Traceability Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

The composition of flavonoids in plants is thought to be genetically determined. Thus it is characteristic for plant species. Here, proanthocyanidins are used to identify barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) varieties: six barley varieties and the corresponding malts in 61 samples of the growing years 1998-2001 from three locations in Germany are examined. Their absolute polyphenolic composition is quite similar, but the ratios of proanthocyanidins among each othertermed here "relative quantitative fingerprint" (RQF)-are characteristic for the variety independent from growing year, provenience and status (barley/malt). The analytical method presented is highly automated and robust, thus it allows analyzing a high number of samples and to detect small differences between samples unambiguously. Hence the polyphenols can be used as a tool for food tracing, to prove authenticity and to discover frauds of food from plant origin.

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- Genetics, Industrial Biotechnology, Analysis, Quality Assurance

The maintenance portion of the software lifecycle represents a major drain on most software company's resources. The transition from programmers to maintainers is high risk, since usually the maintainers have to learn the system from scratch before they can begin modifying it appropriately. This paper introduces a method for automatically extracting important traceability information from a C# software project's source code. Using this traceability information, maintainers (and programmers) are better able to evaluate the impacts their actions will have on the entire project.

- by Miriam Capretz
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- Software Maintenance, Software Testing, Software Development, Knowledge Extraction
- by Diane Wilson and +1
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- Quality Management, Decision Making, Strategic Planning, Regulation

A comparison has been made between requirement areas covered by H ProgSäk (E) and DO-178B respectively. Tables for correspondences and differences are presented below. An exact mapping of requirements from one document on associated requirements of another document is not possible. Formulation, structuring and refinement of the requirements within a specific area will always differ between compared documents. The presented tables are therefore only indicative of where matching requirement areas can be found. Section 1 summarizes the main differences between the compared documents. Section 2 contains tables for all requirements of H ProgSäk1, each identified by a unique label (cf. “Legend”). Section 3 includes requirements of DO-178B not covered by H ProgSäk (E). Section 4 and 5 present acronyms and references used in this document. 1. Comparisons between H ProgSäk (E) and DO-178B Both H ProgSäk and DO-178B include guidelines as well as requirements for safety-critical software and d...

- by Peter Nummert
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- Traceability

This paper presents a reference model for the registration of economic data that enables the tracking and tracing of product and money flows in the registered data. The model is grounded in the REA ontology, which has its origin in accounting and provides the conceptual foundation for the ISO open-edi transaction standard. The use of the reference model is illustrated with an example database that demonstrates the different usage scenarios covered by the model.

Antecedentes: Metrología es la ciencia de la medición. Incluye todos los aspectos teóricos y prácticos relacionados con la medición y su incertidumbre, en cualquier campo de la ciencia y de la tecnología, incluyendo por supuesto al laboratorio clínico. Dentro de la metrología, la trazabilidad ocupa un lugar central. Se trata de la propiedad del resultado de una medición o del valor de un calibrador, de tal manera que pueda ser relacionada con referencias determinadas, generalmente patrones nacionales o internacionales, por medio de una cadena ininterrumpida de comparaciones, teniendo todas las incertidumbres determinadas. Objetivo: La Norma ISO 15189:2003 fue desarrollada con la meta de establecer requisitos para acreditar el Sistema de Gestión de Calidad y la Competencia Técnica de los laboratorios clínicos, abarcando desde la etapa pre hasta la post examen. Desde el punto de vista metrológico, lo más sobresaliente de esta Norma se encuentra precisamente en la etapa analítica, la cual se fundamenta en la necesidad de que los laboratorios generen resultados analíticos absolutamente confiables, por lo que es recomendable que los profesionales del laboratorio comprendamos los conceptos de trazabilidad, incertidumbre, validación y consenso para que, en consecuencia, podamos ubicar cuál es la responsabilidad primaria de los fabricantes de sistemas analíticos, cuál es la de los laboratorios clínicos y cuál es el rol que corresponde a los esquemas de evaluación externa de la calidad, también llamados proveedores de ensayos de aptitud. Material y métodos: Se trata de una breve revisión basada en preguntas concretas de la Norma ISO 17511:2003 Dispositivos médicos para diagnóstico in vitro -Medición de cantidades Abstract Background: Metrology is the science of measurement. It includes all aspects, both theoretical and practical with reference to measurements, whatever their uncertainty, and in whatever fields of science or technology they occur, including Laboratory Medicine. Within metrology, traceability stands on a central point. It is the property of a measurand outcome or from the value of a calibrator in order to be relate with specific references which are usually international or national standards through a non-interrupted chain of comparisons with established uncertainty. Goal: ISO 15189:2003 was developed in order to establish requisites for Clinical Laboratories Accreditation through Quality Management and Technical Competence from pre through post examination stages. From the metrological perspective the most important issue is located on the analytical phase, where the main goal is to provide reliable results, requiring that laboratory professionals understand clearly the importance of traceability, uncertainty, validation, consensus in order to establish the shared responsibility of Manufacturers of Medical Devices and Analytical systems, Clinical Laboratories responsibility on validation and internal quality control plus the role of Proficiency Testing Programs on laboratories consensus accuracy. Material and methods: This is a brief review through specific questions of ISO 17511:2003 In Vitro Diagnostic Medical Devices-Measurement of Quantities in Biological Samples-Metrological Traceability of Values Assigned to Calibrators and Control Materials where a process evaluation, definitions, and practical cases are presented in order to allow applicability on internal quality control programs and on external proficiency testing schemes. Outcome: Clinical labo-Trazabilidad metrológica, validación analítica y consenso de resultados en la confiabilidad del laboratorio clínico

- by catherine q
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- Metrology, Traceability, Trazabilidad, Analytical Validation

Sažetak U Europskoj uniji propisane kontrole za sigurnost hrane prema zakonskim aktima određuju provjeru hrane prije stavljanja na tržište. Tijekom proteklog desetljeća provjera kakvoće, autohtonosti i sljedivosti hrane poboljšana je ubrzanim razvojem osjetljivih, robusnih, učinkovitih i cjenovno prihvatljivih analitičkih metoda. Ovaj rad opisuje najučinkovitije analitičke metode za forenziku hrane i prikazuje njihovu primjenu u određivanju: (1) kvalitativnih i kvantitativnih sastojaka hrane, (2) sigurnosti hrane obzirom na patogene mikroorganizme, nutritivne alergene, ostatke pesticida i toksina, (3) sljedivosti sukladno zemljopisnom i botaničkom podrijetlu te utjecaju tehnološke obrade i skladištenja. Obzirom na način ispitivanja, opisane analitičke metode podijeljene su u četiri skupine: biokemijske, molekularno-genetske, spektroskopske i spektrometrijske te separacijske metode.

- by Marija Badanjak
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- Traceability, Analytical Methods

This paper reports evaluation of the behaviour of different combined glass electrodes applied to measurement of the pH of a primary, 0.01 mol kg −1 , tetraborate buffer. Measurements were first performed by use of a primary Harned cell (at 15, 25, and 37°C); these results were then compared with those obtained for the same solution by use of three combined glass electrodes (25°C) with different membranes and liquid-junction designs, calibrated by use of commercial pH-metric buffers. The pH of the same solution was also measured in terms of the molal concentration of hydrogen ions, using acid-base titration to evaluate the formal potential difference K of each cell at fixed ionic strength, I, adjusted by addition of KCl or Et 4 NI (tetraethylammonium iodide). The reference value from primary measurement, paH=9.171, was slightly closer to the mean value obtained by determination of concentration, rather than that obtained by direct measurement of activity; the differences were smaller than the extended uncertainty characteristics of the secondary measurements. The importance of evaluation of the ionic strength of the solution under study is emphasised. We verified that for tetraborate buffer slight modification of the value of I used to calculate γ i (the activity coefficient of a single ion) in the calculation of paH from the acidity function at zero molality of chloride can significantly affect the reference value of the calibrator tool. This is true, in general, for low values of the ionic strength, such as those considered in this work; an approximate value of I can then cause distortions along the pH traceability chain. Application of the concepts of thermodynamics to this traceability chain is discussed.

- by Enzo Ferrara
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- Engineering, Thermodynamics, Glass, Comparative Study

Traceability is considered crucial for establishing and maintaining consistency between software development artifacts. Although considerable research has been devoted to relating requirements and design artifacts with source code, less attention has been paid to relating requirements with architecture by using well-defined semantics of traces. We present a tool that provides trace establishment by using semantics of traces between R&A (Requirements and Architecture). The tool provides the following: (1) generation/validation of traces by using requirements relations and/or verification of architecture, (2) generation/validation of requirements relations by using traces. The tool uses the semantics of traces together with requirements relations and verification results for generating and validating traces. It is based on model transformations in ATL and term-rewriting logic in Maude.

- by Ivan Kurtev
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- Computer Science, Software Development, Model Transformation, Decision support tool

Flowers are one of the core Ecuadorian agricultural export products, and also are the fourth economic activity that generates more income for the country. Ecuador weather conditions make it an ideal country to produce flowers. Reaching new markets is a key strategy for the agricultural sector. Ecuadorian flowers reaches 108 destinations distributed throughout the world. This study is based on the quest to improve the logistics chain in the export of Ecuadorian flowers through the Mariscal Sucre International Airport, the main airport in exporting perishables, which has become a banner of struggle for companies in the sector to maintain its competitiveness. In logistics have been several problems that do not allow it to be fluid and does not benefit its development. The concentration in a single perishable center of consolidation processes, palletizing and a new cold storage facility will allow a more logical flow, efficient loading and less congestion in handling perishables. Implementing a traceability system allows the optimization of resources in time, money and staff, ensuring not only flower quality but also the transmission of information by the different actors in the supply chain with control entities, getting well accurate and timely information.

- by Johnny Mejía-Burbano and +1
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- Logistics, Flowers, Refrigeration of perishable products, Traceability

The software life cycle of Distributed Object applications encompasses many activities, which go from requirements specification and leads to design and implementation taking into account aspects related to architectural issues. In such a life cycle, activities related to communication and integration mechanisms defined in Distributed Objects Technologies have to be executed. On the other hand, the support for software traceability has been established as an important task in the development life cycle of software systems. As the design is refined to a concrete implementation, it is important that concepts in analysis and design have a clear correspondence to implementation artifacts. This article describes activities and artifacts associated with Analysis, Design, Implementation and Deployment models when developing Distributed Object applications. In this sense, this work proposes a clear traceability from the Use Case model through Analysis, Design, Implementation and Deployment models. An example of the traceability is presented by means of a case study involving web access to Bank accounts.

- by N. Bencomo
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- Computer Science, Web Accessibility, Computer Software, Case Study

The aim of a traceability system is to collect in a rigorous way all the information related to the displacement of the different products along the supply chain. This information proves essential when facing food safety crisis, and allows efficiently managing the consequent product recall action. Although a recall action could be absolutely critical for a company, both in terms of incurred costs and of media impact, at present most companies do not posses reliable methods to precisely estimate the amount of product that would be discarded in the case of recall.

- by Fabrizio Dabbene
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- Engineering, Food Safety, Supply Chain Management, Linear Programming

Traceability has been widely discussed in research area. It has been one of interest topic to be research in software engineering. Traceability in software documentation is one of the interesting topics to be research further. It is important in software documentation to trace out the flow or process in all the documents whether they depends with one another or not. In this paper, we present a traceability method for software engineering documentation. The objective of this research is to facilitate in tracing of the software documentation.

- by Rodziah Atan
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- Computer Science, Software Engineering, Software Documentation, Method

The present paper on three related issues and their integration Product lifecycle management , Enterprise Planning resources and Manufacturing execution systems. Our work is how to integrate all these in a unified systems engineering framework. As most company about two third claim to have integrate ERP to PLM, ; we still observe some related problems as also mentioned by Aberdeen group. In actual global data sharing, we have some options to also integrate systems best practices towards such objective. Such critical study come with solution by reverse engineering, revisiting requirement engineering steps and propose a validation and verification for the success factors of such integration.

Olea europaea L. has been cultivated in the Mediterranean region for thousands of years and is of major economic importance. The origin of olive cultivars remains as complex to trace as their identification. Thus, their molecular characterization and discrimination will enable olive germplasm management. In addition, it would be a useful tool for authentication of olive products. High-resolution melting (HRM) analysis, coupled with five microsatellite markers, was integrated to facilitate molecular identification and characterization of main O. europaea cultivars collected from the National Olive Tree Germplasm Collection established in Chania, Greece. The five microsatellite loci used were highly informative and generated a unique melting curve profile for each of the 47 cultivars and for each microsatellite tested. In particular, three microsatellite markers (DCA03, DCA09 and DCA17), which generated 29 HRM profiles, were sufficient to genotype all the olive cultivars studied, highlighting their potential use for cultivar identification. Furthermore, this assay provided a flexible, cost-effective and closed-tube microsatellite genotyping method well suited for molecular characterization of olive cultivars.

- by Ioannis Ganopoulos
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- Polymorphism, Capillary electrophoresis, HRM, Authentication

Traceability of data through transformation stages of each individual food product, starting from raw products and to the final product, as well as printing the key data on the product package, adds to the consumers' trust in product quality. For each food product, it is necessary to track data starting from the stage of raw products farming, through food processing, transport, warehousing, to retailing and reaching the end consumer. In order to allow insight to the key data to the user (mostly end consumer), this paper suggests recording the data on the product package in the form of a quick response twodimensional barcode (QR code) in key points of the product's life cycle. For efficient functioning of the proposed system, it is essential to ensure fast and reliable operation through proper placement of the QR code on the package during production, and fast and easy data reading by the product consumer. This paper presents the results of a readability analysis of QR code of variable contents, size and data error correction level, which are read by smartphones running an Android platform. The experiments were performed with various types of base material on which the code was printed. Furthermore, QR code readability analysis was conducted in the case when there is a geometric deformation of the code. Based on the detailed analysis of the collected data, it can be concluded that QR code readability is not directly influenced by the number of coded characters, or by the error correction level, but only by the size of modules that constitute the code. Furthermore, the results show that the change of the base material does not influence the read time, but influences the code readability. The paper further presents an example of the proposed traceability system, where the QR codes are used for data tracking and tracing for fruit yogurts, based on the recommendations gained through the readability analysis. This traceability system concept is universal and can be used for various products with slight modifications.

- by Srdjan Tegeltija
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- Engineering, Traceability

Safety engineering analysis is a mandatory stage in the design of critical embedded automotive systems. The derivation of safety requirements and their verification require establishing traceability links between requirements and the different artifacts involved in the design flow. This paper presents the different steps of a method for expressing non functional requirements (safety, timing, hardware, performance) and ensuring their validation and their traceability over a design flow for automotive system design based on the conjoint use of EAST-ADL2 and MARTE languages and supported in an Eclipse platform. A specific meta-model for requirements modeling and traceability is used. The methodology is illustrated on an industrial knock-control system characterized by strict safety and temporal constraints

- by Marie-agnès Peraldi-frati
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- Modeling, System Design, Control system, TIME

As the global trade and market for seafood has grown, so have the twin problems of renaming and mislabeling. Resource scarcity, the potential for greater profits, and weak legislation have all encouraged incorrect labeling, the results of which include consumer losses, the subversion of eco-marketing, further degradation of fisheries resources, and even adverse effects on human health. This paper examines the extent and consequences of renaming and mislabeling seafood, the state of current legislation, and the importance of future policies, with particular attention to the US, where 80% of the seafood is imported and more than one-third of all fish are mislabeled. Policy recommendations include governments' support for a global mandate to label species, country of origin, and catching or production method on all seafood with high penalties for infractions. Chain of custody standards, such as those recently implemented by the Marine Stewardship Council (MSC), should also be considered for adoption worldwide. To garner support for this legislation, consumers must become better acquainted and concerned with their seafood and its origins. r

- by Jennifer Jacquet
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- Law, Globalization, Political Science, Legislation
- by Reza Langari
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- Instrumentation and Measurement Science, Calibration, Traceability

The aim of study is to make Muslim societies aware of the importance of traceability standard. This is line with the successive scandals witnessed by the world in the field of agriculture and food under the obsession with competitiveness. The standard concerned, which falls within the purposes related to the behavioral externalities, is to trace and track all stages of production, conversion and distribution of materials for human consumption. The study used the analytical inductive method as well as the study of three field investigations on imported food products to the Saudi market. Among the most important results of the study are the following: (i) The need for attention to the purposes of behavioral externalities, beyond those of assets, to strengthen prevention and reduce health expenditure; (ii) the purpose of 'clarity' (wudūḥ) proposed by Muḥammad al-Ṭāhir ibn ʿĀshūr, and that of 'transparency' (chafāfiyah) proposed by Abdullah Bin Bayyah in the literature on the purposes of financial contracts, are not sufficient, given the complexity in design and engineering of agricultural and food products; (iii) The health risks facing agricultural and food products require a further deepening of the concept of lawfulness (hilliyyah) according to theoretical and practical works based on extensive field studies. The study recommends the following: (i') The jurisprudential Islamic councils must look again at the new risks facing the agricultural and food sector, notably cloning, tissue engineering, and nanoparticles; (ii') The implementation of an interactive smart system in the OIC countries for tracking and tracing agricultural and food products.

In recent decades there has been an increasing concern about climate change. Every person is increasingly concerned about global warming and, as a consumer, with their own individual contribute to that issue, wich may be measured by each one’s carbon footprint. In this sense, it is only natural that each person wants to consume products with a lower carbon footprint, meaning with a lower environmental impact. For this, however, consumers need to be able to know the carbon footprint of the products they are buying. This is only possible by having every company tracking and sharing their own products carbon footprint. The blockchain is a distributed technology that allows for registering and sharing information between those companies and the final consumers. The blockchain is being used in many areas as a distributed database, and has some strong points like trust, transparency, security, immutability, durability, disintermediation and others. In this paper the blockchain technology is being used to track and trace back the carbon footprint of products and organizations. More exactly, this paper proposes a smart contract-based platform for the traceability of the carbon footprint of products and organizations.

- by Estrela Cruz and +1
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- Environmental Monitoring, Carbon Footprint, Traceability, Solidity

Nowadays, consumers increasingly want to be informed about the products they are buying or consuming, especially when it comes to food, such as fish. Besides nutritional information, consumers want to know about the fish origin, whether it has been properly stored and transported, etc. At the same time, for public health reasons, authorities may need to know the current location of certain fish lots (which have been caught or produced in a specific location, have been stored in a certain place, have been transported by a certain truck, etc.). In other words, consumers and society in general demand transparency throughout all the value chain of fish products. In this paper, we are proposing a blockchain-based platform to allow to trace fish lots, back and forth, throughout the entire fisheries value chain. To implement the traceability platform, we define a smart contract to be used on the Ethereum blockchain.

- by Estrela Cruz and +1
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- Business Process Modeling Notation (BPMN), Traceability, Blockchain Technologies
- by Ellen Goddard
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- Marketing, International Relations, International Trade, Supply Chain

- by Estrela Cruz
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- Environmental Monitoring, Carbon Footprint, Traceability, Solidity

- by Ivana Senk and +4
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- Engineering, Traceability

ABSTRAK Produk furnitur Indonesia memiliki kekhasan tersendiri untuk dapat bersaing dengan produk furnitur negara lain. Untuk memberikan nilai tambah dan meningkatkan daya saing dalam pasar ekspor, produk furnitur harus memenuhi persyaratan sebagai produk yang ramah lingkungan, terutama terkait dengan kelestarian sumber bahan baku kayu (sustainable forest) dan mampu dibutktikan kemamputelurusannya (chain of custody-CoC) disepanjang rantai pasokan (supply chain). Salah satu cara yang dilakukan oleh industri furnitur adalah menerapkan sistem CoC dengan standar FSC (Forest Stewardship Council), dimana terdapat 3 sistem pengendalian untuk klaim produk CoC-FSC. Dengan memformulasikan dan mensimulasikan ketiga sistem pengendalian tersebut, diharapkan industri furnitur memperoleh gambaran dan dapat memilih sistem pengendalian yang paling tepat. I. LATAR BELAKANG Produk furnitur Indonesia yang memiliki kekhasan tersendiri akan memberikan nilai tambah dan sebagai pembeda dari produk lain yang sejenis sehingga tidak mudah untuk disaingi oleh produk furnitur negara lain. Namun demikian untuk dapat memasuki pasar ekspor, kayu dan produk-produk kayu di sepanjang rantai pasokan (supply chain) industri kehutanan/perkayuan dari hulu ke hilir, dari hutan sampai ke end user (pengguna produk) harus memenuhi persyaratan sebagai produk yang ramah lingkungan, terutama terkait dengan kelestarian sumber bahan baku kayu (sustainable forest) dan mampu dibuktikan kemamputelurusannya sepanjang rantai pasokan. Pemenuhan persyaratan tersebut dikelola dalam sebuah sistem yang diakui oleh pihak ketiga (sertifikasi), yaitu: sistem lacak balak (chain of custody-CoC). 2 | P a g e Cina saat ini pun mulai merambah pasar produk kayu dunia. Namun demikian dengan kekhasannya, furnitur Indonesia merupakan produk yang seharusnya mampu bersaing dengan produk-produk sejenis, baik di pasar lokal maupun ekspor. Apalagi dengan adanya sertifikasi sistem lacak balak (CoC), dimana sertifikasi kehutanan dan produk-produk kehutanan merupakan salah satu kelemahan bagi Cina (Stone, 2006). Saat ini standar CoC yang banyak diadopsi dan diakui di pasar internasional adalah yang diterbitkan oleh Forest Stewardship Council (FSC). Dalam penerapan Sistem CoC-FSC terdapat 3 pilihan sistem pengendalian dalam proses manufaktur atau perdagangan agar produk dapat diklaim sebagai produk ramah lingkungan, yaitu Sistem Transfer, Sistem Persentase, dan Sistem Kredit. Oleh sebab itu, studi ini bertujuan memperoleh gambaran penerapan ke-3 pilihan sistem pengendalian tersebut dalam industri furnitur sehingga menjadi pertimbangan untuk menetapkan pilihan yang paling tepat. II. METODOLOGI Studi yang dilakukan ini adalah studi dasar mengenai penerapan sistem pengendalian CoC-FSC dalam proses manufaktur agar produk yang dihasilkan dapat diklaim dan diberi label produk yang ramah lingkungan (ekolabel). Studi dilakukan dengan memformulasikan dengan menggunakan model persamaan matematis bagi 3 sistem pengendalian berdasarkan persyaratan yang ditetapkan dalam standar FSC-STD-40-004 versi 2-0, yaitu sebagai berikut: 1) Sistem Transfer Sistem Transfer dapat diterapkan pada produk FSC dengan klaim (kategori produk): FSC Pure (100% berasal dari bahan FSC); FSC Mixed (campuran antara bahan FSC Pure dan Mixed); FSC Recycled (berasal dari bahan FSC Recycled); dan FSC Controlled Wood (berasal dari bahan FSC Controlled Wood). Dalam penerapannya, organisasi harus menetapkan periode klaim atau klaim job order. Jika berasal dari bahan dengan kategori klaim yang berbeda, maka akan digunakan klaim persentase terendah. Sistem ini dapat diterapkan dalam aktivitas perdagangan produk jadi FSC atau manufaktur. 2) Sistem Persentase Sistem ini tidak dapat diterapkan dalam aktivitas perdagangan produk jadi. Dalam penerapannya, organisasi harus menetapkan periode klaim atau klaim job order. Jika menggunakan periode klaim, maka digunakan perhitungan persentase perputaran rata-rata (rolling average). Rumus umumnya adalah: %%%%%% = 100%

- by Yulita V E R A N D A Usman
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- Traceability

The present report was developed by the Operations and Quality Management (QM) Consultant with means to equip the Board of Directors with solid evidence of Ferrero’s actual position. The Report's core component encompassed an assessment of Ferrero's Operations, Project, and QM mechanisms, whilst employing applicable literature, interviews, theories, and frameworks revolving around the aforementioned topics. The report embarks on a concise outline pertaining to Ferrero’s heritage, up to its multinational expansion and acquisition strategy, supplemented by incurred operational management constraints, identified in the realms of customer demand shifts, pricing fluctuations, and most notably raw material scarcity. Revolving around three core QM approaches, namely Customer Focus, Integrated System, and Continuous Improvement (CI), the report emphasizes the significance of sustaining TQM tools throughout the entire organization, which endeavor is critical in the attainment of impeccable performance. Upon assessing the influence of workflow, productivity, and quality, on organizational competitiveness, the Consultant recognized the value of an optimized model in achieving the desired competitive edge, as it enables error mitigation, redundancy avoidance, and the pursuit of efficiency. A holistic review of the synchronization of Ferrero's core strategies has been performed in the domains inherent to Code of Ethics, Product Strategy, Traceability, and SCN Design, comprehensively intertwined with the overarching company strategy, although the potential for advancement has been identified in the realm of Supply Chain (SC) operations. The report then offers a range of performance metrics, critical cornerstones of Ferrero’s Operations and Project Management (PM). The report aims to raise concerns toward critical aspects in developing and enhancing MIS and ICTs among Operation Management throughout the enterprise; although the foregoing technologies have been regarded as crucial facilitators for the corporation, they have been shown to result in either opportunities or constraints. In an effort to facilitate the optimization of the company's operational processes, a thorough review of the actual requirements, relevant approaches, and technologies was highlighted. A.I. was recognized as an instrumental constituent in facilitating operational performance. The report includes an analysis centered on the engagement of the PERT methodology, consolidated in a cohesive strategy aimed at enhancing PM techniques in the corporation, thus increasing its competitive advantage. The report concludes with an assessment of Project Leadership's critical position in flawlessly sparking corporate success and synchronizing all stakeholders' expectations.

- by Caroline Wagner
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- Marketing, Engineering, Environmental Science, Computer Science

Robust and validated analytical methods are needed for the implementation of GM-food and feed legislation. The validation, based on the characterisation of a method for its sensitivity, accuracy and precision, is performed in-house or in collaborative trials according to good laboratory practice to comply with internationally harmonised standards. The way in which this is implemented depends on the analyte, influences of the food/feed matrix and other requirements that need to be met. Certified reference materials, when matrix matches and contains the appropriate concentration of the certified analyte, are a useful tool in validation. Some acceptability criteria, associated to ad-hoc statistics (e.g. percent bias, repeatability and reproducibility) are useful for the purposes of testing and decision-making. However, the interpretation of validation results also depends on professional judgment and expertise. In such respect, fuzzy logic-based techniques (complementary to conventional statistics) are advocated to support the continuous progress of GMO science and routine laboratory analyses.

- by Yves Bertheau
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- Supply Chain, Validation, Detection, GMO
- by Yves Bertheau
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- Food Traceability, Detection, GMO, Traceability

Documentation is a major component of any traceability system where traceability is defined in the ISO Regulation 8402:1994 as the ability to trace the history, application and location of what is under consideration. Traceability systems are record keeping systems designed to track the flow of product or product attributes through the production process or supply chain. All international supply chains are forced to comply with traceability requirements. In this paper, we develop and implement an end-toend mobile application prototype that traces the poultry production. This application consists of frontend and back-end systems. At the front-end, the worker uses a GPRS enabled handheld device (cell phone, PDA, etc.) to capture information on poultry operations collected at a remote chicken farm and transmit it to a back-end server in the main office. Through customized application the back-end server analyses all information received from the front-end and based on a built-in business process and business rules, intelligently updates various stakeholders of any breach of bio-security measures that requires immediate attention. The proposed system administrators can also access this application via Internet for management decision making. The back-end system consists of web server, defined business application logic and database server.

- by Farag Sallabi
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- Engineering, Decision Making, Documentation, Electronics

Several food safety issues have prompted questions regarding the role of country-of-origin labeling, traceability, and food safety inspections in consumers' perceptions of food safety and quality. The importance of origin-labeling and traceability have been discussed in the EU for some time. North American cases of mad cow disease have led to increased discussions of these topics in the US, however, relatively little research has been conducted to examine the value US consumers place on these attributes. Choice experiments were used to analyze US consumers' relative preferences and willingness-to-pay for these meat attributes in labeled ribeye beef steaks. Relatively speaking, consumers value certification of USDA food safety inspection more than any of the other choice set attributes, including country-of-origin labeling, traceability and tenderness. As a result, indication of origin may only become a signal of enhanced quality if the source-of-origin is associated with higher food safety or quality.

- by Wendy Umberger
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- Food Safety, Food Policy, Country of Origin, Choice Experiment
- by kalyani varma
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- Food Safety, Toxicology, Biotechnology, Plant Biology
- by Kamal K Mukherjee
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- Information Systems, Marketing, Nutrition, RFID
- by Yves Bertheau
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- Food Traceability, Detection, GMO, Traceability

The following overview report, the first of a series of baseline assessment, analyses the gold mining sector in Colombia and aims to develop an initial approach and analysis for how risks outlined in Annex II of the OECD Due Diligence Guidance for Minerals are relevant in the Colombian context. This report also proposes strategic recommendations on how to advance responsible sourcing to ultimately make a positive contribution to socio-economic development in Colombia.

- by Frederic Masse
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- Peace and Conflict Studies, Colombia, Colombian Conflict, Conflict and security

This article advances the notion of "digital extraction" to describe the collection, analysis, and instrumentalization of digital data generated under the banner of blockchain-based due diligence, chain of custody certifications, and various transparency mechanisms, situated alongside and in support of mineral extraction. We mobilize concepts from political geography and political ecology to argue that digital technologies of traceability in extractive processes potentially create new forms of control and exclusion or exacerbate existing social, political, and territorial dispossession through asymmetric relations of power and knowledge in mineral supply chains. Despite industry efforts to make mineral supply chains more sustainable by resorting to digital certification and traceability, the strategic uses of uncertainty, ignorance, and ambiguity undergirding blockchain-enabled traceability systems fail to challenge existing inequalities in resource use and access or fulfill the promise of transparency and accountability.

- by Filipe Calvao and +1
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- Supply Chain Management, Mining, Sustainable Supply Chain, Democratic Republic of Congo

Traceability of fruits is only documentary. In case of doubt or fraud, no standardized analysis makes it possible to trace back the origin of the fruit. The aim of this study is to apply PCR-DGGE method to analyze in a unique step all the yeasts present on the fruit to create the linkage between yeast communities and their geographical origins. PCR-DGGE is a method of yeast ecology which was used to characterize all the yeast flora of three species of Physalis fruit (Physalis ixocarpa Brot, Physalis pruinosa L, Physalis peruviana L) from Colombia, Egypt, Uganda, Madagascar. DGGE fingerprints analyzed by multivariate analysis permitted to distinguish different fruit origins by their yeast communities. PCR-DGGE method is then proposed as a new traceability tool which provides to the fruits in general and Physalis in particular with a unique bar code for each country by using 26S rDNA fingerprinting of yeasts.

- by Aly El Sheikha and +3
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- Traceability, Food Sciences, Food control

Certified reference materials (CRMs) enable the meaningful comparison of measurement results over time and place. When CRMs are used to calibrate or verify the performance of a measurement system, results produced by that system can be related through the CRM to well-defined, stable, and globally accessible reference(s). Properly done, this directly establishes the metrological traceability of the results. However, achieving the meaningful comparison of results from measurement systems calibrated and/or verified with different CRMs requires that the different materials truly deliver the same measurand, that is, are "the same" within stated uncertainty except for differences in the level of the analyte of interest. We here detail experimental and data analysis techniques for establishing and demonstrating the comparability of materials. We focus on (1) establishing a uniform interpretation of the common forms of CRM uncertainty statements, (2) estimating consistent measurement system response uncertainties from sometimes inconsistent experimental designs, (3) using "errors-in-variables" analysis methods to evaluate comparability studies and novel graphical tools for communicating results of the evaluation to reviewing authorities and potential CRM customers, and (4) augmenting established comparability studies with new materials using measurements provided by the certifying institution. These experimental and data analytic tools were developed in support of the Joint Committee for Traceability in Laboratory Medicine's efforts to enhance the reliability of clinical laboratory measurements and are illustrated with potassium and cholesterol measurands of clinical relevance; however, these tools can be applied to any group of materials that deliver the same nominal measurand with stated value and uncertainty.

- by Lorna Sniegoski
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- Engineering, Data Analysis, Experimental Design, Comparative Study

This chapter describes the European framework which induced coexistence and traceability needs in the EU. After having rapidly reviewed the context of GMO development, production and trade, this chapter outlines the socio-economic issues and consumers’ concerns raised by the introduction of GM plants into the agricultural system. It then summarizes increasing demands of consumers for safe and healthy produce, generally represented by “quality signs”.
After summarizing the European regulatory framework, it develops the actions undertaken by the European Commission and EU member states for satisfying the often conflicting, freedom of cultivation of the farmers and freedom of choice for European consumers. The 2 main results are the coexistence of supply chains’ with an important traceability framework. The actions encompass, in particular, an enforcement network for traceability, with the duties for companies to provide detection methods of GMOs and to financially participate to the incurred costs of methods validation, research projects on traceability and coexistence issues. Some coexistence rules in place were either enacted by EU –MS, developed by the farmers and their organizations, or both.
Finally, the commercialization of GMOs shall be accompanied in the EU by the post-market monitoring of environment and human health whose implementation is far from easy.
This European frame of coexistence and traceability targets a peaceful development of GMO despite a very controversial situation, and should ensure that next generations of GMO, designed for e.g. pharmacy and industry, will not enter the food and feed chains.

- by Yves Bertheau
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- European Union, Supply Chain, Coexistence, GMO

HS-SPME analysis of terpenes does usually have inherent quantification problems when working with complex samples, especially due to the matrix effect of the substrate or the calibration solution. Three different terpene carrier matrices were compared: methanol, synthetic oil and milk fat obtained by centrifugation from milk cream. Considerable differences in calibration sensitivity parameters were observed depending on the matrix used and on the type of terpene standard analysed. For milk sample quantification purposes internal standard method was preferred using milk fat as calibration matrix. Linearity range, repeatability, recovery and limits of detection and quantification were determined. Validation parameters were different depending on the concentration and molecular structure of each terpene analysed, particularly between mono-and sesquiterpenes. The method was useful to determine in an accurate manner the terpene content in milk samples from pasture fed animals, and it will help to establish objective terpene levels to differentiate milks from specific production systems.

- by Marta Albisu
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- Mass Spectrometry, Food Chemistry, Multidisciplinary, Quantitative analysis

Requirements are a key aspect of software development. Requirements are also related with other software artefacts including designs, test cases and documentation. These artefacts are often captured with specialized models. However, many tools lack support for traceability relationships between requirements artefacts and model artefacts, leading to analysis issues. To establish traceability between models and other types of requirements artefacts, this thesis proposes a new Domain-Specific Language (DSL) for describing the concepts of a modeling language that would be intended to be traced using a Requirements Management System (RMS), with tool support handling the evolution of models and of their traceability links.

- by Md. Anisur Rahman Likhon
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- Modeling, Domain specific language, DSL, Traceability

In the times of industrial food production, regional and traditional food articles provide an attractive alternative for people looking for unforgettable sensory impressions. Regional or traditional food, commonly recognized as palatable and healthy, is also, for many consumers, a unique, sentimental journey back to tastes from childhood times. A gradual increase of demand for this type of food articles as well as relatively high prices of these products may generate among unscrupulous food manufacturers a number of improper production practices, e.g. replacement of a more expensive meat by a less expensive alternative. Species composition of meat products can be verified using chromatographic, immunological, electrophoretic, or genetic methods. One of the genetic methods applied in examining the authenticity of food composition, including meat and its products, is the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). This paper presents the most important techniques utilizing this technology to identify the origin of specific meat components constituting part of regional or traditional food articles. It was demonstrated that PCR techniques, in combination with species-specific primers, PCR--RFLP, PCR-SSCP and real-time PCR, allow identification of meat species occurring independently or in mixtures with other meat species as well as meat subjected to thermal treatment or other technological processes in the course of industrial production. The only exception is the PCR-RAPD method that fails to identify meat species in the case of strong DNA degradation or in complex meat mixtures.

- by Paul Mozdziak
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- DNA, Traceability, Food Sciences

a b s t r a c t Context: Model-Driven Engineering provides a new landscape for dealing with traceability in software development. Objective: Our goal is to analyze the current state of the art in traceability management in the context of Model-Driven Engineering. Method: We use the systematic literature review based on the guidelines proposed by Kitchenham. We propose five research questions and six quality assessments. Results: Of the 157 relevant studies identified, 29 have been considered primary studies. These studies have resulted in 17 proposals. Conclusion: The evaluation shows that the most addressed operations are storage, CRUD and visualization, while the most immature operations are exchange and analysis traceability information.

- by Juan M Vara and +2
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- Information Systems, Computer Software, Systematic Literature Review, Traceability

This manuscript reports on a project to examine the feasibility of extensive radio frequency identification (RFID) tagging to determine product provenance in the meat production industry. The investigators examined existing technologies and meat production processes as well as emerging technologies in RFID tagging to assess the potential of RFID technologies for provenance assurance. While RFID technologies hold tremendous promise for traceability, the current state of the technology and production process creates challenges for effectively creating full traceability. However, RFID holds tremendous potential for improving processing throughput, which will help make RFIDbased traceability more attractive for adoption by meat processors.

- by Brian Mennecke and +1
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- Management Information Systems, Radio Frequency Identification, Production Process, Brand Marketing

A proficiency testing (PT) scheme was developed for a limited number of analytical laboratories participating in the analysis of natural water in Israel. Three fit-for-intended-use reference materials (RMs) were prepared for a pilot PT from natural water: RM-blank and two in-house reference materials (IHRMs) with seven analytes fortified to achieve different levels of analyte concentrations. The measurands for the PT participants were the traceable spike values certified in the IHRMs, i.e., added mass concentrations of the analytes. The RM-blank and IHRMs were found to be homogeneous and stable over 11 days, the time necessary for the experimental part of the PT. The RMs were distributed to the PT participants as unknown test items similar to routine samples. The test results were evaluated using their deviations from the IHRM-certified values. Eight Israeli laboratories took part in the interlaboratory comparison. Individual laboratory performance and metrological compatibility of the PT results of the participants, as a local group of laboratories, were evaluated for every analyte.

- by Ilya Kuselman
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- Analytical Chemistry, Water, Accreditation and Quality Assurance, Concentration
- by Ellen Goddard
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- Marketing, International Relations, International Trade, Supply Chain