Peasantry Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Questo articolo presenta un'analisi storica e antropologica di alcune dinamiche socio-politiche legate alla produzione del cotone nella Repubblica dell'Uzbeki-stan. L'intento ultimo è di riflettere su come lo sfruttamento del lavoro e, in particolare, dei lavoratori della terra, sia fortemente intrecciato a politiche di centralizzazione del potere, nonché direttamente legittimato dall'autorità dello Stato, tanto da poter parlare di sfruttamento istituzionalizzato o sfruttamento produttivo (Viti 2007, p. 256). L'articolo mostrerà come tale sfruttamento sia necessariamente connesso a pratiche di depauperazione ambientale. L'industria cotoniera è il mezzo tramite cui precise dinamiche di asservimento sono ripro-dotte attraverso l'uso del diritto e del potere esecutivo, il controllo sulla terra e sui prezzi di mercato, la costruzione della propaganda di Stato, la limitazione e il controllo delle libertà individuali.

- by
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- Environmental Anthropology, Central Asian Studies, Post-Colonialism, Uzbekistan

В статье рассматривается сюжет поэмы Н.А. Некрасова "Коробейники" на фоне сюжетного репертуара прозы 1840-50-х годов. Некрасову могли быть известны два текста, в которых действующим лицом был коробейник - рассказ Е.П. Гребенки "Чужая голова - темный лес" (1845) и "Искушение" В.И. Даля (1848). Если в первом тексте возникает сюжет невинного убиения жениха коробейником (что отразится в поэме в любовной линии Ваня-Катя), то во втором случае герой коробейник у Даля чуть было не погиб от руки обуреваемого бесовским наваждением мужика. В свете синтеза двух этих сюжетов автор предлагает новую, связывающую все фабульные и внефабульные элементы текста, интерпретацию. Кроме того, поэмы рассматривается на фоне статей о коробейниках 1857-1861 гг., которые явно были в поле зрения Некрасова.

- by Alexey Vdovin
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- Russian Poetry, Peasantry, Nikolai Nekrasov

La relación entre gastronomía y turismo ha crecido a medida que se ha consolidado el turismo post-fordista y la segmentación del sector. Sin embargo, la relación entre turismo y alimentación tiene una recorrido más largo. A partir de casos latinoamericanos, el presente texto analiza esos efectos diferenciados y sus causas. Para ello, primero se presentarán los principios teóricos que sustentan las teorías del enlace, y su transformación desde los años 70. Después estudiaremos los cambios agrarios estructurales que estas teorías reclaman al productor y los riesgos que comportan. Seguidamente veremos las demandas del turismo gastronómico, y como a diferencia de las teorías del enlace, se basan en la consolidación de los modelos tradicionales de producción y manejo del agrosistema. Finalmente compararemos las dos propuestas, para valorar cuál plantea una estrategia más adecuada para combatir la vulnerabilidad campesina y favorecer un mundo rural vivo.

Despite the centrality in the study of the peasantry in Latin America,
for various disciplines, this category is still bound to static images of a group defined according to the State and capital. In this article, we explain the need to study the situated reality — historically, geographically and politically — of the individuals and groups that fit into this category of the peasantry. The issue concerning peasants is a pressing one in view of the current economic, political and socio-environmental crisis affecting large sectors of the Latin
American population. This crisis is due, among other dynamics, to the advance of extractivism, the exacerbation of inequality, environmental deterioration, the dispossession of marginalized communities, and criminalization of the social movement. In order to further the critical analysis of this issue, from a historical, spatial, relational, and political perspective, we will delve into recent conceptualizations of the peasant, and into how political subjects and spatialities are mutually constructed.

- by Jennifer Devine and +1
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- Politics, Latin America, Territory, Peasants
- by Gabriel Liceaga
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- Rural Sociology, Territory, Mendoza, Peasantry

In Galicia in 1848, petitions as to whether the province should be divided in two with a Polish and a Ruthenian region moved thousands of people to action. Although the petitions were among the largest in the history of the Habsburg monarchy, the petition lists have never been researched in detail. Whereas the initiators of the petition for the partition were anxious to present a narrative of national and confessional unity for a “Ruthenian” Eastern Galicia suppressed by “Poles,” the counter-petitionists disputed the very existence of a Ruthenian nationality and chose a narrative of peaceful, conflict-free living together. A close reading of the petition lists reveals both conflict and co-existence. The lists with a checkered contrast of Cyrillic, Latin, and Hebrew scripts bear witness to what was a multi-ethnic and multiconfessional society. More than that, these sources prove impressively that the three large religious and ethnic communities – Poles, Ruthenians, and Jews – were in continuous day-to-day contact with each other. While the history of emerging nationalism has so far been in the foreground in historiography of the revolutionary events in Galicia in 1848, the petitions’ sources tell another story of everyday social interaction and of practices of social ambiguity in the Galician village and market communities.

- by Jana Osterkamp
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- Religion, Nationalism, Galicia, 1848
- by Edvin Zhllima
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- Political Economy, Peasant Studies, Economic Anthropology, Agriculture

Hay modalidades turísticas capaces de establecer una relación simbiótica con los sectores económicos tradicionales en el mundo rural. Pero, aunque una industria del ocio, deseosa de mostrar su mejor perfil, los publicita ampliamente, suponen un porcentaje minúsculo de la actividad turística. En la mayor parte del planeta, el turismo ha actuado como vector transformador del mundo rural, incrementando su vulnerabilidad. El turismo tiene la capacidad de cambiar radicalmente y en poco tiempo la cartografía y la fotografía del espacio rural. Y con ello impulsar, en términos harveyanos, la acumulación por desposesión.

- by Jordi Gascón
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- Tourism Studies, Turismo, Turismo Rural+agricultura, Turismo Rural

The article provides an overview of marriage and how was it regulated in Estonia and Livonia during the 18th century. An introduction to the social and historical background of Estonian peasant life is given as an aid to understand these regulations and the way they were (or were not) applied.
The topic of marriage and issues connected with marriage are presented following the life span of the couple. The overview starts with the issues that are related to their life before marriage (how young people got to know each other in a village), and ends with the questions of possible divorce.
During the 18th century the Swedish Church Law (1686) was of key importance in the juristiction of the territory of Estonia and Livonia. Therefore, almost every section describes how the issue under consideration (betrothal, wedding, sexual relationship outside marriage, widowing etc.) was regulated under Swedish Church Law. However, as this legislation was not always in accordance with local habits and customs, information on local regulations and the actual practices among the peasants is also included.

- by Merili Metsvahi
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- Peasant Studies, History of the Family, 18th Century, Vernacular

This paper draws on lectures given in recent years at the China Agricultural University, on author's book Class Dynamics of Agrarian Change [1] and on a recent article [3]. The author supplied as few references as possible to very large literature in English on agrarian change both historical and contemporary; there is an ample bibliography in [1], which is expanded in [2—5]. The paper outlines in schematic fashion some key concepts in the political economy of agrarian change with special reference to capitalism historically and today; some key questions posed by the political economy of agrarian change, and how it seeks to investigate and answer them; two sets of more specific questions about agrarian transition to capitalism and agrarian change within capitalism (internal to the countryside, bringing in rural-urban interconnections, pointing towards the place of agriculture within larger 'national' economies, and concerning the character and effects of the capitalist world economy). With the aid of the last group of questions, the author discusses three themes, which they are deployed to investigate: the agrarian origins of capitalism, the distinction between farming and agriculture generated by capitalism, and the fate(s) of peasant farmers in the modern world of capitalism. The author believes that one cannot conceive the emergence and functioning of agriculture in modern capitalism without the centrality and configurations of new sets of dynamics linking agriculture and industry, and the rural and urban, and the local, national and global. The three themes all feed into the fourth and final theme, that of investigating the fate(s) of the peasantry in capitalism today, which resonates longstanding debates of the 'disappearance' or 'persis-tence' of the peasantry, albeit now in the conditions of contemporary 'globalization'. The author does not deny some of the critique of the contemporary globalization, or at least its effects; his problem is the advo-cacy of 'solutions' premised on an unconvincing, pre-given and idealized 'peasant way' that lacks the analytical means (and desire) to confront processes of class formation in the countryside. This paper outlines, in schematic fashion, some key concepts in the political economy of agrarian change with special reference to capitalism historically and today. It also indicates some of the key questions posed by the political economy of agrarian change, and how it seeks to investigate and answer them. By political economy I mean the field of social relations and processes/dynamics of production and reproduction. Applied to some types of society, and notably capitalist societies, the foundational, although not

- by RUDN Journal of Sociology
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- Sociology, Political Economy, Globalization, Agrarian Change

Uncertainty abounds concerning the 19-year conflict in Northern Uganda between the Lord's Resistance Army (LRA) and the Ugandan government. Two questions have received the most attention and could have the most bearing on efforts to resolve the conflict: first, why has the Ugandan government been unable or unwilling to end the war for nineteen years? Second, why has the LRA chosen to use extreme violence against the Acholi instead of trying to build popular support? First, this article addresses these questions, arguing that the debate has failed to take into account the political agency of the Acholi peasantry in the conflict and the relations between the peasantry and government, on the one hand, and the peasantry and the LRA, on the other. By putting the Acholi peasantry and its relations with government and rebels at the center of the analysis, the longevity of the war and the tendency by both rebels and government to use violence against the peasantry can be made sense of as a consequence of both sides' failure to realize an effective popular mobilization among the Acholi. Second, the article traces historically these failures of popular mobilization and the paths by which both the Ugandan government and the LRA came to see the population as a threat and potential enemy instead of as a potential support base. Third, by putting the people at the center of the analysis of the conflict, the groundwork is laid for putting the people at the center of the resolution of the conflict, transcending the current tendency of conflict resolution agendas to focus only on elites, treating the civilian population as passive bystanders or victims.

- by Adam Branch
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- Justice, Political Violence, Peasantry, The Northern Uganda Armed Conflict

In this paper propose some seemingly mundane questions to engage us in the field. These would comprise: (i) is peasant a class or a social category?;
(ii) what position they would have in a new identity politics?; (iii) how was state-peasant relation defined in the given process of the rise of modern nation-state?, and (v) do ‘differentiation’ and ‘typification of peasants’ still hold anthropological signification?. Only by answering these questions, we can establish that the study of peasants is still a relevant field of study in our context. I end this paper here with a hope that we need to see more anthropological engagement in the study of ‘peasants’ and ‘peasants’ politics’ in the years to come.

- by Suresh Dhakal
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- Peasant Studies, Agrarian Change, Peasantry, Peasantry Studies

A partir de investigaciones que muestran cómo la provisión de comida y la cohabitación son fundamentales en la construcción del parentesco en los Andes, el autor muestra cómo esta misma lógica está presente en otras interacciones sociales: desde aquellas entre una persona y sus afines, vecinos, paisanos, extraños, e inclusive muertos, hasta aquellas con montañas, lagunas, campos de cultivo, avenidas o plazas, esto es, con lugares que pueden ser también parientes.
El autor recurre al término ruwales para referirse estos lugares con nombre propio a los que se les atribuye agencia e intencionalidad y, a través de comparaciones históricas, muestra las diferentes maneras en que estos seres se relacionaban con los hacendados y las instituciones estatales antes y después de la reforma agraria; con la minería de socavón previa al boom minero; y con la actual minería de tajo abierto.
El libro combina un enfoque procesual de análisis del parentesco, que no asume la reproducción sexual como el fundamento universal del parentesco, con trabajos recientes alrededor de socialidades que exceden a los seres humanos, la multiplicidad ontológica y la cosmopolítica indígena en la antropología contemporánea.

- by Guillermo Salas Carreño
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- Anthropology, Ontology, Anthropology of Food, Political Ontology
- by Uday Chandra
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- Cultural History, Sociology, Cultural Studies, Political Sociology

غلہ ڈھیر کسان تحریک 1930کی دہائی کی کسان تحریک ہےجو مردان (سرحد،کے پی کے)میں چلی۔ یہ کتاب اب ایک اہم دستاویز کی حیثیت رکھتی ہےاس میں برطانوی استعمارکے خلاف جدوجہد کے علاوہ نواب آف طوروکے خلاف کسانوں کی تحریک کا آنکھوں دیکھاحال قلمبندکیاگیاہے۔ اس مختصرکتاب میں کانگریس، خدائی خدمتگارحکومت کا کسانوں کی طرف رویہ کابھی سراغ ملتاہے ۔ یہ کتاب سوشلسٹوں اوراشتراکی عالم دین مولاناعبدالرحیم پوپلزئی کے کردارپربھِی روشنی ڈالتاہے۔ اس کتاب سے پتہ چلتاہے کہ قوم پرست جب اقتدارمیں ہوتے ہیں توان کا اپنے ہی قوم کے کسانوں کی تحریکوں کی طرف رویہ کیاہوتاہے۔ یہ اسوقت کے اسلام پرستوں کی جدوجہد پربھی روشنی ڈالتاہے۔ اس کتاب کے لئے میں امیرحمزہ مروت صاحب اورجانان بونیری کامشکورہیں ۔

- by Sartaj Khan
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- Peasant Studies, Pakistan, Pashtuns (Anthropology), Peasant Theology

The main objectives of the study may be indicated as under: 1. Identifying marginalized people and mapping their distinguishing characteristics. 2. Studying the entire gamut of adversities faced by rural people. 3. Studying coping mechanisms or strategies adopted for survival –at individual, group/community, and institutional/government levels– and their functions. 4. Identifying and mapping economic activities that could be taken up for livelihoods. 5. Studying people's aspirations and demands of services for long-term sustainable development.

- by Mohinder Kumar
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- Peasantry

The Byzantine peasantry has been traditionally analyzed through documentary sources and material evidence. This study attempts to complement the existing scholarship on the peasantry by showing how a perception-based, socio-cultural angle can be provided through the utilization of Byzantine narrative sources from the eleventh and twelfth centuries. The peasant voice is completely absent from these sources and, therefore, must be reached through deduction, close-reading and literary analysis techniques. In addition to furnishing us with much direct information on the peasants’ lifestyle, their economic and legal interactions with different actors, as well as their utilization and victimization through military matters, these sources also highlight the elite, educated and also quite urban perception of the peasantry. These narratives contain a delicate blend of marginalizing the peasantry, while also praising and defending them due to the acknowledgement that they are vital in the maintenance of the empire. A strong case is made for the collective importance attributed to the peasantry, through their function as a vast manpower pool for the agrarian economy and military machine; yet, as individuals, they remain obscure and invisible. The relative homogeneity among the selected authors’ views concerning the peasantry, which is also mirrored and enforced by military doctrines, legal documents and imperial orders of the time, indicates that their individual views are part of a broader socio-cultural expression.

- by Cahit Mete Oguz
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- Byzantine Literature, Peasant Studies, Byzantine Studies, Byzantine History

Сборник включает научные статьи по мотивам дискуссий круглого стола «Русское крестьянство и Первая мировая война». Является пятым выпуском серии постоянно действующего научного проекта «Народ и власть». Для ученых, преподавателей,... more

- by Татьяна Трошина and +10
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- History, Russian Studies, Russian Politics, Great War

Das Hinwegsehen von allgemein gültigen Normen, verbunden mit einem gewissen
Maß von Toleranz, ist im Falle der obrigkeitlichen Kanzleien, die die Interessen
der einzelnen Obrigkeiten sowie des Landesherrn selbst vertraten, vor allem in der
Zeit des ökonomischen Zerfalls des Landes und Mangels an Arbeitskräften offen-
bar. Aufgrund der durchgeführten Untersuchung ist es ersichtlich, dass die währ-
end der zweiten Hälfte des 17. Jahrhunderts nachweisbare Bedeutung der untertä-
nigen Bevölkerung einen viel größeren Raum zu illegalen Migrationen und zur
Realisierung eigener Interessen bot als die Situation im 18. Jahrhundert. Der von
schlechter ökonomischer Entwicklung direkt abhängige Gesamtmangel an Bevöl-
kerung und Arbeitskräften wurde zu einem großen Hindernis bei der Durchsetzung
zeitgenössischer Normen. Nicht einmal in der Zeit der „zweiten Leibeigenschaft“
kam es jedoch zur völligen Durchsetzung aller obrigkeitlichen Interessen zum
Nachteil der ländlichen Bevölkerung. Immer fanden sich Untertanen, die es in
größerem oder kleinerem Maße schafften, ihrer Obrigkeit entgegenzutreten. Ohne
dass ihr Widerstand völlig gesetzmäßig in einen Leibeigenenaufstand überwachsen
musste, zeugt ihr Verhalten völlig nachweislich über ihren unbezwinglichen Wil-
len, ihre Interessen auch zum Nachteil der allgemein gültigen und offiziell aner-
kannten Normen durchzusetzen.

- by Josef Grulich
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- Rural Sociology, Peasant Studies, Rural History, Rural Development

The information gathered, on the one hand, from the excavations carried out at the Roman villa of Almenara de Adaja-Puras and the archaeological analyses of various samples of sediment, starch and charcoal and, on the other, from the surveys carried out in the surrounding area, in a sector of the interfluve of the Rivers Adaja and Eresma of approximately fifteen km2, provide new data on the rural occupation model of this particular sector of the territory in the civitas of Cauca. The characteristics of the archaeological finds associated with the deposits demonstrate that the occupation and exploitation of these lands was well established in the second half of the 1st c. AD, although it is very likely that it would have been initiated earlier, judging from the discovery at Almenara-Puras of some early structures and imported pottery, including Italic terra sigillata

- by alp yücel kaya
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- Capitalism, Indebtedness, İzmir, Debt-Bondage
- by Fernanda Soto Joya
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- Anthropology, Memory Studies, Nicaragua, Peasantry

This special issue explores the particularities of the agrarian question in Southeast Europe since mid 19th Century up to nowadays. The author show that the agrarian question maintains its theoretical validity and its social and political... more

- by Stelu Serban and +4
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- Political Economy, Peasant Studies, Economic Anthropology, Agriculture

The study explores the life and ecosystem of select villages with focus on farmers' households in the backward Vidarbha Region of Maharashtra State in India (2018). Study also offers a Marxist perspective of "alienation" relating to... more

- by Mohinder Kumar
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- Peasantry
- by Stephen Frank
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- Russian History, Corporal Punishment, Administrative Justice, Peasantry
- by Alexander F Day
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- Rural Sociology, Social Sciences, Agrarian Studies, Peasant Studies

The Naxalite movement, inspired by Mao Tse-tung thought, erupted in India in May 1967 in the form of peasant occupation of landlords' land in the Naxalbari bloc of the West Bengal state. Within months, the influence of the movement spread to rural areas of many other states in India. This culminated in another split in India's communist movement with the launch of Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) in April 1969. The movement caught the imagination of idealistic youth and students in many urban areas. The Indian state managed to crush the movement militarily by the mid 1970s. However, it soon resurfaced and developed such a strong base among the tribal communities in India that in 2006, the Indian prime minister characterised it as India's single biggest internal security threat. It stands in limbo at the moment – it does not have the capability to overthrow the Indian state but has a sufficient military and social base to resist the state's attempts to crush it.

- by Pritam Singh
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- Human Rights, Indian studies, Peasant Studies, Indian Politics
- by Mohinder Kumar
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- Peasantry

Salvo contadas excepciones, los estudios turisticos han eludido los analisis y debates existentes en los estudios rurales: la suposicion de que el crecimiento economico en base al turismo favorece a todos los sectores sociales implicados se ha convertido en un axioma para esa especialidad, sin entender las complejidades que se dan en el mundo rural entre sectores economicos, modelos de produccion y agro-ecosistemas. Por su parte los estudios rurales simplemente han obviado, durante mucho tiempo, el papel del turismo en las transformaciones del mundo rural, aun cuando su rapido crecimiento lo ha convertido en un fenomeno patente hasta en los lugares mas reconditos del planeta. Objetivo del presente libro es establecer lazos entre estos dos ambitos de estudio. Por un lado, analizando el rol del turismo en el mundo rural desde la concepcion que los estudios rurales hacen actualmente de la economia campesina: como un modelo especifico de manejo de los agrosistemas socialmente adecuado, ...

- by Diana Ojeda
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- Anthropology of Tourism, Climate Change, Air Transport, Climate change policy

No final dos anos 1960 e início dos anos 1970, inspiradas pelas Revoluções Chinesa e Cubana, as organizações armadas brasileiras tentaram liderar movimentos revolucionários de oposição à ditadura militar da época mobilizando camponeses para se engajarem em grupos de guerrilha rural. Esta tese analisa a relação entre esses atores sociais. Como se dava a comunicação entre eles, como eram apresentadas as propostas de revolução pela via armada, qual o papel das emoções para o processo de engajamento dos camponeses, de que maneira a clandestinidade impactava nas interações com as populações locais, quais os efeitos da adoção de uma perspectiva leninista por parte dos militantes e que lugar ocupava a pauta do acesso à terra nesse contexto são algumas das perguntas que orientam a pesquisa. Dentre as principais inspirações estão as contribuições de Paulo Freire e Jesus Martin-Barbero sobre comunicação; James Jasper e Helena Flam sobre emoções; Donatela Della Porta sobre clandestinidade; Oliver Fillieule, Julieta Quirós, Marcelo Kunrath Silva e Bianca Ruskowski sobre engajamento; Eric Wolf e James Scott sobre a relação entre campesinato e revolução. O estudo se baseia nas experiências do Comando de Libertação Nacional (Colina) em Cachoeiras de Macacu/RJ; da Vanguarda Armada Revolucionária Palmares (VAR-Palmares), em Imperatriz/MA; do Movimento Revolucionário Oito de Outubro (MR-8), em Brotas de Macaúbas/BA e da Ação Popular (AP), na Chapada Diamantina, também na Bahia. A metodologia utilizada foi a história oral, conjugada com a análise documental e bibliográfica, que permitiu a elaboração de uma comparação entre os diferentes casos analisados. Os resultados da pesquisa indicam que, a despeito do esforço dos militantes em se tornarem próximos aos camponeses, geralmente havia um estranhamento por parte destes, em função das diferenças culturais. Ainda que a adesão tenha sido minoritária, as diversas formas de assistência prestadas pelos militantes contribuíram para a produção de emoções recíprocas de amizade e lealdade, bem como para o processo de engajamento de alguns camponeses.

- by Fabricio Teló
- •
- Sociology, Political Science, Armed Conflict, Dictatorships
- by Tony Waters
- •
- Political Sociology, African Studies, Peasant Studies, East Africa

The anthropological concept of peasantry - explained in an understandable language.

- by Srividya Venkataraman
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- Anthropology, Social and Cultural Anthropology, Peasantry

Trabalho sobre a expansão do agronegócio do dendê na Amazônia paraense e o papel do Estado neste processo, como mediador e incentivador. Paper about expansion of agrobusiness dendê in Amazonia paraense and the function of State brazilian... more

- by Paulo Correa and +1
- •
- Amazonia, Territorio, Palm Oil, Campesinos

Esta investigación tiene por objetivo caracterizar los principales conflictos intracomunales y las formas de resolución de estos en el centro poblado de la comunidad campesina María Magdalena de Tintay (Sucre, Ayacucho). Por conflictos intracomunales entendemos aquellos que se producen entre los miembros de una comunidad campesina. Luego de exponer el contexto general del centro poblado de Tintay, presentamos algunos elementos socioculturales importantes para entender la justicia especial. Después, damos cuenta de las principales instituciones locales encargadas de la justicia especial: cómo son elegidas, de dónde proviene su legitimidad y cuáles son sus funciones. Seguidamente, mostramos cómo estas autoridades tienen jurisdicción sobre los diferentes tipos de conflictos intracomunales más frecuentes, así como cuáles son los pasos que siguen y las instancias implícitas presentes en los procesos de resolución de conflictos. También mostramos las circunstancias por las cuales las autoridades de la justicia especial derivan casos a los juzgados ordinarios ubicados en la capital provincial. Finalmente, el estudio presenta un conjunto de percepciones que la población local tiene sobre las instituciones que administran justicia.

- by Guillermo Salas Carreño and +1
- •
- Anthropology, Political Anthropology, Legal Anthropology, Andes

This article contributes to the literature on rural politics in Turkey by investigating peasants' land occupations between 1965 and 1980. We show that agricultural modernization after 1945 created the structural conditions for land conflicts by enabling the reaching of the frontier of cultivable land and facilitating landlords' displacement of tenants. The 1961 Constitution's promise of land reform and the rise of the center-left and socialist politics helped peasants press for land reform by combining direct action and legalistic discourse. Moreover, the vastness of state-owned land and the incompleteness of cadastral records allowed peasants to challenge landlords' ownership claims. During land occupations, villagers often claimed that contested areas were public property illegally encroached upon by landlords, and that the state was constitutionally obliged to distribute it to peasants. Although successive right-wing governments decreed these actions to be intolerable violations of property rights, their practical approach was more flexible and conciliatory. Although nationwide land reform was never realized, land occupations extracted considerable concessions via the distribution of public land and inexpensive land sold by landlords.

- by Burak Gürel
- •
- Peasant Studies, Agrarian Change, Turkey, Modern Turkey
- by Alexander F Day
- •
- History, Cultural History, Sociology, Cultural Studies

Tikri held up pictures of political prisoners who were in the jails of India. Today [Dec 10 2021], despite their victory over the Modi government, farmers are still occupying the protest site and demanding the release of political prisoners. Their powerful action demonstrates that the farmers are making connections between various struggles.

- by Pritam Singh
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- South Asian Studies, Agriculture, India, Naxalite Movement

This article traces trends inside smallholder peasant household production and reproduction against the background of profound change in African agriculture's terms of trade between 1980 and 2015. The gender and generational dynamics of African peasant households that evolved under European colonial policies from the late 19 th century and largely persisted in the early post-independence era, were disrupted by the 1970s oil crises. By the 1980s, peasant labor displacement was gaining momentum, as evidenced by declining smallholder commercial agriculture, often but not always accompanied by rural out-migration. Ensuing differentiated involvement of peasant smallholder family members in unfolding processes of deagrarianization and depeasantization are explored on the basis of national statistical data and the author's and other social scientists' published work. The article's broad spatial focus and 35-year overview, are accommodated in a human geography methodology, which synthesizes research findings from multidisciplinary social scientists' micro, meso and macro level qualitative and quantitative data collection on spatial and temporal patterns of the gender/age division of labor, allocation of decision-making power and welfare provisioning patterns within smallholder households. Spatial and temporal analysis of sex/age ratios evidenced in published data on sectoral labour force participation, surveys of intra-household labour time allocation and national census population data are utilized to trace deagrarianization. Salient trends are: labor contraction in commercial peasant family farming, alteration in peasant land allocation and an emerging tendency for " older women left behind who could facilitate an agrarian fallback " , family members, who have migrated elsewhere or engaged in situ in non-agricultural occupations.

- by Deborah Bryceson
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- African Studies, Gender Studies, Family studies, Labour Process

Report makes statistical comparison for treatment samples of Scheduled Tribes, Scheduled Castes and General Castes.

- by Mohinder Kumar
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- Peasantry

This text joins the burgeoning series of studies into agrarian fascism and the local politics of fascist and parafascist dictatorships. Taking Franco's regime as a case study, our work focuses on the rol played by two of the most outstanding structures of the single party or FET - JONS in rural post - war Spain: the Youth Front (Frente de Juventudes) and the Trade Union Organisation (Organización Sindical). Their evolution and problems during the 1940s are analysed here, including the real level of social penetration, the sociological profile of their leaders and affiliates, as well as their capacity to implement specific policies in rural contexts. Though already well studied in the urban sphere, greater attention should be given to the actions of FET - JONS in rural Spain, as post - war society was predominantly agricultural. Moreover, Spanish youth and peasants are two collectives that have yet to receive much attention in historiography examining Franco's regime.

- by Daniel Lanero and +1
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- Youth, Francoism, Peasantry, FET y de las JONS

In the British Caribbean after 1834, freed slaves became wage laborers or peasants or both. In Montserrat, Lesser Antilles, the transformation took almost sixty years. This paper shows how land acquisition and trade, both internal and inter-island, promoted the development of peasantry, the potential for education, and economic improvement for many.

- by Riva Berleant
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- Peasant Studies, Caribbean History, Caribbean Studies, Emancipation

Economistic approaches to the study of peasant livelihoods have considerable academic and policy influence, yet, we argue, perpetuate a partial misunderstanding – often reducing peasant livelihood to the management of capital assets by rational actors. In this paper, we propose to revitalize the original heterodox spirit of the sustainable livelihoods framework by drawing on Stephen Gudeman's work on the dialectic between use values and mutuality on the one hand, and exchange values and the market on the other. We use this approach to examine how historically divergent mutuality-market dialectics in different Amazonian regions have shaped greater prominence of either extractivism or agriculture in current livelihoods. We conclude that an approach centered on the mutuality-market dialectic is of considerable utility in revealing the role of economic histories in shaping differential peasant livelihoods in tropical forests. More generally, it has considerable potential to contribute to a much-needed re-pluralization of approaches to livelihood in academia and policy.

- by James A Fraser and +2
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- Sociology, Economic Sociology, Human Ecology, Rural Sociology
- by Stefan Dorondel
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- Political Economy, Peasant Studies, Economic Anthropology, Agriculture
- by Brent E Metz
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- Migration, Masculinity, Maya, Guatemala