Thomas Cromwell (original) (raw)

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السير توماس كرومويل، 1485—وكان 28 يوليو 1540) رجل دولة إنجليزي شغل منصب وزير الملك هنري الثامن رئيس 1532-1540. وارتفع كرومويل من البدايات المتواضعة وحاول لتحديث الحكومة على حساب امتيازات النبلاء والكنيسة، ونتيجة، وكان ينظر اليه على أنه مغرور. وكان واحدا من أقوى دعاة الإصلاح الإنكليزية وكسر الكنيسة الإنجليزية مع البابوية في روما. أشرف كرومويل بعد التفوق الملك على كنيسة انكلترا وأعلن من قبل البرلمان في 1534، والكنيسة من الوظائف الفريدة لولي الروحية والنائب العام.

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dbo:abstract السير توماس كرومويل، 1485—وكان 28 يوليو 1540) رجل دولة إنجليزي شغل منصب وزير الملك هنري الثامن رئيس 1532-1540. وارتفع كرومويل من البدايات المتواضعة وحاول لتحديث الحكومة على حساب امتيازات النبلاء والكنيسة، ونتيجة، وكان ينظر اليه على أنه مغرور. وكان واحدا من أقوى دعاة الإصلاح الإنكليزية وكسر الكنيسة الإنجليزية مع البابوية في روما. أشرف كرومويل بعد التفوق الملك على كنيسة انكلترا وأعلن من قبل البرلمان في 1534، والكنيسة من الوظائف الفريدة لولي الروحية والنائب العام. (ar) Thomas Cromwell, 1. hrabě z Essexu (kolem roku 1485 v – 28. července 1540) byl anglický státník a první ministr krále Jindřicha VIII. Jeho reformy významně přispěly k postupnému upevnění anglického (později britského) parlamentarismu. (cs) Thomas Cromwell KG (1485 - 28 de juliol de 1540) fou Primer Ministre d'Enric VIII d'Anglaterra entre 1532 i 1540 i Comte d'Essex. (ca) O Τόμας Κρόμγουελ, 1ος Κόμης του Έσσεξ (Thomas Cromwell, 1485 – 28 Ιουλίου 1540) ήταν Άγγλος νομομαθής, δικαστικός, δικηγόρος και πολιτικός, που διετέλεσε επικεφαλής υπουργός του βασιλιά Ερρίκου Η΄ της Αγγλίας (1532-1540). Ο Κρόμγουελ υπήρξε από τους ισχυρότερους υποστηρικτές της αγγλικής Μεταρρύθμισης. Βοήθησε στην ακύρωση του γάμου του βασιλέα με την βασίλισσα Αικατερίνη της Αραγονίας, ώστε ο Ερρίκος Η΄ να παντρευτεί νόμιμα την Άννα Μπολέιν. Ο Ερρίκος απέτυχε να λάβει την έγκριση του Πάπα για την ακύρωση του γάμου το 1534. Το Κοινοβούλιο ενέκρινε το αίτημα του βασιλέα να είναι υπέρτατη κεφαλή της εκκλησίας, παρέχοντάς του έτσι την εξουσία να ακυρώσει τον γάμο του. Στη συνέχεια ο Κρόμγουελ σχεδίασε ευαγγελική και ρεφορμιστική πορεία για την Εκκλησία της Αγγλίας από τις μοναδικές θέσεις του επίσημου διοικητικού αναπληρωτή (vicegerent) και του γενικού εφημέριου:658, υποσημείωση 2. Κατά την διάρκεια της ανόδου του στην εξουσία ο Κρόμγουελ έκανε πολλούς εχθρούς, συμπεριλαμβανομένης της πρώην συμμάχου του Άννας Μπολέυν, καθώς έπαιξε σημαντικό ρόλο στην πτώση της. Αργότερα εξέπεσε της δύναμής του, μετά τη διευθέτηση του γάμου του βασιλιά με την Γερμανίδα πριγκίπισσα Άννα της Κλέβης. Ο Κρόμγουελ ήλπιζε ότι ο γάμος θα δώσει νέα πνοή στην αγγλική Μεταρρύθμιση, αλλά ο Ερρίκος βρήκε τη νέα νύφη του μη ελκυστική και η υπόθεση υπήρξε καταστροφική για τον Κρόμγουελ, καταλήγοντας σε ακύρωση έξι μήνες αργότερα. Ο Κρόμγουελ, κατόπιν αφαίρεσης των πολιτικών του δικαιωμάτων, εκτελέστηκε για προδοσία και αίρεση στον Πύργο του Λονδίνου, στις 28 Ιουλίου 1540. Ο βασιλέας αργότερα εξέφρασε τη λύπη του για την απώλεια του επικεφαλής υπουργού του. Μέχρι την δεκαετία του 1950, οι ιστορικοί μείωναν τον ρόλο του Κρόμγουελ, αποκαλώντας τον δογματικό. Ωστόσο ο Geoffrey Elton τον χαρακτήρισε κεντρικό πρόσωπο στην στο The Tudor Revolution (1953). Ο Elton περιγράφει τον Κρόμγουελ ως ιδιοφυΐα, που διαχειρίστηκε τη ρήξη με τη Ρώμη και προώθησε νόμους και διοικητικές εντολές, οι οποίες αναδιαμόρφωσαν τη μεταρρυθμιστική Αγγλία. Γράφει επίσης, ότι Κρόμγουελ ήταν υπεύθυνος για τη μετάφραση της βασιλικής εξουσίας σε κοινοβουλευτικούς όρους, δημιουργώντας ισχυρά νέα κυβερνητικά όργανα που ανέλαβαν τη διαχείριση των εκκλησιαστικών γαιών. Επίσης, φέρεται ως υπεύθυνος για την αφαίρεση των μεσαιωνικών χαρακτηριστικών της κεντρικής κυβέρνησης. Μεταγενέστεροι ιστορικοί συμφώνησαν με τον Elton ως προς τη σημασία του Κρόμγουελ, αν και όχι με τους ισχυρισμούς του για «επανάσταση». Ο Leithead (2004) έγραψε: «Ενάντια σε σημαντική αντιπολίτευση εξασφάλισε την αποδοχή των νέων εξουσιών του βασιλέα, δημιούργησε ενωμένο και εύκολα κυβερνήσιμο βασίλειο και παρείχε στο στέμμα, τουλάχιστον προσωρινά, σημαντικά διαχειριστικά όργανα». (el) Thomas CROMWELL (n. ĉirkaŭ 1485, m. la 28-an de julio 1540) estis ĉefministro de Henriko la 8-a (Anglio) de 1532 al 1540. (eo) Thomas Cromwell, I conde de Essex (Putney, Surrey, Inglaterra, circa 1485 - Tower Hill, Londres, Inglaterra, 28 de julio de 1540) fue un estadista y abogado inglés que sirvió al rey Enrique VIII de Inglaterra como secretario de Estado y ministro principal durante el periodo de 1532 a 1540, y que fue ejecutado por decapitación en la Torre de Londres por orden del rey. Guarda parentesco con el revolucionario inglés del siglo XVII Oliver Cromwell por parte del linaje paterno de este. (es) Thomas Cromwell, 1. Earl of Essex (* um 1485 in Putney, London; † 28. Juli 1540 in London) war ein englischer Staatsmann unter Heinrich VIII. und der Konstrukteur der Henry’schen Reformation in England. Die Institutionen des englischen Staates wurden durch die Verwaltungsreformen Cromwells modernisiert. Er betrieb die Enteignung der englischen Klöster, was ihm den Beinamen Hammer der Mönche einbrachte. Durch seine Politik wurde die Autorität des Königs im Norden Englands gestärkt, und in Irland wurde mit der Kirchenreform begonnen. Cromwell hatte maßgeblichen Anteil daran, dass Wales durch die Gesetze zur Eingliederung von Wales 1535–1542 endgültig an England angegliedert wurde. Er gilt auch als Konstrukteur eines bedeutenden konstitutionellen Prinzips, des „King-in-Parliament“. In den 1530er Jahren führte er bedeutende soziale und wirtschaftliche Reformen in England durch. Er unterstützte die Erzeugung und den Export englischer Wollstoffe. Er brachte den Buggery Act 1533 in das englische Parlament ein, der bis 1828 in Kraft war und Homosexualität, Analverkehr sowie Sodomie unter Todesstrafe stellte. 1540 fiel er beim König in Ungnade, wurde verhaftet und unter der Anklage des Hochverrats und der Ketzerei hingerichtet. (de) Thomas Cromwell politikari ingelesa izan zen. Wolsey kardinalarentzat lan egin zuen, eta kardinal hark bere kargua galdu zuenean Henrike VIII.aren zerbitzuan jarri zen Cromwell (1530). Politika-kargu ugari izan zituen bere esku (Finantza ministroa, Estatuko idazkari nagusia, Protokoloburua). Hainbat monasterio ixtearen edo haien jabetza Estatuaren esku geratzearen aldekoa zen. Administrazioa eraberritu zuen. Marsilioren Defensor Pacis lanaren ingelesezko itzulpena ordaindu zuen (1535), eta huraxe izan zuen politikarako programa. 1539an Henrike VIII.aren eta Ana Cleveriskoaren arteko ezkontza prestatu nahi izan zuen, baina ez zitzaion ondo atera. Traidore eta heretikotzat hartu, epaitu eta hil egin zuten. (eu) Thomas Cromwell, né à Putney près de Londres vers 1485, mort à la tour de Londres, le 28 juillet 1540, comte d'Essex, est un homme politique anglais, principal ministre du roi Henri VIII d'Angleterre de 1532 à 1540, et l'un des principaux acteurs de la Réforme en Angleterre. Il est mort décapité, sur ordre du roi. (fr) Príomh-aire Anraí VIII Shasana ab ea Thomas Cromwell, 1st Earl of Essex a rugadh thart ar an mbliain 1485 agus fuair bás ar an 28 Iúil 1540. (ga) Thomas Cromwell, Earl Essex ke-1 KG (/ˈkrɒmwəl/ atau /ˈkrɒmwɛl/; ca. 1485 – 28 Juli 1540) adalah seorang pengacara dan negarawan Inggris yang menjabat sebagai menteri utama Raja Henry VIII dari Inggris dari tahun 1532 sampai 1540. Cromwell termasuk salah seorang pendukung Reformasi Inggris yang terkuat dan paling berkuasa. Ia berperan dalam perekayasaan anulasi perkawinan sang raja dengan Ratu Catherine dari Aragon agar Henry dapat secara sah menikahi Anne Boleyn. Henry tidak berhasil memperoleh persetujuan Paus Klemens VII pada tahun 1534 untuk anulasi tersebut, sehingga Parlemen mengesahkan klaim sang raja sebagai Kepala Tertinggi Gereja Inggris, memberinya wewenang untuk melakukan anulasi perkawinannya sendiri. Cromwell kemudian memetakan suatu arahan reformis dan evangelikal bagi Gereja Inggris, dari posisi-posisi khusus vicegerent dalam hal rohani dan vikaris jenderal. Setelah naik ke tampuk kekuasaan, Cromwell menimbulkan banyak musuh, termasuk Anne Boleyn yang menjadi sekutunya. Ia memainkan peranan penting dalam kejatuhan istri kedua Henry itu. Cromwell kemudian lengser dari kekuasaannya setelah mengatur pernikahan sang raja dengan Putri Jerman Anne dari Cleves. Cromwell berharap supaya pernikahan tersebut menghembuskan kehidupan baru ke dalam gerakan Reformasi Protestan di Inggris, tetapi Henry merasa kalau mempelai barunya itu tidak menarik dan hal ini berubah menjadi bencana bagi Cromwell. Enam bulan kemudian, pernikahan sang raja kembali berakhir dengan anulasi. Cromwell didakwa berdasarkan bill of attainder, kemudian dieksekusi di karena pengkhianatan dan bidah pada tanggal 28 Juli 1540. Sang raja kelak mengungkapkan penyesalan karena kehilangan menteri utamanya. Hingga tahun 1950-an, para sejarawan mengabaikan peran Cromwell, menyebutnya sebagai suatu tamparan doktriner yang tidak lebih dari sekadar agen Raja Henry VIII yang zalim, sebagaimana termaktub dalam Encyclopædia Britannica tahun 1911, ketika dinyatakan, "kekuasaannya telah sangat dibesar-besarkan." Bagaimanapun, dalam buku The Tudor Revolution (1953), menampilkan Cromwell sebagai figur sentral dalam revolusi Tudor di dalam pemerintahan. Elton menggambarkan Cromwell sebagai seorang jenius—jauh melebihi sang raja—yang memimpin penanganan perpecahan dengan Gereja Katolik Roma serta menghasilkan undang-undang dan prosedur administratif yang membentuk kembali Inggris pasca Reformasi. Elton menulis bahwa Cromwell berperan dalam menerjemahkan supremasi kerajaan ke dalam ruang lingkup parlementer, menciptakan organ-organ pemerintah yang baru dan berkuasa untuk mengambil alih tanah-tanah Gereja, serta menghilangkan ciri-ciri abad pertengahan dalam pemerintah pusat. Sejarawan-sejarawan berikutnya sepakat dengan Elton dalam hal arti penting Cromwell, kendati tidak sepakat dengan klaim-klaimnya terkait "revolusi". Leithead (2004) menulis, "Dalam menghadapi oposisi yang signifikan, ia mengamankan penerimaan kekuatan-kekuatan baru sang raja, menciptakan suatu kerajaan yang lebih bersatu dan lebih mudah diperintah, serta memberikan monarki suatu peninggalan tanah yang sangat signifikan, setidaknya untuk sementara." (in) Thomas Cromwell, primo conte di Essex (Putney, 1485 circa – Tower Hill, 28 luglio 1540), è stato un politico inglese. Servì come primo ministro di re Enrico VIII dal 1532 al 1540. Il Lord Protettore d'Inghilterra, Oliver Cromwell (1599–1658), discendeva dalla sorella di Thomas, Catherine Cromwell. (it) 初代エセックス伯トマス・クロムウェル(英語:Thomas Cromwell, 1st Earl of Essex, KG, PC, 1485年 - 1540年7月28日)は、イングランド王国テューダー朝の政治家である。ヘンリー8世に側近として仕え、イングランドの宗教改革や「行政革命」を主導した。 (ja) Thomas Cromwell (/ˈkrɒmwəl, -wɛl/; c. 1485 – 28 July 1540), briefly Earl of Essex, was an English lawyer and statesman who served as chief minister to King Henry VIII from 1534 to 1540, when he was beheaded on orders of the king, who later blamed false charges for the execution. Cromwell was one of the most powerful proponents of the English Reformation, and the creator of true English governance. He helped to engineer an annulment of the king's marriage to Catherine of Aragon so that Henry could lawfully marry Anne Boleyn. Henry failed to obtain the approval of Pope Clement VII for the annulment in 1533, so Parliament endorsed the king's claim to be Supreme Head of the Church of England, giving him the authority to annul his own marriage. Cromwell subsequently charted an evangelical and reformist course for the Church of England from the unique posts of Vicegerent in Spirituals and Vicar-general (the two titles refer to the same position). During his rise to power, Cromwell made many enemies, including Anne Boleyn, with his fresh ideas and lack of nobility. He duly played a prominent role in her downfall. He later fell from power, after arranging the king's marriage to German princess Anne of Cleves. Cromwell had hoped that the marriage would breathe fresh life into the Reformation in England, but Henry found his new bride unattractive and the marriage was a disaster for Cromwell, ending in an annulment six months later. Cromwell was arraigned under a bill of attainder and executed for treason and heresy on Tower Hill on 28 July 1540. The king later expressed regret at the loss of his chief minister, and his reign never recovered from the incident. (en) 토머스 크롬웰 백작(Thomas Cromwell, 1st Earl of Essex, 1485년?~1540년 7월 28일)은 1532년부터 1540년까지 국왕 헨리 8세의 수석장관을 지낸 잉글랜드 왕국의 정치가이다. 후에 호국경을 지낸 올리버 크롬웰은 그의 누나 캐서린 크롬웰의 외증손자였다. (ko) Thomas Cromwell (circa 1485 in Putney (Wandsworth) – Londen, 28 juli 1540) was een Engels staatsman en vertrouweling van Hendrik VIII. (nl) Thomas Cromwell (ur. ok. 1485 w Putney, zm. 28 lipca 1540 w Londynie) – polityk, doradca i minister Henryka VIII. Został mianowany przez Henryka VIII wikariuszem generalnym Kościoła anglikańskiego, zarządził spis majątków kościelnych i na jego podstawie zostały rozwiązane klasztory. Złote przedmioty zostały przetopione na pieniądze. Przyczynił się także do zniszczenia historycznych kościołów oraz klasztorów, spalenia dzieł sztuki i przedmiotów kościelnych. Duchowni zostali uzależnieni finansowo od króla. Było to bezpośrednią przyczyną wybuchu powstania zwanego Pielgrzymką Łaski. Zginął z rąk kata, jako inicjator nieudanego (jak się później okazało) małżeństwa króla z Anną Kliwijską. Oliver Cromwell (1599–1658), lord protektor Anglii pochodził z rodziny jego siostry – Catherine Cromwell. (pl) Thomas Cromwell, från 1540 earl av Essex (Lord Essex), född omkring 1485 i Putney i London, död 28 juli 1540 på Towern, London (avrättad), var en engelsk statsman, en av de viktigaste politiska personligheterna under Henrik VIII:s styre. (sv) Thomas Cromwell (c. 1485 – 28 de julho de 1540), 1.º , foi um estadista inglês que serviu como primeiro-ministro de Henrique VIII no período de 1532 a 1540. (pt) Томас Кро́мвель, 1-й граф Эссекс (англ. Thomas Cromwell; около 1485 — 28 июля 1540) — английский государственный деятель, первый советник Генриха VIII в 1532—1540 годах, главный идеолог Английской Реформации, один из основоположников англиканства. (ru) Томас Кромвель (1485 — 28 липня 1540) — англійський державний діяч, 1-й граф Ессекс, провідний діяч Реформації в Англії. Мав прізвисько «Молот ченців». (uk) 托马斯·克倫威爾,第一代埃塞克斯伯爵(Thomas Cromwell, 1st Earl of Essex,約1485年-1540年7月28日),英國政治家,亨利八世的親信大臣,曾任國會議員、首席部長(1532年-1540年)。推行宗教和政治改革,對抗羅馬教廷,解散天主教修道院。 克伦威尔是英格兰宗教改革最有力的支持者,他帮助安排解除亨利八世和凱瑟琳的婚约,目的是让亨利娶安妮·博林。 1534在获取教皇批准失败后,议会批准了国王成为英格兰教会首脑的请求。这样亨利便可以順利結束自己的婚姻。克伦威尔后来通过创造了两个独特的岗位,「副主教」(vicar-general和“神職的代理执政者”( vicegerent in spirituals),为在萌芽状态的英国国教会进行了新教改革。 1534年,克倫威爾力促國會通過一系列改革法案:「上訴限制條例」禁止英國教會法庭上訴到教皇、禁止教會不經英王允許發布規章;「教職任命法案」規定教會必須根據英王指定的候選人推選主教;「至尊法案」宣布英王是英國教會唯一最高權威;「王位繼承法」宣布凱瑟琳的女兒瑪麗乃是私生女,安妮·博林的女兒伊麗莎白則為順位繼承人;「叛國罪法案」規定不承認英王的最高權威即是叛國罪,可判處死刑;並且取消給教宗的獻金(Peter's Pence)。在他获取权力的过程中产生了很多敌人,包括他曾经的盟友安妮·博林。他在安妮倒台的过程中发挥了突出作用。他后来因为为亨利安排和克里維斯的安妮的婚姻而失势,克伦威尔希望这场婚姻可以给英格兰宗教改革带来新生,但六个月后却成了他的灾难,原因是亨利取消了婚姻。克伦威尔被剥夺公权判处叛国和异端罪,于1540年7月28日,在伦敦塔的塔丘(Tower Hill)处死。在被处死之前,克伦威尔曾写给亨利八世一封信,乞求他手下留情,然而这没有使他免于一死。事后亨利八世为处死这位忠臣感到后悔。 直到1950年代,历史学家都在淡化克伦威尔的角色,称他为差不多就是国王亨利八世代理人的教条主义者。但是,史學家喬佛瑞·艾爾頓(Geoffrey Elton)在1953年的《都铎革命》一书中,認為他是都铎王朝在政府制度革命上的中心人物。 (zh)
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dbp:children dbr:Gregory_Cromwell,_1st_Baron_Cromwell Anne Cromwell (en) Grace Cromwell (en) Jane Cromwell (en)
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dbp:monarch dbr:Henry_VIII Henry VIII (en)
dbp:name Thomas Cromwell (en)
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rdfs:comment السير توماس كرومويل، 1485—وكان 28 يوليو 1540) رجل دولة إنجليزي شغل منصب وزير الملك هنري الثامن رئيس 1532-1540. وارتفع كرومويل من البدايات المتواضعة وحاول لتحديث الحكومة على حساب امتيازات النبلاء والكنيسة، ونتيجة، وكان ينظر اليه على أنه مغرور. وكان واحدا من أقوى دعاة الإصلاح الإنكليزية وكسر الكنيسة الإنجليزية مع البابوية في روما. أشرف كرومويل بعد التفوق الملك على كنيسة انكلترا وأعلن من قبل البرلمان في 1534، والكنيسة من الوظائف الفريدة لولي الروحية والنائب العام. (ar) Thomas Cromwell, 1. hrabě z Essexu (kolem roku 1485 v – 28. července 1540) byl anglický státník a první ministr krále Jindřicha VIII. Jeho reformy významně přispěly k postupnému upevnění anglického (později britského) parlamentarismu. (cs) Thomas Cromwell KG (1485 - 28 de juliol de 1540) fou Primer Ministre d'Enric VIII d'Anglaterra entre 1532 i 1540 i Comte d'Essex. (ca) Thomas CROMWELL (n. ĉirkaŭ 1485, m. la 28-an de julio 1540) estis ĉefministro de Henriko la 8-a (Anglio) de 1532 al 1540. (eo) Thomas Cromwell, I conde de Essex (Putney, Surrey, Inglaterra, circa 1485 - Tower Hill, Londres, Inglaterra, 28 de julio de 1540) fue un estadista y abogado inglés que sirvió al rey Enrique VIII de Inglaterra como secretario de Estado y ministro principal durante el periodo de 1532 a 1540, y que fue ejecutado por decapitación en la Torre de Londres por orden del rey. Guarda parentesco con el revolucionario inglés del siglo XVII Oliver Cromwell por parte del linaje paterno de este. (es) Thomas Cromwell politikari ingelesa izan zen. Wolsey kardinalarentzat lan egin zuen, eta kardinal hark bere kargua galdu zuenean Henrike VIII.aren zerbitzuan jarri zen Cromwell (1530). Politika-kargu ugari izan zituen bere esku (Finantza ministroa, Estatuko idazkari nagusia, Protokoloburua). Hainbat monasterio ixtearen edo haien jabetza Estatuaren esku geratzearen aldekoa zen. Administrazioa eraberritu zuen. Marsilioren Defensor Pacis lanaren ingelesezko itzulpena ordaindu zuen (1535), eta huraxe izan zuen politikarako programa. 1539an Henrike VIII.aren eta Ana Cleveriskoaren arteko ezkontza prestatu nahi izan zuen, baina ez zitzaion ondo atera. Traidore eta heretikotzat hartu, epaitu eta hil egin zuten. (eu) Thomas Cromwell, né à Putney près de Londres vers 1485, mort à la tour de Londres, le 28 juillet 1540, comte d'Essex, est un homme politique anglais, principal ministre du roi Henri VIII d'Angleterre de 1532 à 1540, et l'un des principaux acteurs de la Réforme en Angleterre. Il est mort décapité, sur ordre du roi. (fr) Príomh-aire Anraí VIII Shasana ab ea Thomas Cromwell, 1st Earl of Essex a rugadh thart ar an mbliain 1485 agus fuair bás ar an 28 Iúil 1540. (ga) Thomas Cromwell, primo conte di Essex (Putney, 1485 circa – Tower Hill, 28 luglio 1540), è stato un politico inglese. Servì come primo ministro di re Enrico VIII dal 1532 al 1540. Il Lord Protettore d'Inghilterra, Oliver Cromwell (1599–1658), discendeva dalla sorella di Thomas, Catherine Cromwell. (it) 初代エセックス伯トマス・クロムウェル(英語:Thomas Cromwell, 1st Earl of Essex, KG, PC, 1485年 - 1540年7月28日)は、イングランド王国テューダー朝の政治家である。ヘンリー8世に側近として仕え、イングランドの宗教改革や「行政革命」を主導した。 (ja) 토머스 크롬웰 백작(Thomas Cromwell, 1st Earl of Essex, 1485년?~1540년 7월 28일)은 1532년부터 1540년까지 국왕 헨리 8세의 수석장관을 지낸 잉글랜드 왕국의 정치가이다. 후에 호국경을 지낸 올리버 크롬웰은 그의 누나 캐서린 크롬웰의 외증손자였다. (ko) Thomas Cromwell (circa 1485 in Putney (Wandsworth) – Londen, 28 juli 1540) was een Engels staatsman en vertrouweling van Hendrik VIII. (nl) Thomas Cromwell, från 1540 earl av Essex (Lord Essex), född omkring 1485 i Putney i London, död 28 juli 1540 på Towern, London (avrättad), var en engelsk statsman, en av de viktigaste politiska personligheterna under Henrik VIII:s styre. (sv) Thomas Cromwell (c. 1485 – 28 de julho de 1540), 1.º , foi um estadista inglês que serviu como primeiro-ministro de Henrique VIII no período de 1532 a 1540. (pt) Томас Кро́мвель, 1-й граф Эссекс (англ. Thomas Cromwell; около 1485 — 28 июля 1540) — английский государственный деятель, первый советник Генриха VIII в 1532—1540 годах, главный идеолог Английской Реформации, один из основоположников англиканства. (ru) Томас Кромвель (1485 — 28 липня 1540) — англійський державний діяч, 1-й граф Ессекс, провідний діяч Реформації в Англії. Мав прізвисько «Молот ченців». (uk) Thomas Cromwell, 1. Earl of Essex (* um 1485 in Putney, London; † 28. Juli 1540 in London) war ein englischer Staatsmann unter Heinrich VIII. und der Konstrukteur der Henry’schen Reformation in England. Die Institutionen des englischen Staates wurden durch die Verwaltungsreformen Cromwells modernisiert. Er betrieb die Enteignung der englischen Klöster, was ihm den Beinamen Hammer der Mönche einbrachte. (de) O Τόμας Κρόμγουελ, 1ος Κόμης του Έσσεξ (Thomas Cromwell, 1485 – 28 Ιουλίου 1540) ήταν Άγγλος νομομαθής, δικαστικός, δικηγόρος και πολιτικός, που διετέλεσε επικεφαλής υπουργός του βασιλιά Ερρίκου Η΄ της Αγγλίας (1532-1540). (el) Thomas Cromwell, Earl Essex ke-1 KG (/ˈkrɒmwəl/ atau /ˈkrɒmwɛl/; ca. 1485 – 28 Juli 1540) adalah seorang pengacara dan negarawan Inggris yang menjabat sebagai menteri utama Raja Henry VIII dari Inggris dari tahun 1532 sampai 1540. (in) Thomas Cromwell (/ˈkrɒmwəl, -wɛl/; c. 1485 – 28 July 1540), briefly Earl of Essex, was an English lawyer and statesman who served as chief minister to King Henry VIII from 1534 to 1540, when he was beheaded on orders of the king, who later blamed false charges for the execution. (en) Thomas Cromwell (ur. ok. 1485 w Putney, zm. 28 lipca 1540 w Londynie) – polityk, doradca i minister Henryka VIII. Został mianowany przez Henryka VIII wikariuszem generalnym Kościoła anglikańskiego, zarządził spis majątków kościelnych i na jego podstawie zostały rozwiązane klasztory. Złote przedmioty zostały przetopione na pieniądze. Przyczynił się także do zniszczenia historycznych kościołów oraz klasztorów, spalenia dzieł sztuki i przedmiotów kościelnych. Duchowni zostali uzależnieni finansowo od króla. Było to bezpośrednią przyczyną wybuchu powstania zwanego Pielgrzymką Łaski. (pl) 托马斯·克倫威爾,第一代埃塞克斯伯爵(Thomas Cromwell, 1st Earl of Essex,約1485年-1540年7月28日),英國政治家,亨利八世的親信大臣,曾任國會議員、首席部長(1532年-1540年)。推行宗教和政治改革,對抗羅馬教廷,解散天主教修道院。 克伦威尔是英格兰宗教改革最有力的支持者,他帮助安排解除亨利八世和凱瑟琳的婚约,目的是让亨利娶安妮·博林。 1534在获取教皇批准失败后,议会批准了国王成为英格兰教会首脑的请求。这样亨利便可以順利結束自己的婚姻。克伦威尔后来通过创造了两个独特的岗位,「副主教」(vicar-general和“神職的代理执政者”( vicegerent in spirituals),为在萌芽状态的英国国教会进行了新教改革。 直到1950年代,历史学家都在淡化克伦威尔的角色,称他为差不多就是国王亨利八世代理人的教条主义者。但是,史學家喬佛瑞·艾爾頓(Geoffrey Elton)在1953年的《都铎革命》一书中,認為他是都铎王朝在政府制度革命上的中心人物。 (zh)
rdfs:label Thomas Cromwell (en) توماس كرومويل (ar) Thomas Cromwell (ca) Thomas Cromwell (cs) Thomas Cromwell, 1. Earl of Essex (de) Τόμας Κρόμγουελ (el) Thomas Cromwell (eo) Thomas Cromwell (es) Thomas Cromwell (eu) Thomas Cromwell (ga) Thomas Cromwell (in) Thomas Cromwell, I conte di Essex (it) Thomas Cromwell (fr) トマス・クロムウェル (ja) 제1대 에식스 백작 토머스 크롬웰 (ko) Thomas Cromwell (nl) Thomas Cromwell (pl) Thomas Cromwell (pt) Thomas Cromwell (sv) Кромвель, Томас (ru) Томас Кромвель (uk) 托马斯·克伦威尔 (zh)
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dbr:Henry_Guildford dbr:House_of_Commons_of_England dbr:House_of_Lords_Precedence_Act_1539 dbr:John_Hoadly_(playwright) dbr:John_Husee dbr:John_Incent dbr:John_Lambert_(martyr) dbr:John_Lassells dbr:John_London_(priest) dbr:Leonard_Cox dbr:Leonard_Mascall dbr:Viscount_Barnewall dbr:Parliament dbr:Patrick_Barnewall_(judge) dbr:Portrait dbr:Madge_Shelton dbr:Stephen_Vaughan_(merchant) dbr:Sweating_sickness dbr:Manor_of_Combe_Martin dbr:Mark_Anthony_Galliardello dbr:Mark_Rylance_on_screen_and_stage dbr:Matthew_Bible dbr:Austin_Friars,_London dbr:BBC_Television_Shakespeare dbr:Banbury_cheese dbr:73rd_Golden_Globe_Awards dbr:Brooke_Priory dbr:Buckfast_Abbey dbr:Buildwas_Abbey dbr:Catesby_Priory dbr:Catherine_Howard dbr:Catherine_Parr dbr:Catherine_of_Aragon dbr:Cecily_Bonville,_7th_Baroness_Harington dbr:Censorship_of_the_Bible dbr:Agnes_Howard,_Duchess_of_Norfolk dbr:Three_Card_Trick_(Wolf_Hall) dbr:Throgmorton_Street dbr:Throwley_Old_Hall dbr:Thérouanne dbr:Timeline_of_Christianity dbr:Tollesbury dbr:Tom_Holland dbr:Tony_Award_for_Best_Actor_in_a_Play dbr:Tower_of_London dbr:Tudor_conquest_of_Ireland dbr:Tudor_period
is dbp:before of dbr:John_Baker_(died_1558) dbr:Ralph_Sadler
is dbp:characters of dbr:Anne_Boleyn_(play)
is dbp:parents of dbr:Gregory_Cromwell,_1st_Baron_Cromwell
is dbp:predecessor of dbr:Ralph_Sadler
is dbp:spouse of dbr:Elizabeth_Wyckes
is foaf:primaryTopic of wikipedia-en:Thomas_Cromwell