Passive voice (original) (raw)
تنقسم الأفعال إلى مبني للمجهول وفعل مبني للمعلوم، والثاني هو ما عُلم فاعله وذُكر في الكلام، والفعل المبني للمجهول وفعل ما لم يسم فاعله هو كل فعل لم يُعلم فاعله، أي مجهول. وينوب عنه عادة المفعول به ويكون مرفوعا ويعرب نائب فاعل، وإذا دخل على جملة تسمى جملة مبنية للمجهول، وهو يأتي في الفعل الماضي والفعل المضارع ولكنه لا يأتي في فعل الأمر مطلقاً.
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| dbo:abstract | La veu passiva és una construcció verbal en algunes llengües per la qual es presenta al subjecte com a passiu (subjecte pacient), mentre que l'acció executada pel verb és exercida per un complement (complement agent) i no pel subjecte agent del verb en veu activa. La veu passiva converteix a un verb transitiu (que requereix un complement per tenir significat) en un verb intransitiu amb un sol argument principal possible (l'agent quan s'expressa mitjançant un adjunt marcat amb cas oblic o preposicional). El grec, el llatí, entre d'altres llengües, posseeixen morfemes específics per a la veu passiva; en castellà el més semblant que hi ha és el morfema se de la construcció gramatical anomenada pasiva refleja. (Se vende piso = Un piso es vendido por alguien). L'anglès, l'espanyol i altres llengües neollatines o romàniques utilitzen construccions perifràstiques per formar la veu passiva: Verb ser en el temps de l'activa + participi del verb que es conjuga. (ca) تنقسم الأفعال إلى مبني للمجهول وفعل مبني للمعلوم، والثاني هو ما عُلم فاعله وذُكر في الكلام، والفعل المبني للمجهول وفعل ما لم يسم فاعله هو كل فعل لم يُعلم فاعله، أي مجهول. وينوب عنه عادة المفعول به ويكون مرفوعا ويعرب نائب فاعل، وإذا دخل على جملة تسمى جملة مبنية للمجهول، وهو يأتي في الفعل الماضي والفعل المضارع ولكنه لا يأتي في فعل الأمر مطلقاً. (ar) Trpný rod (pasivum) je mluvnická kategorie sloves (slovesný rod), kterou vyjadřujeme, že podmět není původcem děje, ale tento děj podmět „trpí“, je pasivní – na rozdíl od činného rodu (aktiva), kde podmět je aktivní, tj. je původcem stavu nebo děje. (cs) La voz pasiva es una construcción verbal en algunas lenguas por la cual se presenta al sujeto como pasivo (sujeto paciente), mientras que la acción ejecutada por el verbo es desempeñada por un complemento (complemento agente) y no por el sujeto agente del verbo en voz activa. La voz pasiva convierte a un verbo transitivo en un verbo intransitivo con un solo argumento principal posible (el agente cuando se expresa mediante un adjunto marcado con caso oblicuo o preposicional). El griego, el latín, entre otras lenguas, poseen morfemas específicos para la voz pasiva; en castellano lo más parecido que hay es el morfema se de la llamada pasiva refleja (Se vende piso = Un piso es vendido por alguien). El inglés, el español y otras lenguas neolatinas o románicas utilizan construcciones perifrásticas para formar la voz pasiva: Verbo ser en el tiempo de la activa + participio del verbo que se conjuga. (es) En grammaire, la voix passive ou plus simplement le passif est une forme verbale qui se distingue de la voix active par un marquage grammatical spécifique. Son emploi entraîne un remaniement de la structure syntaxique de la proposition de base, c'est-à-dire celle dont le verbe est à la voix active. En français, à de rares exceptions près, seuls les verbes transitifs directs peuvent être conjugués au passif. L'objet de la proposition de base devient alors le sujet de la forme passive, mais le sujet du verbe à la forme active disparaît (passif non agentif) ou passe à l'arrière-plan sous forme de complément oblique (ou circonstanciel), appelé traditionnellement complément d'agent (passif agentif) ; le verbe, perdant un de ses arguments ou le rétrogradant au rôle de circonstant, devient intransitif. Cette transformation entraîne un nouveau rapport entre les fonctions des groupes nominaux et les actants qu'ils représentent, l'objet (ou le patient) devenant sujet, ce que de nombreux linguistes appellent un changement de diathèse. La voix passive s'oppose ainsi à la voix active du fait de l'inversion de la répartition en fonctions syntaxiques des rôles sémantiques d'agent et de patient.Il en résulte une thématisation du patient ou objet, devenu sujet, par inversion ou disparition de l'agent. Cette présentation, pertinente pour de nombreuses langues accusatives, est toutefois réductrice dans une perspective plurilinguistique, puisque le verbe passif peut ne pas avoir de sujet exprimé (passifs impersonnels) et qu'il peut s'agir dans ce cas d'un verbe intransitif. Par ailleurs, la thématisation par modification de diathèse peut s'étendre à d'autres actants que l'objet, comme c'est le cas pour les verbes prépositionnels et les verbes à double complément du type donner de l'anglais. (fr) A passive voice construction is a grammatical voice construction that is found in many languages. In a clause with passive voice, the grammatical subject expresses the theme or patient of the main verb – that is, the person or thing that undergoes the action or has its state changed. This contrasts with active voice, in which the subject has the agent role. For example, in the passive sentence "The tree was pulled down", the subject (the tree) denotes the patient rather than the agent of the action. In contrast, the sentences "Someone pulled down the tree" and "The tree is down" are active sentences. Typically, in passive clauses, what is usually expressed by the object (or sometimes another argument) of the verb is now expressed by the subject, while what is usually expressed by the subject is either omitted or is indicated by some adjunct of the clause. Thus, turning an active sense of a verb into a passive sense is a valence-decreasing process ("detransitivizing process"), because it syntactically turns a transitive sense into an intransitive sense. This is not always the case; for example in Japanese a passive-voice construction does not necessarily decrease valence. Many languages have both an active and a passive voice; this allows for greater flexibility in sentence construction, as either the semantic agent or patient may take the syntactic role of subject. The use of passive voice allows speakers to organize stretches of discourse by placing figures other than the agent in subject position. This may be done to foreground the patient, recipient, or other thematic role; it may also be useful when the semantic patient is the topic of on-going discussion. The passive voice may also be used to avoid specifying the agent of an action. (en) Diatesis pasif atau verba pasif adalah suatu diatesis verba yang mengindikasikan tindakan yang dilakukan kepada subjek. Diatesis pasif bermakna bahwa subjek menerima dan memperoleh suatu tindakan. Contohnya dalam kalimat "Dia ditampar oleh pacarnya", si dia merupakan penerima tindakan tersebut. Diatesis pasif mirip dengan diatesis medial, kecuali dalam kala mendatang dan kala aoris. (in) 受動態（じゅどうたい、英: passive voice）とは、典型的には、能動態とは違って行為者が主語にならずに、行為を受ける対象が主語となる態である。能動態とは異なる特別な形式を持っている（有標である）。被動態（ひどうたい）または受身（うけみ）とも呼ばれる。 (ja) 수동태(受動態, passive voice) 또는 피동태(被動態)는 언어학에서 말하는 태 중의 하나로, 어떤 문장의 주어가 그 문장의 동사가 나타내는 행위의 일 경우를 의미한다. 주어가 행위자일 경우인 능동태에서 전환이 가능한 경우가 종종 있다. 많은 언어에서 수동태를 나타내기 위해서는 동사가 특별한 수동형으로 바뀌어야 한다. 다른 조동사나 분사 등의 전혀 다른 문장 성분을 추가로 도입하여 원 동사의 복잡한 어형 변화 없이 수동 동사구를 형성하는 경우를 분석적 수동태(analytic passive voice)라 하며, 원래의 동사에서 다른 성분의 도입 없이 어형 변화를 통해 수동 동사를 형성하는 경우를 종합적 수동태(synthetic passive voice)라 한다. 인도네시아어와 같은 일부 언어는 동사 부분의 추가적 변화 없이 오직 어순의 변화를 통해 수동태를 표현하는 경우도 있는데, 그 경우도 넓은 의미에서 분석적 수동태에 속하는 것으로 간주한다. 인도유럽 조어에는 태가 능동태와 밖에 없었기 때문에, 대부분의 인도유럽어족의 언어에 존재하는 수동태는 인도유럽 조어에 존재하던 중간태가 변해서 이루어진 형식으로 되어 있다. 언어에 따라 수동태와 중간태를 모두 갖고 있는 언어도 있고, 수동태와 중간태 중 어느 한 쪽만 가진 언어도 있다. (ko) La diatesi passiva è un tipo di diatesi circostanziale che eleva l'argomento (espresso tramite l'oggetto) in un soggetto, rimanendo semanticamente il paziente. Il soggetto viene invece declassato in un argomento obliquo, in genere un complemento d'agente. Va innanzitutto premesso che tale forma verbale non è possibile nei verbi intransitivi, ma solo nei verbi transitivi. Il senso della costruzione passiva è quello di mettere in evidenza il punto di vista dell'oggetto semantico, quello che subisce dunque l'azione. Per esempio, la frase attiva: * il cane mangia i biscotti può essere trasformata in una proposizione passiva: * i biscotti sono mangiati dal cane. I rapporti tra agente e di fatto rimangono invariati, e dal punto di vista semantico possiamo dire che i biscotti resta un oggetto. Ciò che cambia completamente è comunque la struttura grammaticale dell'enunciato; i biscotti assume il ruolo di soggetto grammaticale ed arriva quindi a determinare quella che sarà la forma del verbo: * i biscotti (soggetto) sono mangiati dal cane (complemento di agente). il cane conserva il ruolo di agente, ma perde invece il ruolo di soggetto grammaticale per diventare un complemento, che come tale non dovrà neanche necessariamente essere specificato (I biscotti sono mangiati). (it) Passivum (passiv diates, passiv form) är en morfologisk diates (ibland kallat verbgenus), det vill säga en böjningsform hos verb som markerar subjektets roll i satsen. Passivum markerar att subjektet är föremålet för handlingen i satsen, till skillnad från exempelvis aktivum, där subjektet utgör den handlande. I svenskan markeras passivum antingen medelst ändelsen -s, vilken dock även kan ha andra funktioner (se deponens), eller genom omskrivning med former av hjälpverben att bli eller att vara tillsammans med perfekt particip av huvudverbet. Exempel: * Katten jagas av räven. * Katten blir jagad av räven. * Katten är jagad. I båda fallen är "Katten" subjektet i meningen, men inte "den som handlar" (agenten), utan "föremålet för handlingen". Däremot: är subjektet "katten" "den som handlar" i meningen "Katten jagar räven". Passivformerna har olika betydelse i exempelfraserna huset blir byggt och huset är byggt, där det senare exemplet betecknar en avslutad process som har skett. (sv) 被動語態（英語：Passive voice）是許多語言中常見的語態之一。在一個使用被動語態的從句中，主語表達主動詞的客體（theme）或（patient）時，所提及的人或物兩者要麽有一個會經歷句子的動作，要麽兩者之間的狀態會進行互換。這一概念與主語擁有主事的主動語態相對應。例如在被動句「The tree was pulled down」（意即「樹被推倒了」）中，主語（the tree）指的是行動的受事而非主事。與之相反，「Someone pulled down the tree」（有人推倒了樹）和「The tree is down」（樹倒了）都屬于主動句。 在被動句中，通常應由動詞賓語或另一論元表達的内容改由主語表達；通常應該由主語表達的内容會被直接刪除或者由句子的表示。因此，將主動動詞轉化爲被動動詞實際上使及物動詞變成了不及物動詞，從而形成了一個降低配價的過程。但該規則并非永远适用，如在日本語中，被動語態結構與配價的降低就沒有必然聯係。 許多語言同時具備主動和被動語態——這一性質能夠使句子結構更加靈活，而無論是語義的主事還是受事都能承擔主語的句法角色。使用被動語態可以令人在交談中通過將修辭部分（而非主事）置於主語位置從而達到組織話語時的彈性。這一目的可以通過前景化受事或其它主題角色（主題關係）或將語義受事當作談話的主題來完成。被動語態同樣可以用作避免説明一個動作的主事。 (zh) |
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| rdfs:comment | تنقسم الأفعال إلى مبني للمجهول وفعل مبني للمعلوم، والثاني هو ما عُلم فاعله وذُكر في الكلام، والفعل المبني للمجهول وفعل ما لم يسم فاعله هو كل فعل لم يُعلم فاعله، أي مجهول. وينوب عنه عادة المفعول به ويكون مرفوعا ويعرب نائب فاعل، وإذا دخل على جملة تسمى جملة مبنية للمجهول، وهو يأتي في الفعل الماضي والفعل المضارع ولكنه لا يأتي في فعل الأمر مطلقاً. (ar) Trpný rod (pasivum) je mluvnická kategorie sloves (slovesný rod), kterou vyjadřujeme, že podmět není původcem děje, ale tento děj podmět „trpí“, je pasivní – na rozdíl od činného rodu (aktiva), kde podmět je aktivní, tj. je původcem stavu nebo děje. (cs) Diatesis pasif atau verba pasif adalah suatu diatesis verba yang mengindikasikan tindakan yang dilakukan kepada subjek. Diatesis pasif bermakna bahwa subjek menerima dan memperoleh suatu tindakan. Contohnya dalam kalimat "Dia ditampar oleh pacarnya", si dia merupakan penerima tindakan tersebut. Diatesis pasif mirip dengan diatesis medial, kecuali dalam kala mendatang dan kala aoris. (in) 受動態（じゅどうたい、英: passive voice）とは、典型的には、能動態とは違って行為者が主語にならずに、行為を受ける対象が主語となる態である。能動態とは異なる特別な形式を持っている（有標である）。被動態（ひどうたい）または受身（うけみ）とも呼ばれる。 (ja) 被動語態（英語：Passive voice）是許多語言中常見的語態之一。在一個使用被動語態的從句中，主語表達主動詞的客體（theme）或（patient）時，所提及的人或物兩者要麽有一個會經歷句子的動作，要麽兩者之間的狀態會進行互換。這一概念與主語擁有主事的主動語態相對應。例如在被動句「The tree was pulled down」（意即「樹被推倒了」）中，主語（the tree）指的是行動的受事而非主事。與之相反，「Someone pulled down the tree」（有人推倒了樹）和「The tree is down」（樹倒了）都屬于主動句。 在被動句中，通常應由動詞賓語或另一論元表達的内容改由主語表達；通常應該由主語表達的内容會被直接刪除或者由句子的表示。因此，將主動動詞轉化爲被動動詞實際上使及物動詞變成了不及物動詞，從而形成了一個降低配價的過程。但該規則并非永远适用，如在日本語中，被動語態結構與配價的降低就沒有必然聯係。 許多語言同時具備主動和被動語態——這一性質能夠使句子結構更加靈活，而無論是語義的主事還是受事都能承擔主語的句法角色。使用被動語態可以令人在交談中通過將修辭部分（而非主事）置於主語位置從而達到組織話語時的彈性。這一目的可以通過前景化受事或其它主題角色（主題關係）或將語義受事當作談話的主題來完成。被動語態同樣可以用作避免説明一個動作的主事。 (zh) La veu passiva és una construcció verbal en algunes llengües per la qual es presenta al subjecte com a passiu (subjecte pacient), mentre que l'acció executada pel verb és exercida per un complement (complement agent) i no pel subjecte agent del verb en veu activa. La veu passiva converteix a un verb transitiu (que requereix un complement per tenir significat) en un verb intransitiu amb un sol argument principal possible (l'agent quan s'expressa mitjançant un adjunt marcat amb cas oblic o preposicional). (ca) La voz pasiva es una construcción verbal en algunas lenguas por la cual se presenta al sujeto como pasivo (sujeto paciente), mientras que la acción ejecutada por el verbo es desempeñada por un complemento (complemento agente) y no por el sujeto agente del verbo en voz activa. La voz pasiva convierte a un verbo transitivo en un verbo intransitivo con un solo argumento principal posible (el agente cuando se expresa mediante un adjunto marcado con caso oblicuo o preposicional). (es) En grammaire, la voix passive ou plus simplement le passif est une forme verbale qui se distingue de la voix active par un marquage grammatical spécifique. Son emploi entraîne un remaniement de la structure syntaxique de la proposition de base, c'est-à-dire celle dont le verbe est à la voix active. En français, à de rares exceptions près, seuls les verbes transitifs directs peuvent être conjugués au passif. L'objet de la proposition de base devient alors le sujet de la forme passive, mais le sujet du verbe à la forme active disparaît (passif non agentif) ou passe à l'arrière-plan sous forme de complément oblique (ou circonstanciel), appelé traditionnellement complément d'agent (passif agentif) ; le verbe, perdant un de ses arguments ou le rétrogradant au rôle de circonstant, devient intran (fr) A passive voice construction is a grammatical voice construction that is found in many languages. In a clause with passive voice, the grammatical subject expresses the theme or patient of the main verb – that is, the person or thing that undergoes the action or has its state changed. This contrasts with active voice, in which the subject has the agent role. For example, in the passive sentence "The tree was pulled down", the subject (the tree) denotes the patient rather than the agent of the action. In contrast, the sentences "Someone pulled down the tree" and "The tree is down" are active sentences. (en) 수동태(受動態, passive voice) 또는 피동태(被動態)는 언어학에서 말하는 태 중의 하나로, 어떤 문장의 주어가 그 문장의 동사가 나타내는 행위의 일 경우를 의미한다. 주어가 행위자일 경우인 능동태에서 전환이 가능한 경우가 종종 있다. 많은 언어에서 수동태를 나타내기 위해서는 동사가 특별한 수동형으로 바뀌어야 한다. 다른 조동사나 분사 등의 전혀 다른 문장 성분을 추가로 도입하여 원 동사의 복잡한 어형 변화 없이 수동 동사구를 형성하는 경우를 분석적 수동태(analytic passive voice)라 하며, 원래의 동사에서 다른 성분의 도입 없이 어형 변화를 통해 수동 동사를 형성하는 경우를 종합적 수동태(synthetic passive voice)라 한다. 인도네시아어와 같은 일부 언어는 동사 부분의 추가적 변화 없이 오직 어순의 변화를 통해 수동태를 표현하는 경우도 있는데, 그 경우도 넓은 의미에서 분석적 수동태에 속하는 것으로 간주한다. (ko) La diatesi passiva è un tipo di diatesi circostanziale che eleva l'argomento (espresso tramite l'oggetto) in un soggetto, rimanendo semanticamente il paziente. Il soggetto viene invece declassato in un argomento obliquo, in genere un complemento d'agente. Va innanzitutto premesso che tale forma verbale non è possibile nei verbi intransitivi, ma solo nei verbi transitivi. Il senso della costruzione passiva è quello di mettere in evidenza il punto di vista dell'oggetto semantico, quello che subisce dunque l'azione. Per esempio, la frase attiva: * il cane mangia i biscotti (it) Passivum (passiv diates, passiv form) är en morfologisk diates (ibland kallat verbgenus), det vill säga en böjningsform hos verb som markerar subjektets roll i satsen. Passivum markerar att subjektet är föremålet för handlingen i satsen, till skillnad från exempelvis aktivum, där subjektet utgör den handlande. I svenskan markeras passivum antingen medelst ändelsen -s, vilken dock även kan ha andra funktioner (se deponens), eller genom omskrivning med former av hjälpverben att bli eller att vara tillsammans med perfekt particip av huvudverbet. Exempel: (sv) |
| rdfs:label | فعل مبني للمجهول (ar) Veu passiva (ca) Trpný rod (cs) Voz pasiva (es) Diatesis pasif (in) Voix passive (fr) Diatesi passiva (it) 수동태 (ko) 受動態 (ja) Passive voice (en) Lijdende vorm (nl) Passivum (sv) 被動語態 (zh) |
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