Piracy Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Within less than a decade piracy has been turned from a marginal economic problem into a global security problem. A surprising array of international actors addresses piracy and coordinates their activities. In this contribution we... more

Within less than a decade piracy has been turned from a marginal economic problem into a global security problem. A surprising array of international actors addresses piracy and coordinates their activities. In this contribution we interrogate this astonishing story of international cooperation. We argue that what we observe here is a global security governance arrangement under construction. We conduct a praxiographic analysis of the current counter-piracy governance arrangement. A praxiographic analysis takes as the main unit of analysis practice, that is, collective patterns of action which entail speech and doings. Based on this evidence we carry out what can be called an “informed speculation” about the future of the arrangement. Based on the notion of macro-securitization we develop three different forms of expectations (or scenarios) of what characterizes the piracy governance arrangement: 1) an interest based “alliance” or “coalition of the willing”; 2) as a forming “security community” of cosmopolitan or regional scale; or as a 3) hybrid “global security assemblage”.

At the beginning of the 19th century, Pierre and Jean Laffite moved back and forth across fluid lines of law. Within the context of their times, pirate or outlaw behaviours might also be socially constructive entrepreneurship. Their story... more

At the beginning of the 19th century, Pierre and Jean Laffite moved back and forth across fluid lines of law. Within the context of their times, pirate or outlaw behaviours might also be socially constructive entrepreneurship. Their story provides lessons for modern entrepreneurs and business ethicists working on economic frontiers.

Sosyal bir varlık olan insanın başından geçen olaylar sonucu edindiği tecrübeler, beşeri hayattaki örgütlenme gerekçelerini değiştirebilmekte veya çeşitlendirebilmektedir. Yaşanan bu süreç devam ettiği müddetçe ulusal veya uluslararası... more

English piracy, particularly under Sir Francis Drake and Richard Hawkins, contributed to the erosion of amicable relations between Philip II and Elizabeth I, becoming a catalyst for the Anglo-Spanish War: a conflict that was political,... more

English piracy, particularly under Sir Francis Drake and Richard Hawkins, contributed to the erosion of amicable relations between Philip II and Elizabeth I, becoming a catalyst for the Anglo-Spanish War: a conflict that was political, economic, and religious. Especially after 1588, England taunted Spain with her victories, and Spaniards had reason to be concerned. In 1598, Lope de Vega published La Dragontea, an epic poem following the Aeneid that challenged the legendary power of Francis Drake, showing the high cost of his victories, the bravery of Spaniards who opposed him, and Drake’s final judgment in hell. This paper will argue that by placing Drake’s piracy in the context of a “holy war” against heretics, especially through the image of the St. George and the Dragon, and by constructing a providentialist narrative to explain his victories, La Dragontea deflates the aura of power surrounding the “Dragon,” transfers his agency to God’s control, and assuages Spanish fears. Moreover, in La Dragontea Lope offers a theological explanation for why heretics were allowed victories for a time, thus reaffirming Spain’s status as God’s chosen nation to defend Christianity and defeat heresy, and throws back at England Spanish “Black Legend” insults by assigning greed, intolerance, and lasciviousness to the English and their Queen.

Researchers and policymakers are moving towards a model defined as people-powered health — where care is discussed as transforming from a top-down service to a network of coordinated actors. At the same time, for large numbers of people,... more

Researchers and policymakers are moving towards a model defined as people-powered health — where care is discussed as transforming from a top-down service to a network of coordinated actors. At the same time, for large numbers of people, to self-organize around their own healthcare needs is not a matter of predilection, but increasingly one of necessity. Piracy and Care are not always immediately relatable notions. Yet, bringing the idea of a pirate ethics into resonance with contemporary modes of care invites a different consideration for practices that propose a paradigm change and therefore inevitably position themselves in tricky positions vis-à-vis the law and the status quo.

The era when communism and capitalism polarized the world was full of good times. For analysts and the general population, it was easy to identify each side of a dispute. Then came the 1990s and ever since everything in the world has... more

The era when communism and capitalism polarized the world was full of good times. For analysts and the general population, it was easy to identify each side of a dispute. Then came the 1990s and ever since everything in the world has ceased to be binary, whether in terms of males and females or op-posing sides in a particular country. Moreover, where we had previously de-clared war against a state, we now declared war on terror, leaving us so terri-fied that a private war is being conducted, not only against foreign citizens, but our own.

In this article I provide the first systematic investigation of the justification of Somali pirates. Drawing on a practice theoretical perspective I show how piracy is justified by a grand narrative that projects piracy as quasi-state... more

In this article I provide the first systematic investigation of the justification of Somali pirates. Drawing on a practice theoretical perspective I show how piracy is justified by a grand narrative that projects piracy as quasi-state practice of the protection of sovereignty against foreign intruders. Paying attention to narrative provides an explanation for the persistence of piracy and assists us in understanding the phenomenon. Relying on publicly available interviews with pirates, I deconstruct this grand narrative, show which elements are aligned and detail the different functions of the narrative in the light of the situation in which it is told. The article develops an alternative perspective on piracy based on the study of practice, narrative and situation which will also be useful to understand other forms of illicit or violent practices.

Czech: Příspěvek se věnuje aktuální problematice nahrávání a sdílení filmů ze strany drobných " pirátů " a otázce legálnosti sledování těchto autorských děl uživateli. Smyslem příspěvku je zprostředkovat pohled z právní praxe panující v... more

Book review of Mark Hanna's Pirate Nests and the Rise of the British Empire

Cyber crime is a worldwide problem, with a global reach. Cyber crimes do not respect national boundaries, and so can be sent to and from anywhere in the world. Many reports, mostly by cyber security firms, regularly release information... more

Cyber crime is a worldwide problem, with a global reach. Cyber crimes do not respect national boundaries, and so can be sent to and from anywhere in the world. Many reports, mostly by cyber security firms, regularly release information ranking the different nations in terms of top cyber crime output, broken down into varying cyber crime types. However, little has been done to classify nations according to separate cyber crime typologies using any multivariate methods. Instead, reporting is descriptive and unidimensional. The present research sought to fill this gap by conducting K-means clustering analysis on a sample of 190 countries using seven dimensions of cyber crime ranging from malware, fraud, spam, and digital piracy, as well as measures of GDP and internet use. The findings determined that nations can be broken down into four distinct categories based on cyber crime activity: low cyber crime countries, non-serious cyber crime countries, advance fee fraud countries, and phishing scam countries. The implications of these findings and the directions for future research are discussed. ________________________________________________________________________

Piracy has been around for a while. The concept has existed since ancient times. Piracy has preserved its originally negative connotation until today, being infused with the idea of robbery and cruelty. Now, if we follow the metamorphoses... more

Piracy has been around for a while. The concept has existed since ancient times. Piracy has preserved its originally negative connotation until today, being infused with the idea of robbery and cruelty. Now, if we follow the metamorphoses that it has gone through in economic history, especially as far as industrial economics is concerned, we shall discover that not only piracy has preserved its romantically criminal tune, but it has also become an even more controversial issue today than it was several centuries ago. Especially what concerns economics.

This paper investigates the contribution that securitization and praxiography can make to the study of maritime security. It investigates the concept of maritime security, its history and reference objects and provides a discussion of... more

This paper investigates the contribution that securitization and praxiography can make to the study of maritime security. It investigates the concept of maritime security, its history and reference objects and provides a discussion of counter-piracy practices. While not offering detailed empirical results, the chapter outlines a research agenda on maritime security.

While there may be a substantial potential for media and entertainment products in new electronic market channels, content producers and owners remain sceptical and are cautious to utilize these new market opportunities. Piracy and the... more

While there may be a substantial potential for media and entertainment products in new electronic market channels, content producers and owners remain sceptical and are cautious to utilize these new market opportunities. Piracy and the fear of losing control over their property in the new channels constitute the basis for their scepticism. Applying a public good approach to the economic analysis of this problem reveals that there is no easy way of cir- cumventing the problem, but that it may be most successfully solved by increasing the degree of excludability for media and entertainment content also in these new channels. Excludability is a non- intrinsic economic product characteristic, which may be adjusted through a com- bination of property rights and technology. Further institutional and technological efforts towards establishing excludability will thus encourage e-commerce with media and entertainment products. While alternative solutions such as first release strategies and claiming payments from related markets may exist for certain con- tent categories, the excludability solution will enable the new electronic market channels to tap into vast libraries of recorded media and entertainment products and thus utilize the channels’ full potential.

In the course of this paper I want to gain an understanding of historical piracy on and around the island of Singapore – hereby I was especially interested in the period before which Raffles found the British settlement. During my... more

In the course of this paper I want to gain an understanding of historical piracy on and around the island of Singapore – hereby I was especially interested in the period before which Raffles found the British settlement. During my research not only did I learn about the tenuous body of source material but more importantly about the indigenous sea people and the eventful nineteenth century piratical activities.

Peripheries and Center in Pirate Histories

A troca de músicas pela Internet, o avanço da pirataria, o declínio das grandes gravadoras, o aumento no número de pequenos e bem-sucedidos selos, a proliferação da música eletrônica, a facilidade para se gravar decorrentes de novas... more

A troca de músicas pela Internet, o avanço da pirataria, o declínio das grandes gravadoras, o aumento no número de pequenos e bem-sucedidos selos, a proliferação da música eletrônica, a facilidade para se gravar decorrentes de novas tecnologias, todos estas são questões que fazem parte de um novo contexto na produção musical.

Purpose: Recognizing the technological effects of family disintegration. Method: Human field: a sample of the dangerous electronic games players, including "4" players who are still alive, and "5" players who committed suicide. Methods... more

My book, Digital Prohibition: Piracy and Authorship in New Media Art, was published by Continuum International Publishers (named the top academic press in Britain this year) in 2012. It starts from the premise that the new changes in... more

My book, Digital Prohibition: Piracy and Authorship in New Media Art, was published by Continuum International Publishers (named the top academic press in Britain this year) in 2012. It starts from the premise that the new changes in copyright law are functioning as a new Prohibition, that is to say as something that it so unpopular, so untenable and so unenforceable that it is only a matter of time before public backlash destroys the current corporate monopoly on creativity. This is the first book to discuss the global politics of creative work and emergent models of authorship in a digital age. The book examines the creation of new media forms by artists and groups who use technology to challenge established models of creation. It starts from the premise that creativity is no longer a useful concept in an age of data glut and perfect copies; instead we must now think of creative practice as a kind of creative critique that repurposes existing materials in order to explore the nature of media and how they affect us. It does this through three different aesthetic approaches: interruption (stoppage and repetition), disturbance (critique and event), and capture/leakage (performance and documentation). The book is wide-ranging in its definition of authorship, exploring methods as diverse as sampling, mashups, hacktivism, machinima, social media, tactical media, productive mistranslation, and digital anthropophagy. It includes extensive research in Asia (Japan, Indonesia, Thailand, India, and especially China and Pakistan) to see how and what creative practices flourish when they are not fettered by copyright regulations.

This paper examines two dimensions of the software piracy-development nexus to complement existing formal literature. It empirically assesses the incidence of piracy on the Human Development Index (HDI) and its constituents and then the... more

This paper examines two dimensions of the software piracy-development nexus to complement existing formal literature. It empirically assesses the incidence of piracy on the Human Development Index (HDI) and its constituents and then the instrumentality of Intellectual Property Right (IPR) treaties (laws) in the linkages. An instrumental variable or Two-stage least squares is applied on panel of 11 African countries with data for the period 2000-2010. Three main findings are established: (1) software piracy has a negative incidence on inequality adjusted human development; (2) the unappealing effect of piracy on the HDI is fuelled by per capita economic prosperity and life expectancy components of human emancipation; (3) software piracy increases literacy. Two major policy implications have been retained from the findings. Firstly, adherence to international IPRs protection treaties (laws) may not impede per capita economic prosperity and could improve life-expectancy. Secondly, adoption of tight IPRs regimes may negatively affect human development by diminishing the literacy rate and restricting diffusion of knowledge.

O objetivo deste trabalho não é advogar sobre a pirataria sob um ponto de vista ético. Embora se reconheça a relevância deste debate, nossa análise se focará nas questões cognitivas e de produção de subjetividade ligadas às práticas... more

O objetivo deste trabalho não é advogar sobre a pirataria sob um ponto de vista ético. Embora se reconheça a relevância deste debate, nossa análise se focará nas questões cognitivas e de produção de subjetividade ligadas às práticas piratas da cultura gamer. Defende-se que as subjetividades envolvidas na pirataria de games põem em movimento redes de sociabilidade, processos de autoformação e tutoria, manipulação de dispositivos técnicos complexos, além do estímulo a produção criativa e livre. O relato desta investigação em andamento se debruça sobre comunidades virtuais do site de relacionamento Orkut e sua comunidade Brazukas.

Our research on the social movement opposing proposed piracy legislation reveals novel societal opportunities and challenges caused by digitization. We summarize literature on the Katz and Lazarsfeld Two-Step Model of Communication and... more

Our research on the social movement opposing proposed piracy legislation reveals novel societal opportunities and challenges caused by digitization. We summarize literature on the Katz and Lazarsfeld Two-Step Model of Communication and propose a new model of mass communication for the digital age. We develop a digital discourse bias framework comprised of three structural constraints (on authorship, citation, and influence) and three content restrictions (on frames, signatures, and emotion). Our findings paradoxically reveal social media affords emancipation with regard to structural constraints, but is hegemonic with regard to an important content restriction (i.e., frames). Lean social media mitigated structural advantages and exacerbated content problems. These findings suggest that, as with traditional media, some inevitable evils accompany the societal benefits of social media and that mass media is having a detrimental effect on public discourse. Compared to traditional mass media, digital mass media are in some ways emancipatory (i.e., permitting widespread participation in public discourse and surfacing of diverse perspectives) and in other ways hegemonic (i.e., contributing to ideological control by a few).

A political battle is being waged over the use and control of culture and information. While copyright organisations and most established media companies argue for stricter intellectual property laws, a growing body of citizens, and parts... more

A political battle is being waged over the use and control of culture and information. While copyright organisations and most established media companies argue for stricter intellectual property laws, a growing body of citizens, and parts of the new media industry, challenge the contemporary IP-regime. This has resulted in a political mobilisation of piracy. This mobilisation is most evident in the formation of pirate parties, which see themselves as a digital civil rights movement, defending the public domain and the citizen’s right to privacy against copyright expansionism and increased surveillance. Since the first pirate party was formed in Sweden in 2006, similar parties have emerged across the world. This article draws on a study of the culture and ideology of copyright resistance, through a series of interviews with representatives of pirate parties in Europe and North America. It focuses on democracy and citizenship in the context of pirate politics. In particular, this article examines challenges to democracy, and the distinction between public and private property and spaces, in the wake of the war on terror and the global financial crisis.

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Peer-to-peer file sharing and other forms of free online music distribution have played a complex and contentious role in the ongoing transformation of musical culture and economics. While the recording industry decries these services as... more

Peer-to-peer file sharing and other forms of free online music distribution have played a complex and contentious role in the ongoing transformation of musical culture and economics. While the recording industry decries these services as “rogue technologies” and has painted their hundreds of millions of users as “pirates,” research shows that it is difficult if not impossible to ascertain whether P2P has a positive, negative or neutral effect on music sales. The evidence also suggests that, in many ways, free sharing grows the overall music economy, empowers and enriches recording artists, and contributes to a more vibrant musical culture. These benefits, which contrast with the historical powerlessness and poverty faced by most musicians in the traditional music economy, help to explain why so many artists today publicly support and actively employ P2P and free online sharing as crucial elements in their business and marketing strategies, and indeed why so many labels are taking advantage of the benefits of free online distribution even as they pursue legal challenges and publicity campaigns against them.

The article explores the naval raid of the Slavic forces on the coastal Norwegian port-settlement of Konungahella in the mid 1130s. The paper analyse the raid in the context of regional politics and from the perspective of Baltic Slavs.... more

The article explores the naval raid of the Slavic forces on the coastal Norwegian port-settlement of Konungahella in the mid 1130s. The paper analyse the raid in the context of regional politics and from the perspective of Baltic Slavs. It also encompasses a wider political context of a contemporary Imperial and Polish politics. It addresses the issue of timing of the raid, participation of other than Pomeranian Slavs, and the reasons why and what for it took place. It focus on reasons behind the raid which are surrounded by controversy and various interpretations. The paper postulates an alternative explanation not necessary as much politically motivated as commonly accepted.

Video game piracy has become mainstream in the digital world of video game development, one of the biggest reasons of that being usage of out of date Digital Restriction Management methods that are too easy for pirates to crack down.... more

Video game piracy has become mainstream in the digital world of video game development, one of the biggest reasons of that being usage of out of date Digital Restriction Management methods that are too easy for pirates to crack down. Conventional DRM techniques uses a global approach to protect the integrity of video games, which puts the DRM on the executable files of a video game and to play the video game the user has to go through this DRM, which is a onetime activation process online which gives the user the ownership of that video game. The reason this method is compromised is that in laymen’s terms, it is like having the same lock for all the doors in the world, so that finding a way to break that one lock gives access to all those doors. This reasearch paper proposes a DRM that is locally implemented so that a unique DRM will be generated on each computer that installs the video game so that cracking only the DRM in one computer is not enough. Again, in lay term, it is like having a unique lock in every single door so that if one lock is compromised, it does not affect the other locks as each lock is unique.