet dishes. The establishment and dissemination by the Tintori nursery in Tuscany of a remarkable collection of citron trees and, later, the appearance on markets of the fingered 'Buddha's Hand' cultivar revived interest in citron tree products. Initial results from a methodical examination of their current culinary applications reveal a positive contribution to savoury cuisine as a result of contemporary cooking, maceration and extraction techniques. Cultivars are selected specifically for these different uses.

- by Peter Nahon
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- Agronomy, Food Science, Gastronomy, Fruits and Nuts

South Sinai, Egypt is considered one of the most severe governorates for water scarcity. The current work aims to optimize irrigation requirements for almond trees (Prunus dulcis, syn. Prunus amygdalus, var. nonpareil) in the El-Tor area, South Sinai. Climate data of the El-Tor area was collected from 2010 to 2014 to calculate evapotranspiration. Two evapotranspiration equations were used in this work: Penman-Monteith (complex radiation equation) and Blaney-Criddle (simple temperature equation). Regression analysis was done between the two equations to determine their agreement and calculate a correction factor in order to make the Blaney-Crid-dle equation more accurate under South Sinai conditions (modified Blaney-Criddle). Irrigation requirements for one-to five-year-old almond trees in South Sinai were also calculated for the last five years. This study helps the almond farmers estimate the irrigation requirements by using maximum and minimum temperature (Blaney-Criddle) instead of using many climatic parameters (Penman-Monteith). The R2 regression analysis between the two tested equations was 0.95, which means that the suggested correction factor can be used with great confidence. Although there were significant differences between ETo values calculated using Penman-Monteith and Blaney-Criddle, there were no significant differences between the modified Blaney-Criddle (with the correction factor) and Penman-Monteith. This study recommends the use of the modified Blaney-Criddle equation for almond farmers who don't have access to the extensive climate data needed for Penman-Monteith, such as wind speed, relative humidity, sunshine hours and solar radiation. The output of this study is the accurate estimation of monthly irrigation requirements for almonds grown in South Sinai.

When describing words which denote real life objects, dictionaries tend to use scientific terms and classifications, even when dealing with natural language. This approach may lead to misunderstanding, especially in cases when scientific classification (e.g. in biology) differs from what is found in natural language data. One of such cases is discussed here, namely the small but rather interesting class of nuts (Russian orexi). In the botanic world view nuts usually include hazelnuts and chestnuts, but do not include walnuts or almonds (which are considered stone fruits), pine nuts (seeds), peanuts (legumes), pistachio (kernels), etc. The Russian orex, English nut, Latin nux exhibit similar behaviour here. Explanatory dictionaries of Russian more or less follow the botanical definitions, even though in many fields (such as cooking, food industry, medicine, etc.) nuts are classified differently. In order to establish the boundaries of nuts in Russian, more than 1000 native speakers were questioned and multiple texts of different periods were studied. The result is a peculiar class which could not be identified with any of the natural language supercategories described by Anna Wierzbicka. A new lexicographic description is proposed for some words included into this class.

- by Boris Iomdin
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- Semantics, Terminology, Lexical Semantics, Lexicography

- by Saadat Sarikhani
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- Fruits and Nuts, Pomology, Plants, Almond

Red and black currants are cultivated as garden shrubs in Germany, Holland, Denmark and the eastern neighbours of the Baltic since 500-600 years (Karg 2007, Wiethold 2007). Older medieval archaeobotanical finds in central and northern Europe are doubtful concerning dating and/or determination. Some of them may represent some rare collections from the wild. The origin of cultivation is estimated in northern France or Belgium (Killermann, cited by Hegi 1961 : 53), but detailed modern research on this question is still lacking. Nevertheless, the centre of biodiversity of Ribes rubrum L. and Ribes nigrum L. is clearly located in northern and north-western Europe. The fruit gained rapidly after cultivation its place in the local gardens for fresh consumption (red currant) as well as for producing juice, jam, jellies, filling of tarts and bakery, fruit wines, liqueurs and other alcoholic drinks. The main pharmaceutical properties are attributed to Ribes nigrum L. and its dried leaves for the preparation of teas and humid extractions are known from apothecary inventories. Herbals and pharmaceutical literature and their iconography demonstrate the existence of several varieties and local cultivars of Ribes rubrum L. by the end of the 16th/beginning of 17th century. The rich etymological and dialectical heritage of popular names for red and black currant shrubs and berries stresses again the importance of these easily cultivated garden shrubs. Cultivation in larger plantations is a modern development of the late 19th and 20th century because harvesting was labour-intensive, transport and storage delicate.
Northern Germany seems to be one of the centres of Ribes cultivation and consumption during early modern times, but the archaeobotanical evidence in this region is favoured by excellent preservation of waterlogged plant assemblages and intensive research on early modern urban sites. French archaeobotany cannot contribute to research on Ribes because early modern structures are rarely sampled and studied and waterlogged preservation of plant assemblages is much scarcer than in the northern Germany lowlands. Nevertheless, intensive research on 16/17th century sites in regions not yet represented may contribute valuable results in future.

- by Julian Wiethold
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- Archaeobotany, Fruits and Nuts, Fruits, Medieval and Early Modern Archaeology

ABSTRAK Permasalahan yang diangkat dalam penelitian ini adalah; (1). Bagaimana asal-usul Situs Geger Sunten, (2). Bagaimana hubungan Situs Geger Sunten dalam hegemoni politik dengan Kerajaan Bojong Galuh pada masa pemerintahan Tamperan (732-739) Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode sejarah (historis). Adapun langkah-langkah penelitian sejarah atau historis tersebut meliputi: heuristic, kritik, interpretasi, dan historiografi. Adapun teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu; (1) Studi Pustaka dan (2) Studi Lapangan, yang terdiri dari (a) Teknik Observasi (b) Teknik Wawancara atau Interview. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa asal-usul Situs Geger Sunten begitu erat kaitannya dengan kerajaan Galuh. Adapun tokoh-tokoh yang sangat erat dengan cerita Situs Geger Sunten yaitu Eyang Bimaraksa atau lebih dikenal Aki Balangantrang dan Ciung Wanara. Geger Sunten diyakini sebagai tempat suci karena dijadikan sebagai basis pendidikan dan perjuangan. Penemuan Situs Geger Sunten diawali oleh datangnya seseorang dari Belanda (Netherland) tahun 1965. Orang tersebut mencari sebuah situs atau keramat yang ada di daerah Tambaksari, tapi belum diketahui secara pasti tempat yang dimaksud keramat tersebut. Hingga pada tahun 2006 tempat tersebut dibuka oleh warga setempat. Selain itu, hubungan Situs Geger Sunten dalam hegemoni politik dengan Kerajaan Galuh pada masa pemerintahan Tamperan (732-739) bahwa Situs Geger Sunten merupakan bagian dari kronologi Kerajaan Galuh pada masa pemerintahan Tamperan. Dalam memimpin Kerajaan Galuh, Tamperan tidak berpihak kepada rakyat tapi lebih mementingkan diri sendiri sehingga membuat rakyatnya sengsara. Hingga pada suatu saat datang seorang pemuda gagah dan sakti yang bernama Ciung Wanara untuk mengikuti sayembara sabung ayam yang dibuat Tamperan. Padahal itu merupakan siasat Tamperan yang penasaran untuk bertemu dan berhadapan dengan Ciung Wanara. Hingga pada akhirnya terjadi kesepakatan antara Haryang Banga dengan Ciung Wanara.

- by Fauzi Maulana
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- Fruits and Nuts

Little is known about the applications of food on historical inland vessels in the Zuiderzee region. Historical documents do mention certain products, but there is not yet an archaeological equivalent. This paper provides an overview of all archaeobotanical and archaeozoölogical remains
that were found in inland shipwrecks of the province Flevoland, in order to find out what was consumed on board.

- by Yftinus van Popta and +1
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- History, Ancient History, Cultural History, Botany

Persian walnut (Juglans regia L.) is an important tree primarily for its nutritious nuts and high-quality wood. Based on the analysis of literature sources, it was found that hybridization played a significant role in the evolution of the genus Juglans. Persian walnut can interbreed with many walnut species with the formation of fertile hybrids. There are two-species, three-species, and four-species hybrids in different combinations of crossings. They are used in forestry as a source of wood, in horticulture as rootstocks, and in breeding for more durable resistance against pathogens and tolerance against abiotic stresses. Some interspecific hybrids have validly published scientific names, but many of the proposed names do not meet the rules of the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants.

- by Louise Ferguson
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- Fruits and Nuts, Pomology, Plants, Almond
- by Charles E Williams
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- Botany, Plant Ecology, Seed Dispersal, Forest Ecology

This study was conducted to determine the best pollinizer for five selected pecan cultivars in southwest of Iran at SafiabadWichita 7J' and 'Comanche 5M.' as pollinizer cultivars (♂). In the first step, a pollination chart of cultivars was determined in two years. The pollination chart of cultivars showed that all the cultivars investigated during this study were dichogamous and also protogynous except for the 'Peruque'. 'GraKing' had the longest duration of shedding pollen. Pollination chart showed that 'Peruque', 'GraKing', and 'Stuart 2J' had flowering overlap with the selected cultivars. Pollen germination test showed that the germination ability was different among the cultivars. It was 45% for 'GraKing' and 35% for 'Peruque', which were both recommended as pollinizers in this study. '6M', 'GraTex' and 'Stuart 4J' cultivars had the highest pollen germination percentage of 65%, 60% and 60%, respectively. The results of controlled pollination test showed that different pollen sources had no significant effect on nuts per cluster but self-pollinated all of the cultivars significantly reduced fruit set in first and second years. Based on the present research, pollination in pecan orchard was necessary for adequate yield. Also, 'Peruque', 'GraKing' and 'Stuart 2J' were the best pollinizers for five selected cultivars in southwest of Iran.

- by Kourosh Vahdati
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- Horticulture, Pollination, Fruits and Nuts, pecan

A review of the archaeological and papyrological evidence for citrus in ancient Egypt

- by Marijke Van der Veen and +3
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- Fruits and Nuts, Greek Papyrology, Archaeology of food, Citrus Fruits

- by Kourosh Vahdati
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- Fruits and Nuts, Pomology, Plants, Almond

The aim of this study was to estimate and compare some of chemical constituents in nuts and seeds consumed as snacks and available in the local market of Misurata city in Libya. 18 kinds of local and imported raw and roasted nuts and seeds samples were randomly collected from stores distributed across the city, with 3 - 4 replicates of each kind, in order to estimate the concentrations of some chemical components and heavy elements, which were lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), Iron (Fe), copper (Cu), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), cobalt (Co), zinc (Zn), nickel (Ni), moisture, ash, total solids and protein. The dry digestion method was used to prepare the samples for heavy metals determination using Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometer. Also, moisture, ash and total solids contents were determined, and Kjeldahl method was used to estimate proteins. The results showed that the average concentrations of heavy metals varied significantly with sample kind. The levels of the studied metals were as follows: 0.075 - 1.167, 31.50 - 116.00, 0.325 - 1.325, 9.425- 71.00, 0.025-3.87, 8.325- 24.825, 0.175- 1.250, 0.050- 0.750, 43.00- 98.325 mg/kg, for Co, Zn, Ni, Mn, Pb, Cu, Cr, Cd, and Fe, respectively. Also, levels of moisture contents, ash contents, total solids contents, and protein levels were: 4.0 - 8.5%, 2.0 - 11.39%, 91.5 - 96.0%, and 11.8 - 33.2%, respectively. Most of the obtained results were consistent with the previous studies and within the permissible limits.

Türkiye'den sonra bu ağaçların en çok dikimine sahip olan ülkeler arasında yer alır. Genellikle bütün Fındık meyvelerın kıymetli ve besleyici bir ürün olması nedeniyle çok sık yetiştirilen önemli bir besin maddesi olarak bilinmektedir. FINDIK MEYVESİ NEDEN YETİŞTİRİLİR-NEREDE YETİŞTİRİLİR Ülkemizde en çok Giresun Fındığı bilinmektedir. Bu bilinirliğin temel nedeni kıymetli verime sahip olmasıdır. Yüksek verim. Bir çalıdan 5-8 kg kıymetli Fındık meyvesi toplayabilirsiniz. Ortalama bir aileye Fındık meyvesi sağlamak amacıyla bahçede üç ya da dört ağaç olması yeterlidir. Aynı derecede mühim bir başka üstünlük da meyvelerin yüksek maliyetidir (şekerlemeler arasında büyük talep görmektedir).

- by Saglık Adres
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- Fruits and Nuts

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of rain protective covering (RPC) together with Parka and gibberellic acid (GA3) treatments on cracking rates and quality attributes of jujube fruits. RPC was mounted 5 weeks before the commercial harvest date. 1% Parka (containing 7.5% stearic acid, 5% cellulose and 1% calcium) and GA3 (15 mg L−1) were sprayed to experimental trees 3 and 2 weeks before the commercial harvest date. As compared to the control, all treatments (Parka, GA3 and GA3+Parka) yielded lower cracking rates. Cracking rates were also significantly lower in covered trees than in uncovered trees. However, GA3+Parka treated fruit had significantly lower cracking rates than both the control and the other treatments. GA3 treated fruits had significantly higher weight, width, hue angle and firmness values, but significantly lower L* values than the control fruits. As compared to the control, all treatments yielded a significantly lower respiration rate and soluble solids content, but higher titratable acidity, vitamin C and total phenolics. The covered fruits had significantly higher hue angle, respiration rate, vitamin C, total phenolics, total flavonoids and antioxidant activity (free radical scavenging activity on DPPH and FRAP) than the uncovered ones. It was concluded based on the present findings that rain-protective covering could be used as an efficient tool to reduce cracking rates in jujube fruits without any negative effects on the other quality attributes. It was also concluded that Parka and GA3 treatments reduced cracking rates significantly and such a reduction was more remarkable with combined GA3+Parka treatments.

- by Burhan OZTURK and +1
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- Horticulture, Fruits and Nuts, Plant Growth Regulators, Phenols

In general, dewatering of plant tissues (such as vegetables) and food materials is achieved by heating. In order to prevent the degradation of biologically active components in plant materials, the dewatering process should be carried out at low temperature. Therefore, in the present study, we attempted to develop a simple protocol for dewatering cryo-preserved plant tissues using liquefied dimethyl ether (DME). Prior to dewatering from frozen plant materials, we have examined the efficiency of liquefied DME for cryogenic removal of water from ice cubes. Here, lemon peel residue (consisting of flavedo and albedo) was chosen as the model plant material for dewatering and concomitant extractions of water-soluble components such as ascorbate and citric acid and hydrophobic components, chiefly, essential oils (EOs). By focusing on the exploitation of unused resources after food processing, the juice extraction residues from lemon fruits (lemon peels) were used as the starting materials. The yield of vitamin C (VC) extracted from the peel tissues derived from a single lemon fruit exceeded the amount of VC found in the manually press-extracted juice from a single lemon fruit. The major components in DME-extracted crude lemon EOs were determined and quantified with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and gas chromatography-flame ionization detector (GC-FID) to be limonene (40.4%, w/w), β-pinene (10.4%, w/w), and γ-terpinene (6.9 %, w/w).

- by Tomonori Kawano
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- Agricultural Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Biochemistry, Botany

The aim of our research was to fi nd out how weather affects the starting date of blooming.
To this end, we examined how various meteorological conditions affected the start of blooming
in years with different weather (dry, wet, cold, warm, sunny, cloudy). We also examined
the distribution and deviation of the starting dates. We wanted to fi nd out whether there was
a signifi cant connection between the start date and the length of blooming: whether an early
beginning leads to longer blooming, and whether a later start date causes the end of blooming
to occur faster. The results confi rmed that at the cultivation site examined, earlier start
also meant longer blooming for the three sour cherry varieties. Of meteorological variables,
we used maximum temperature, potential evaporation, the difference between day and night
temperatures, as well as climatic water balance for the statistics. Apart from these we modeled
temperature indexes (Winkler, Huglin) and climatic water balance, which is the difference
between the precipitation and potential evaporation.
The start date of blooming showed closest correlation with the average difference between
day and night temperatures of the 30-day period preceding the start of blooming. We also
found signifi cant correlation with the thermal indexes, the maximum temperature, climatic
water balance and potential evaporation.

- by MARIA CLAUDIA DUSSI and +2
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- Environmental Sustainability, Fruits and Nuts, Plant Physiology, Plant Phisiology

Theproductionandconsumptionofnutsareincreasingintheworldduetostrongeconomic returns and the nutritional value of their products. With the increasing role and importance given to nuts (i.e., walnuts, hazelnut, pistachio, pecan, almond) in a balanced and healthy diet and their beneﬁts to human health, breeding of the nuts species has also been stepped up. Most recent fruit breeding programs have focused on scion genetic improvement. However, the use of locally adapted grafted rootstocks also enhanced the productivity and quality of tree fruit crops. Grafting is an ancient horticultural practice used in nut crops to manipulate scion phenotype and productivity and overcome biotic and abiotic stresses. There are complex rootstock breeding objectives and physiological and molecular aspects of rootstock–scion interactions in nut crops. In this review, we provide an overview of these, considering the mechanisms involved in nutrient and water uptake, regulation of phytohormones, and rootstock inﬂuences on the scion molecular processes, including long-distance gene silencing and trans-grafting. Understanding the mechanisms resulting from rootstock×scion×environmental interactions will contribute to developing new rootstocks with resilience in the face of climate change, but also of the multitude of diseases and pests.

- by Kourosh Vahdati and +3
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- Fruits and Nuts, Pomology, Almond, Fruit tree breeding (scion and rootstock)

Global warming has endangered crop production by reducing water availability and increasing temperature. Kaolin may protect plants against these conditions by reflecting the light and decreasing plant temperature. This study was conducted to evaluate the protective effects of kaolin spraying on kernel yield and quality of four walnut cultivars and genotype. The experiment was conducted as a split-plot factorial design in time factor with four factors including irrigation levels (100% and 50% of regular irrigation), kaolin solution concentrations (0, 2.5, 5 and 7.5%), walnut varieties ('Chandler', 'Franquette', 'K72' and 'SG') in two consecutive years (2012-2013). By increasing the kaolin concentration under well-watered irrigation, gas exchange, chlorophyll concentration, leaf potassium content, and kernel quality were improved. Moreover, increasing the kaolin concentration reduced sunburn and leaf temperature under different irrigation regimes. Based on results, genotypes 'K72' and 'SG' showed more severe sunburn symptoms. Water stress and no kaolin application had negative effect on the kernel color. Leaf temperature increased with reducing the irrigation and concentration of kaolin. Under water stress, 'Chandler' had the highest relative water content (58.25%) and 'Franquette' had the lowest RWC and therefore considered as the most drought sensitive cultivar. The lowest fruits sunburn in 'Franquette', was related to the thickness of its fruits' husk. In general, the foliar application of kaolin 5% and 7.5% alleviated the negative effect of drought stress and improved the walnut kernels quality under water deficit condition by improving chlorophyll content, RWC, and gas exchange and reducing leaf temperature.

- by Kourosh Vahdati
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- Agronomy, Climate Change, Water, Climatology

OPG Jadranka Domjanić ili skraćeno OPG DOM bavi se prije svega proizvodnjom i prodajom hladno prešanog ulja lješnjaka, suncokreta, industrijske konoplje i buče golice. Osim hladno prešanih ulja, OPG DOM proizvodi i prodaje razne domaće i zdrave proizvode kao što su čaj od konoplje, namaz od lješnjaka, brašno od lješnjaka bez glutena, ali i neprerađene, očišćene lješnjake po odličnoj cijeni.

- by DOM Hladno prešana ulja
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- Fruits and Nuts

This field experiment was designed to assess the vegetative and productive response of young 'Williams' pear trees to regulated deficit irrigation (RDI), mulching and their combinations with the aim of optimising such parameters. Using a water budged methodology, four levels of irrigation, specifically 100% of ET (control) and deficits of 80, 60 and 40%, were applied to 10 trees, 5 of which were mulched by a 10 cm layer. The experiment was conducted in Kosovo (Dukagjini Plain) during 2013 on a pear orchard of 10 ha in third year using a nested experimental design. Using ANOVA two-way with post hoc testing we found significant changes in a series of vegetative and productive parameters. Irrigation levels significantly influenced leaf surface and area, shoot length, total number of fruit and their weight and consequently total yield. In addition, mulching had a positive effect on all parameter values, in particular on shoot length and fruit diameter during all their growth but more remarkably in the third stage. RDI and mulching had a combined effect on shoot length and canopy volume while changes were not significant for number of leaves, number of shoots, number of fruits of extra class and first class. Considering the young age of trees and long-term consequences of water stress the experiment will be continued. INTRODUCTION Production of pear (Pyrus communis L.) is of particular importance for the economy of Kosovo, of which production in 2012 reached 1562 t. This lack of water can be covered more easily if deficit irrigation (DI) is applied, a technique with plenty of advantages, ranging from water saving, reduction of costs, minimization of nutrient and pesticide leaching to ground water (Pulupol et al., 1996), reduction of excess vegetative growth (Marsal et al., 2002) and quality improvements. DI is a system for the management of soil water to impose periods of water deficit to the plant in such a way as to be economically advantageous. It involves the use of a smaller amount than the calculated need for water (Kullaj, 2007). In other words, DI aims at stabilizing yields and at obtaining maximum crop water productivity rather than maximum yields (Zhang and Oweis, 1999). The use of deficit irrigation control (RDI) is getting more and more used (Goodwin and Boland, 2002; Struthers et al., 2013) in modern orchards and expansion of this technology runs parallel with the method of localized irrigation. In many cases several cultivars are planted within the same orchard and beside different water requirements, similar irrigation rates are applied to these cultivars, reducing the water use efficiency (WUE) (Kullaj et al., 2014). Determination of the age of the tree to start the RDI is highly dependent on genotype and rootstock. Application at an early age leads to an insufficient formation of the crown of the tree while on the other hand the aim is to apply RDI as early as possible. A moderate water deficit modifies the distribution of carbohydrates to the fruit development rather than the vegetation. When calculated over the entire season, RDI trees used 8% less water than well-watered control trees. Lower WU of deficit-irrigated trees was caused primarily by lower stomatal conductance, not by reduced leaf area. Shoot growth could be reduced

- by Endrit Kullaj and +1
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- Irrigation, Fruits and Nuts, Deficit Irrigation, Fruit Science