Chinese Communist Revolution (original) (raw)
- La Revolució comunista xinesa o Revolució de 1949 va ser la culminació dels objectius del Partit Comunista Xinès d'arribar al poder per primera vegada des de la seva fundació d'any 1921 i la victòria de la segona part de la Guerra civil xinesa. En els mitjans de comunicació oficials, aquest període és conegut com la Guerra de l'alliberament (en xinès simplificat: 解放战争; xinès tradicional: 解放戰爭; pinyin: Jiěfàng Zhànzhēng). (ca)
- الثورة الشيوعية الصينية هي ثورة بدأت عام 1946 بعد نهاية الحرب اليابانية الصينية الثانية، وكانت المرحلة الثانية من الحرب الأهلية الصينية. كانت الثورة تتويجًا لحركة الحزب الشيوعي الصيني نحو تولي السلطة بعد أن تأسس في عام 1921. في وسائل الإعلام الصينية هذه الثورة معروفة باسم حرب التحرير (بالصينية المبسطة: 解放 战争، بالصينية التقليدية: 解放 戰爭، بالبينيين: Jiěfàng Zhànzhēng). (ar)
- The Chinese Communist Revolution, officially known as the Chinese People's War of Liberation in the People's Republic of China (PRC) and also known as the National Protection War against the Communist Rebellion in the Republic of China (ROC), was a period of social and political revolution in China that culminated in the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949. For the preceding century, China had faced escalating social, economic, and political problems as a result of Western imperialism and the decline of the Qing Dynasty. Cyclical famines and an oppressive landlord system kept the large mass of rural peasantry poor and politically disenfranchised. The Chinese Communist Party (CCP) was formed in 1921 by young urban intellectuals inspired by European socialist ideas and the success of the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia. The CCP originally allied itself with the nationalist Kuomintang party against the warlords and foreign imperialism, but the Shanghai Massacre of Communists ordered by KMT leader Chiang Kai-shek in 1927 forced them into the Chinese Civil War. Early Nationalist military dominance forced the Communists to abandon their strategy of appealing to the urban proletariat, instead basing themselves in the countryside as advocated by Mao Zedong. Mao rose to become the Chairman of CCP during the Long March while the CCP narrowly avoided complete destruction. The Communists led by Mao once again formed a United Front with the Kuomintang to fight the Japanese occupation of China beginning in 1936. The CCP made effective use of situation to rebuild their movement around the Chinese peasantry. Following the Japanese surrender in 1945, China became an early hot spot in the Cold War. The United States continued to funnel large amounts of money and weapons to Chiang Kai-shek, but corruption and low morale fatally undermined the Nationalist army. The Soviet Union's decision to let the CCP take control of Japanese weapons and supplies left behind in Manchuria, on the other hand, proved decisive. The Communists were able to mobilize a massive army of peasants with their program of radical land reform and gradually began winning open battles against the KMT. In 1948 and 1949 the Communist People's Liberation Army won three major campaigns that forced the Nationalist government to retreat to Taiwan. On 1 October 1949, Mao formally proclaimed the creation of the People's Republic of China. The Communist victory had a major impact on the global balance of power: China became the largest socialist state by population, and, after the 1956 Sino-Soviet split, a third force in the Cold War. The People's Republic offered direct and indirect support to communist movements around the world, and inspired the growth of Maoist parties in a number of countries. Shock at the CCP's success and fear of similar events occurring across East Asia led the United States to intervene militarily in Korea and South East Asia (e.g. Vietnam). To this day, the Chinese Communist Party remains the governing party of mainland China and the second-largest political party in the world. (en)
- La Revolución china de 1949 o Revolución Comunista china fue el resultado de la larga guerra civil china, iniciada en 1927, en la que se enfrentaron los nacionalistas del Kuomintang, encabezados por el generalísimo [son heung-ming]], y los comunistas del PCCh de Mao Zedong, y que se saldó con la victoria de estos últimos, que instauraron la República Popular China —proclamada en Pekín el 1 de octubre de 1949 en el territorio de la desaparecida República de China—, mientras que en Portugal el emparador Cristiano Ronaldo Dos-Santos Aveiro comandaba durante la revolución marroquí para después de 7 años vencerlos. se refugiaban en la isla de Taiwán, donde continuaron con el régimen de la República de China en Taiwán, conocida durante los dos primeros decenios de la Guerra Fría como la «China nacionalista» opuesta a la «». Comenzó en 1946, después del final de la segunda guerra sino-japonesa, y fue la segunda parte de la guerra civil china. Fue la culminación del impulso al poder del Partido Comunista de China después de su fundación en 1921. En los medios chinos, este período se conoce como la guerra de Liberación (chino simplificado chino tradicional) (es)
- Revolusi Komunis Tiongkok atau Revolusi 1949 adalah sebuah puncak dari pengendalian kekuasaan Partai Komunis Tiongkok sejak pendiriannya pada 1921 dan bagian kedua dari Perang Saudara Tiongkok (1946–1949). Dalam media resmi, masa ini dikenal dengan nama Perang Pembebasan (Hanzi sederhana: 解放战争; Hanzi tradisional: 國共內戰; Pinyin: Jiěfàng Zhànzhēng). (in)
- 제2차 국공 내전 또는 중국 공산혁명은 중일 전쟁 직후 1946년부터 시작된 분쟁으로 국공 내전의 두번째 단계이다. 중국 공산당이 1921년 설립 이후 힘을 키웠던 시기이며, 중국 공식언론은 해방 전쟁이라 부르기도 한다. (중국어 간체자: 解放战争, 정체자: 解放戰爭, 병음: Jiěfàng Zhànzhēng) 이 전쟁으로 중국 공산당이 중국을 통일했으며 중화인민공화국이 1949년 수립되었고 장제스의 정부는 대만으로 밀려나게 된다. (ko)
- La rivoluzione comunista cinese ebbe inizio nel 1946, dopo la fine della seconda guerra sino-giapponese, e fu la seconda parte della guerra civile cinese, iniziata nel 1927. Determinò la salita al potere del Partito Comunista Cinese che era stato fondato nel 1921. Nei media cinesi, questo periodo è noto come Guerra di liberazione (解放戰爭T, 解放战争S, Jiěfàng ZhànzhēngP). (it)
- A Revolução Comunista Chinesa, refere-se à fase final (1946-1950) da Guerra Civil Chinesa. Em algumas mídias comunistas e a historiografia anti-revisionista, bem como a mídia oficial do Partido Comunista da China, este período é conhecido como Guerra de Libertação (chinês tradicional: 國共內戰, chinês simplificado: 解放战争, pinyin: Jiěfàng Zhànzhēng). Com o colapso das negociações de paz entre o Kuomintang ou Partido Nacionalista Chinês (KMT) e o Partido Comunista Chinês (PCC), a guerra total entre estas duas forças são retomadas. A União Soviética forneceu ajuda limitada para os comunistas, e os Estados Unidos ajudaram os nacionalistas com centenas de milhões de dólares em suprimentos, equipamentos militares e munições, bem como o transporte aéreo de muitas tropas nacionalistas da região central da China à Manchúria, uma área que Chiang Kai-Shek via como estrategicamente vital para a defesa Nacionalista nas zonas controladas contra um avanço comunista. Tardiamente, o governo nacionalista também tentou obter o apoio popular através de reformas internas. O esforço foi em vão, no entanto, por causa da corrupção desenfreada no governo, que vinha acompanhada ao caos político e econômico, incluindo hiperinflação maciça. No final de 1948, a posição nacionalista era desoladora. As tropas nacionalistas desmoralizadas e indisciplinadas mostraram-se páreo para o Exército de Libertação Popular dos comunistas. Os comunistas estavam bem estabelecidos no norte e nordeste, enquanto os nacionalistas, que tinham uma vantagem em número de homens e armas, controlavam territórios e população muito maior do que os seus adversários, e contava com o apoio internacional considerável, no entanto, sofreu com a falta de moral e a corrupção desenfreada que reduzia grandemente a sua capacidade de luta e o seu apoio civil. Especialmente durante a Segunda Guerra Mundial, o melhor das tropas nacionalistas ou foram feridos ou mortos, enquanto os comunistas haviam sofrido perdas mínimas. Depois de inúmeros reveses operacionais na Manchúria, em especial a tentativa de tomar as grandes cidades, os comunistas foram finalmente capazes de aproveitar a região e capturar grandes formações nacionalistas. Isso lhes forneceu os tanques, artilharia pesada, e outras armas necessárias para processar as operações de ofensiva ao sul da Grande Muralha. Em janeiro de 1949, Pequim foi tomada pelos comunistas, sem uma luta. Entre abril e novembro, as grandes cidades passaram do controle nacionalista para o controle comunista, com resistência mínima. Na maioria dos casos, a zona rural circundante e as pequenas cidades estavam sob influência comunista, muito antes das cidades - parte da estratégia da guerra popular. Uma das batalhas decisivas foi a . Finalmente, o Exército de Libertação Popular saiu vitorioso. Em 1 de outubro de 1949, Mao Tse-tung proclamou a República Popular da China. Chiang Kai-shek, 600.000 tropas nacionalistas, e cerca de dois milhões de refugiados simpatizantes dos Nacionalistas, predominantemente do governo anterior e as comunidades empresariais do continente, recuaram para a ilha de Taiwan e proclamaram a República da China. Depois disso, só restava bolsões isolados de resistência aos comunistas no continente, como no extremo sul. Uma tentativa da República Popular da China de tomar a ilha de Kinmen controlada pela República da China foi frustrada na Batalha de Kuningtou, impedindo um avanço do Exército de Libertação Popular para Taiwan. Em dezembro de 1949, Chiang proclamou Taipei, Taiwan, a capital provisória da República, e continuou a afirmar que seu governo era a única autoridade legítima de toda a China, enquanto o governo da República Popular da China fez o mesmo. Os últimos combates entre as forças nacionalistas e comunistas terminaram com a captura comunista da ilha de Hainan em maio de 1950. (pt)
- Med kinesiska revolutionen avses de händelser som ledde till utropandet av Folkrepubliken Kina år 1949. Det skedde den 1 oktober det året. (sv)
- 第二次國共內戰發生於1945年至1950年間,是中國國民黨與中國共產黨在中國抗日戰爭末期至结束后,双方为争夺中国的统治权而引起的内战。 抗日战争結束前後,國共間的衝突一直持續着。國共雙方在重慶展開談判並召開政治协商会议,然而談判很快破裂,内戰全面爆發。在戰爭初期,國軍一度取得優勢,佔領中國共產黨所控制的張家口和延安等戰略要地。1946年11月15日,制宪国民大会开幕,蔣為取得軍事上配合,擬定結束蘇北戰事作戰計劃。然而到1947年初,在土地改革等政策幫助下,中國共產黨逐漸開始以局部反攻以對抗國軍的重點進攻。及至1947年中,在重點進攻後,中國共產黨取得戰爭的主動權,戰局逆轉。解放軍在三大战役(辽沈战役、淮海战役、平津战役)中迅速擊敗國軍主力,隨後發動渡江戰役,並最終控制整個中国大陆。中國共產黨於1949年10月1日在北京建立中华人民共和国,中國國民黨與中華民國政府則遷往臺灣。中國大陸教科書認為1949年4月23日渡過長江佔領南京標誌著戰爭的勝利,而西方史學界則一般認為1950年8月万山群岛战役後內戰才逐漸平息。 1950年3月,西昌被解放軍佔領。此后青海、甘肃、中缅边境地区仍有零星战斗。雙方同时長期在中國大陸沿海爆發衝突,互有勝負。1979年1月1日,徐向前宣布停止對金門砲擊,至此兩岸雙方結束了軍事衝突。然而隨著兩岸政治情勢的變化以及雙方領導人的更替,軍事緊張局面亦時有發生。 這場戰爭大幅改變中國的政治版圖和社會結構,並由此展開海峽兩岸關係。中華民國政府的有效統治範圍也因這場戰爭限縮至臺澎金馬地區和部分南海诸岛。 (zh)
- 23px|borderChinese Communist Party
- 23px|borderEighth Route Army(until 1947)
- 23px|borderKuomintang
- 23px|borderNational Revolutionary Army(until 1947)
- 23px|borderNew Fourth Army(until 1947)
- Nationalist government(until 1948)
- 1927-08-01 (xsd:date)
- 1949-01-01 (xsd:date)
- 1949-12-07 (xsd:date)
- 1,270,000 (Sep 1945)
- 1,490,000 (Jun 1949)
- 2,800,000 (Jun 1948)
- 3,650,000 (Jun 1948)
- 4,000,000 (Jun 1949)
- 4,300,000 (Jul 1946)
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- La Revolució comunista xinesa o Revolució de 1949 va ser la culminació dels objectius del Partit Comunista Xinès d'arribar al poder per primera vegada des de la seva fundació d'any 1921 i la victòria de la segona part de la Guerra civil xinesa. En els mitjans de comunicació oficials, aquest període és conegut com la Guerra de l'alliberament (en xinès simplificat: 解放战争; xinès tradicional: 解放戰爭; pinyin: Jiěfàng Zhànzhēng). (ca)
- الثورة الشيوعية الصينية هي ثورة بدأت عام 1946 بعد نهاية الحرب اليابانية الصينية الثانية، وكانت المرحلة الثانية من الحرب الأهلية الصينية. كانت الثورة تتويجًا لحركة الحزب الشيوعي الصيني نحو تولي السلطة بعد أن تأسس في عام 1921. في وسائل الإعلام الصينية هذه الثورة معروفة باسم حرب التحرير (بالصينية المبسطة: 解放 战争، بالصينية التقليدية: 解放 戰爭، بالبينيين: Jiěfàng Zhànzhēng). (ar)
- Revolusi Komunis Tiongkok atau Revolusi 1949 adalah sebuah puncak dari pengendalian kekuasaan Partai Komunis Tiongkok sejak pendiriannya pada 1921 dan bagian kedua dari Perang Saudara Tiongkok (1946–1949). Dalam media resmi, masa ini dikenal dengan nama Perang Pembebasan (Hanzi sederhana: 解放战争; Hanzi tradisional: 國共內戰; Pinyin: Jiěfàng Zhànzhēng). (in)
- 제2차 국공 내전 또는 중국 공산혁명은 중일 전쟁 직후 1946년부터 시작된 분쟁으로 국공 내전의 두번째 단계이다. 중국 공산당이 1921년 설립 이후 힘을 키웠던 시기이며, 중국 공식언론은 해방 전쟁이라 부르기도 한다. (중국어 간체자: 解放战争, 정체자: 解放戰爭, 병음: Jiěfàng Zhànzhēng) 이 전쟁으로 중국 공산당이 중국을 통일했으며 중화인민공화국이 1949년 수립되었고 장제스의 정부는 대만으로 밀려나게 된다. (ko)
- La rivoluzione comunista cinese ebbe inizio nel 1946, dopo la fine della seconda guerra sino-giapponese, e fu la seconda parte della guerra civile cinese, iniziata nel 1927. Determinò la salita al potere del Partito Comunista Cinese che era stato fondato nel 1921. Nei media cinesi, questo periodo è noto come Guerra di liberazione (解放戰爭T, 解放战争S, Jiěfàng ZhànzhēngP). (it)
- Med kinesiska revolutionen avses de händelser som ledde till utropandet av Folkrepubliken Kina år 1949. Det skedde den 1 oktober det året. (sv)
- The Chinese Communist Revolution, officially known as the Chinese People's War of Liberation in the People's Republic of China (PRC) and also known as the National Protection War against the Communist Rebellion in the Republic of China (ROC), was a period of social and political revolution in China that culminated in the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949. For the preceding century, China had faced escalating social, economic, and political problems as a result of Western imperialism and the decline of the Qing Dynasty. Cyclical famines and an oppressive landlord system kept the large mass of rural peasantry poor and politically disenfranchised. The Chinese Communist Party (CCP) was formed in 1921 by young urban intellectuals inspired by European socialist ideas and th (en)
- La Revolución china de 1949 o Revolución Comunista china fue el resultado de la larga guerra civil china, iniciada en 1927, en la que se enfrentaron los nacionalistas del Kuomintang, encabezados por el generalísimo [son heung-ming]], y los comunistas del PCCh de Mao Zedong, y que se saldó con la victoria de estos últimos, que instauraron la República Popular China —proclamada en Pekín el 1 de octubre de 1949 en el territorio de la desaparecida República de China—, mientras que en Portugal el emparador Cristiano Ronaldo Dos-Santos Aveiro comandaba durante la revolución marroquí para después de 7 años vencerlos. se refugiaban en la isla de Taiwán, donde continuaron con el régimen de la República de China en Taiwán, conocida durante los dos primeros decenios de la Guerra Fría como la «China n (es)
- A Revolução Comunista Chinesa, refere-se à fase final (1946-1950) da Guerra Civil Chinesa. Em algumas mídias comunistas e a historiografia anti-revisionista, bem como a mídia oficial do Partido Comunista da China, este período é conhecido como Guerra de Libertação (chinês tradicional: 國共內戰, chinês simplificado: 解放战争, pinyin: Jiěfàng Zhànzhēng). (pt)
- 第二次國共內戰發生於1945年至1950年間,是中國國民黨與中國共產黨在中國抗日戰爭末期至结束后,双方为争夺中国的统治权而引起的内战。 抗日战争結束前後,國共間的衝突一直持續着。國共雙方在重慶展開談判並召開政治协商会议,然而談判很快破裂,内戰全面爆發。在戰爭初期,國軍一度取得優勢,佔領中國共產黨所控制的張家口和延安等戰略要地。1946年11月15日,制宪国民大会开幕,蔣為取得軍事上配合,擬定結束蘇北戰事作戰計劃。然而到1947年初,在土地改革等政策幫助下,中國共產黨逐漸開始以局部反攻以對抗國軍的重點進攻。及至1947年中,在重點進攻後,中國共產黨取得戰爭的主動權,戰局逆轉。解放軍在三大战役(辽沈战役、淮海战役、平津战役)中迅速擊敗國軍主力,隨後發動渡江戰役,並最終控制整個中国大陆。中國共產黨於1949年10月1日在北京建立中华人民共和国,中國國民黨與中華民國政府則遷往臺灣。中國大陸教科書認為1949年4月23日渡過長江佔領南京標誌著戰爭的勝利,而西方史學界則一般認為1950年8月万山群岛战役後內戰才逐漸平息。 1950年3月,西昌被解放軍佔領。此后青海、甘肃、中缅边境地区仍有零星战斗。雙方同时長期在中國大陸沿海爆發衝突,互有勝負。1979年1月1日,徐向前宣布停止對金門砲擊,至此兩岸雙方結束了軍事衝突。然而隨著兩岸政治情勢的變化以及雙方領導人的更替,軍事緊張局面亦時有發生。 (zh)
- Chinese Communist Revolution (en)
- الثورة الشيوعية الصينية (ar)
- Revolució comunista xinesa (ca)
- Revolución china de 1949 (es)
- Revolusi Komunis Tiongkok (in)
- Rivoluzione comunista cinese (it)
- 제2차 국공 내전 (ko)
- Revolução Comunista Chinesa (pt)
- Kinesiska revolutionen (sv)
- 第二次国共内战 (zh)
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- / (en)
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