Chilean and Andean Archaeology Research Papers (original) (raw)

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- Archaeology, Anthropology, Chile, Chilean and Andean Archaeology

During the Late Holocene, important changes can be identified in the social dynamics of hunter-gatherer populations in different regions of the southern Andes. These transformations are associated with processes of demographic growth, territoriality, increased social complexity, technological innovations, and intensified exploitation of the environment. One of the technological transformations associated with these processes is the popularization of bone instruments. In this study, we discuss the functions of bone tools made by Late Holocene coastal hunters-gatherers of North-Central Chile, by carrying out a morphological characterization and identifying use-wear patterns on their surfaces. Our results show that bone technology was used for hunting, fishing, and gathering activities, from flint working to processing vegetal fibres and hide. A reduce number of artefacts had an ornamental use as well. These results suggest a varied and intensive exploitation of the surrounding space by coastal groups, where bones of land animals constituted an important part of the raw materials used in bone industry. Also, we argue that some bone artefacts were elements structuring social relations, as they participated in flows of information and social networks. We conclude by arguing that the popularization of bone industry reflects the dynamics of social complexity, as well as how bone was integrated as a productive, economic, and social resource in the process of coastal hunters and gatherers who inhabited the area.

- by Patricia Ayala and +1
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- Museum Studies, History of Museums, Chilean and Andean Archaeology, Indigenous Archaeology
- by Carlos González Godoy
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- Archaeology, Prehistoric Archaeology, Andean Archaeology, Andean Region
- by Carlos González Godoy and +1
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- Andean Archaeology, Chilean and Andean Archaeology, Archaeology and Performance Theory, Andean studies

The publications by Storey et al. (2007, 2008a, 2008b) describing the discovery and radiocarbon dating of pre-Columbian chicken remains from the archaeological site of El Arenal-1 in south central Chile reinvigorated longstanding debates about the presence of prehistoric domestic chickens in the Americas. Some have questioned the validity of the link between prehistoric Polynesian voyagers and the pre-Columbian chickens of El Arenal-1, requesting more details to verify the dates and the likely origin of the introduction. In this paper we provide an expanded account regarding the dating of the chicken remains from the site of El Arenal-1 in order to reaffirm their authenticity. Their prehistoric age established, we focus attention on a critical reanalysis of arguments surrounding the source of the first introductions of chickens to the Americas. These include historic accounts and hypotheses developed as a result of comparative morphology. Particular attention is focused on assessing the utility of evidence from the study of physical
characteristics of both black-boned, black-meat chickens and the phenotypic traits of the Araucana (Gallus inauris) breed to support pre-Columbian introductions. As a result, we reinforce the previous hypothesis that a pre-Columbian introduction of chickens from Polynesia is the most parsimonious explanation for the available evidence.

Este ensayo consiste en un resumen de la vida y obras del ingeniero militar francés Amédée François Frézier (1682-1773) quien contribuyó significativamente al conocimiento de la zona costera del Perú y de Chile a inicios del siglo XVIII. Fue experto en navigación, arquitectura, y artillería y un buen observador de la vida y tecnología de los indígenas y de los criollos.

- by Monica Barnes
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- Theatre History, History of Chile, Chilean and Andean Archaeology, Peruvian History
- by Carlos González Godoy and +1
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- Archaeology, Andean Archaeology, Andean Region, Chilean and Andean Archaeology

""El objeto de estudio es la iconografía del Sacrificador y el Señor de los Cetros que aparece en el Norte Grande de Chile, presente en las tabletas para el uso de psicoactivos (de influencia Tiwanaku) y el arte rupestre, ambos del Período Medio (500-1000 d.C.) principalmente.
Se analizan mitos andinos que pudieron tener relación con estos personajes, y finalmente se realiza una interpretación simbólica junguiana.""

- by Macarena López Oliva
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- Archaeology, Iconography, Andean Archaeology, Andean Region

This volume contains the following articles, research reports, and obituaries: "Betty Jane Meggers (December 5, 1921-July 2, 2012)" by Monica Barnes; "Reminiscences of a Stalwart Adversary" by Robert L. Carneiro; Betty Meggers: Her later Years" by William I. Woods; " "Bibliography of Works by and About Betty Jane Meggers"; "Alberto Rex Gonzalez (November 16, 1918-March 28, 2012)" by Luis Alberto Borrero; "Duccio Bonavia Berber (March 27, 1935-August 4, 2012)" by Ramiro Matos Mendieta; "Daniel Edward Shea (November 5, 1941-June 19, 2012)" by Mario A. Rivera; "Feasts and Offerings in Arcopata, Cusco" by Carlos Delgado Gonzalez; "Dating the Wari Remains at Espiritu Pampa (Vilcabamba Cusco)" by Javier Fonseca Santa Cruz and Brian S. Bauer; "The Waywaka Gold: New Chronometric Evidence" by Joel W. Grossman; "Social Differentiation as Indicated by Archaeological Data from Late Moche Households at Galindo, Moche Valley, Peru" by Gregory D. Lockard; "The Domestic Occupation of Campanayuq Rumi: Implications for Understanding the Initial Period and Early Horizon of the South-Central Andes of Peru" by Yuichi Matsumoto, Yuri Cavero Palomino, and Roy Guiterrez Silva; "Regionalism in Nasca Style History" by Patrick H. Carmichael; "Environmental Catastrophe and the Archaeological Record: Complexities of Volcanism, Floods, and Farming in South Coastal Peru, A.D. 1200-1700" by Gregory Zaro, Kenneth C. Nystrom, and David K. Keefer; "Exchange and Ritual Funerary Consumption: Late Marine Hunter-Gatherers of the Taltal Coast (Atacama Desert, Northern Chile)" by Nicole Fuenzalida B. and Francisco Gallando I.; "A Low Status Late Intermediate Period Offering Pit in Andahuaylas, Apurimac, Peru" by Joel W. Grossman; "John L. Cotter's Excavations at Huanuco Pampa and his Role in the Regional Survey (1964)" by Monica Barnes; The Pukara de Aconquija: Recent Research Including Two New Radiocarbon Dates" by Claudio Javier Patane Araoz.

- by Monica Barnes and +2
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- Chilean and Andean Archaeology, Inca Archaeology, Hunter-Gatherer Archaeology, Ancient Metallurgy

This volume contains the following articles, research reports, and obituaries: "John Victor Murra (August 24, 1916 - October 16, 2006): An Interpretative Biography" by Monica Barnes with a "Bibliography of Works by and about John Victor Murra" by David Block and Monica Barnes; "Introduction to John Victor Murra: A Mentor to Women" by Heather Lechtman and Freda Yancy Wolf de Romero; "Anthropology is My Village" by Heather Lechtman; "Mentors as Intellectual Parents" by Freda Yancy Wolf de Romero; "an Extraordinary Teacher Who Taught All the Time" by Patricia Netherly; "Kicking Off a New Perspective in Ethnohistory" by Ana Maria Lorandi; "The Ability to Bestow Confidence and Stimulate New Ideas" by Victoria Castro; "The Green Pachwork Paper" by Rolena Adorno; "Do Anthropology the Way Poets Write Poetry" by Inge Maria Harman; "Eight Thousand Solutions to the Same Problem" by Silvia Palomeque; "Kinsmen Resurrected: John Victor Murra and the History of Anthropology" by Frank Solomon; "Costanza Di Capua Di Capua (December 17, 1912 - May 5, 2008) by Karen Olsen Bruhns; "Reconstruction of the Burial Offering at Punkuri in the Nepena Valley of Peru's North-central Coast" by Victor Falcon Huayta; "An Analysis of the Isabellita Rock Engraving and Its Archaeological Context, Callejon de Huaylas, Peru" by Victor Manuel Ponte R.; "Strange Harvest: A Discussion of Sacrifice and Missing Body Parts on the North Coast of Peru" by Catherine M. Gaither, Jonathan Bethard, Jonathan Kent, Victor Vasquez Sanchez, Teresa Rosales Tham, and Richard Busch; "A Design Analysis of Moche Fineline Sherds from the Archaeological Site of Galindo, Moche Valley, Peru" by Gregory D. Lockard; "More than Meets the Eye: A Study of Signs in Nasca Art" by Ana Nieves; "Early Cotton Network Knotted in Colored Patterns" by Grace Katterman; "Climate, Agricultural Strategies, and Sustainability in the Pre-Columbian Andes" by Charles R. Ortloff and Michael E. Moseley; "Experiences with the Institute of Andean Research 1941-42 and 1946" by Gordon R. Willey with an "Introduction" by Richard Daggett; "Archaeological Investigations at Antumpa (Jujuy): Contributions to the Characterization of the Early Ceramic Period in the Huamahuaca Region" by Juan B. Leoni; "San Pedro de Atacama" by Carolina Aguero, Muricio Uribe, and Carlos Carraso; "Tarapaca Region" by Mauricio Uribe, Leonor Adan, Carolina Aguero, Cora Moragas, and Flora Viches; "New Archaeological and Rock Art Projects in Bolivia" by Matthias Strecker, Freddy Taboada, and Claudia Rivera; "Exchange at Chavin de Huantar: Insights from Shell Data" by Matthew P. Sayre and Luisa Lopez Aldave; "La Forteleza at Ollantaytambo" by J. Lee Hollowell.

- by Dan Sandweiss and +12
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- Forensic Anthropology, Climate Change, Andean Archaeology, Textiles

This volume of Andean Past contains the following articles, research reports, and obituaries: "Editor's Preface" by Monica Barnes; "Donald Frederick Sola" by Monica Barnes; Paulina Mercedes Ledergerber-Crespo" by A. Jorge Arellano-Lopez; "Death Notices (Robert Ascher, Bernd Lambert, Daniel W. Gade, and George Bankes) by Monica Barnes and Bill Sillar; "Obsidian Procurement and Cosmopolitanism at the Middle Horizon Settlement of Conchopata, Peru" by Richard L. Burger, Catherine M. Bencic, and Michael D. Glascock; "Characteristics and Significance of Tapia Walls and the Mochica Presence at Santa Rosa de Pucala in the Mid-Lambayeque Valley" by Edgar Bracamonte; "Health at the Edge of the Wari Empire: An Analysis of Skeletal Remains from Hatun Cotuyoc, Huaro, Peru" by Sara L. Juengst and Maeve Skidmore; "Demographic Analysis of a Looted Late Intermediate Period Tomb, Chincha Valley, Peru" by Camille Weinberg, Benjamin T. Nigra, Maria Cecilia Lozada, Charles Stanish, Henry Tantalean, Jacob Bongers, and Terrah Jones; "Macrobotanical Remains from the 2009 Season at Caylan: Preliminary Insights into Early Horizon Plant Use in the Nepena Valley, North-Central Coast of Peru" by David Chicoine, Beverly Clement, and Kyle Stich; "Obsidian Technology at the Wari Site of Conchopata in Ayacucho, Peru" by Catherine M. Bencic; "Incahuasi, Canete" by Alejandro Chu; "Luis Barreda Murillo's Excavations at Huanuco Pampa, 1965" Monica Barnes; "Early Village Formation in Desert Areas of Tarapaca, Northern Chile (Eleventh Century B.C.--Thirteenth Century A.D.)" by Simon Urbina, Leonor Adan, Constanza Pellegrino, and Estefania Vidal; and "Don Mateo-El Cerro, a Newly Rediscovered Late Period Settlement in Yocavil (Catamarca, Argentina) by Alina Alvarez Larrain.

- by Monica Barnes and +13
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- Architecture, Archaeobotany, Settlement Patterns, Architectural History

This volume contains the following articles, research reports, and obituaries: "Earl Henry Lubensky (March 31, 1921 - May 1, 2009)" by Deborah M. Pearsall; "Juan (Hans) Santiago Rene Schobinger (February 18, 1928 - July 11, 2009)" by Constanza Ceruti; "A Changing Society? Craft Specialization and Complementarity Systems during the Formative Period in the Cochabamba Valley, Bolivia" by Olga U. Gabelmann; "Moche Architectural Vessels: Small Structures Big Implications" by Juliet Wiersema; "The Well and the Huaca: Ceremony, Chronology, and Culture Change at Huaca Cao Viejo, Chicama Valley, Peru" by Jeffrey Quilter, Regulo Franco J., Cesar Galvez M., William Doonan, Catherine Gaither, Victor F. Vasquez S., Teresa E. Rosales T., Jaime Jimenez S., Hal Starratt, and Michele L. Koons; "Adobe Bricks and Labor Organization on the North Coast of Peru" by Howard I. Tsai; "A Bioarchaeological Study of Coca Use and Coca Leaf Chewing at Puruchuco-Huaquerones, Peru" by Melissa S. Murphy and Maria Fernanda Boza; "The Destruction of the Yurac Rumi Shrine (Vilcabamba, Cusco Department)" by Brian S. Bauer, Miriam Dayde Araoz Silva, and George S. Burr; "Inca Storage and Accounting Facilities at Pachacamac" by Peter Eeckhout; "Regional Associations and a Ceramic Assemblage from the Fourteenth Century Llanos de Mojos" by John H. Walker; "Recent Excavations at the Late Intermediate Period Village of Yanaorco in the Cajamarca Highlands" by Jason L. Toohy; "A Colonial Human Burial Excavated in 1965 between Portals 5 and 6 at Huanuco Pampa" by Monica Barnes, Catherine Gaither, Robert A. Benfer, Jr., and Daniel Shea; "Mitomarca: A Possible Fortification in the Upper Huallaga Basin" by Yuichi Matsumoto, Jason S. Nesbitt, and Denesy Palacio J.; "An Initial Period Domestic Occupation at Huaca Cortada, Caballo Muerto Complex" by Jason S. Nesbitt; "Marine Exploitation and Paleoenvironment as Viewed through Molluscan Resources at the Early Horizon Center of Huambacho, Nepena Valley, Coastal Ancash" by David Chicoine and Carol Rojas; "Architecture in the Coastal Desert" by Simon Urbina A., Leonor Adan A., and Estefania Vidal M.; "La Bolsa 1 Site, Tafi Valley, Tucuman Province: Household Mortuary Practices in a South Andean Village (First Millennium A.D.)" by Julian Salazar.

- by Monica Barnes and +9
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- Chilean and Andean Archaeology, Inca Archaeology, Alpine Archaeology, History of Accounting Thought

This article is mainly concerned with two subjects resulting from a lenghty study on the textile material of Arica. On one hand we define the archaeological "chuspa" of the Late Intermediate Period (1000-1470) found in funerary contexts in Azapa valley and the coast of Arica. Trough the identification of certain attributes such as: general shape of the piece, manufacturing technique, spatial composition, finishings, colors and iconography we can differentiate the "chuspa" or ritual bag, containing coca leaves, from other various type of bags such as those used for daily activities, for carrying food or other functions (i.e., costales, talegas and wayuñas). The appearance of this attributes in a bag emptied from its original context, gives us the information for to establish its function and nature. On the other hand, applying a methodology of an integral textile analysis, developed and proved by us, we have been able to define different styles within the fabrics of the Late Intermediate Period in Azapa valley and Arica coast. In this paper we offer a detailed description of the technical, formal and iconographic attributes which caracterize the style San Miguel and San Miguel-Pocoma of "chuspas".

Resumen En este artículo se presenta la secuencia ocupacional alfarera de la Mina Las Turquesas, emplazada en El Salvador, comuna de Diego de Almagro, discutiendo sus aportes al conocimiento de la minería lapidaria prehispánica y sobre las probables interrelaciones entre las manifestaciones culturales alfareras circumpuneñas y del valle de Copiapó, caracterizando sus particulares ocupaciones interno-dales dentro del desierto de Atacama. Igualmente, se postulan vin-culaciones de este sitio con rutas camineras locales y con el Qhapaq Ñan longitudinal. También se entregan fechados absolutos inéditos de la Mina Las Turquesas y del oasis de Finca de Chañaral, para discutir determinadas interacciones sociales. Finalmente, y en base al sitio Mina Las Turquesas, se plantean las singularidades socio-culturales de la zona en estudio (comuna de Diego de Almagro), ubicada en el Desierto Meridional de Atacama. Palabras claves: Minería no metalífera – interacciones culturales – redes caravaneras – prehistoria alfarera. Abstract This article presents the occupational pottery sequence of the Las Turquesas Mine, located in El Salvador, Diego de Almagro commune , discussing its contributions to the knowledge of the pre-hispanic lapidary mining and the probable interrelations between the cultural manifestations pottery circumpuneña and of the Copiapo valley, with the purpose to characterize its particular intermodal occupations within the Atacama Desert. Likewise, linkages of this site are posited with local road routes and the longitudinal Qhapaq Ñan. There is also unpublished absolute dated from the Las Tur-quesas Mine and Finca of Chañaral oasis, to discuss certain social interactions. Finally, based on the site Las Turquesas Mine, as an analytical focal point, the sociocultural singularities of the area under study (Diego de Almagro commune), located in the Southern Atacama Desert, are proposed.

- by Carlos González Godoy
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- Archaeology, Prehistoric Archaeology, Andean Archaeology, Andean Region
- by Carlos González Godoy
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- Ethnohistory, Archaeology, Andean Archaeology, Andean Region
- by Carlos González Godoy and +2
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- Archaeology, Anthropology, Indigenous Studies, Historical Archaeology
- by Carlos González Godoy and +1
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- Chilean and Andean Archaeology, Andean Prehistory (Archaeology), Andes, Inca Archaeology

his substantial contributions to the archaeology and anthropology of Latin America. It shows how he came to be the consummate scholar he was and how his life experiences and education shaped his persona and ultimately forged The Complete Americanist from Scotland that he became. His hunger for knowledge and understanding of the Americas, past and present, led McEwan to explore and conduct research in diverse Latin American localities, from the frigid landscape of Tierra del Fuego, to the humid tropical rainforests of Colombia, from the islands on the Pacific coast of Ecuador, to the mountains of the Peruvian Andes, and beyond in Central America, Mesoamerica, and the Caribbean. As curator and head of the Americas section in the Department of Africa, Oceania, and the Americas of the British Museum (1993–2012), he skillfully introduced a broad international public to the richness and diversity of ancient Latin American civilizations through his spectacular and well-researched exhibitions As director of Pre-Columbian Studies at Dumbarton Oaks (2012–2019), he developed a research project entitled Art from Central America and Colombia (2014–2017), consisting of intense international workshops to contextualize, problematize, and shed new light on the Robert W. Bliss collections. This begat (in 2018) another ambitious project titled Waves of Influence–Revisiting Costal Connections between Northwest South America and Mesoamerica. McEwan was driven by a deep need to share his knowledge of Pre-Columbian America with everyone, from indigenous groups and the general public, to research fellows, students, and academic specialists. His many publications have left their mark and are enumerated in the bibliography incorporated into this monograph. This biography captures not just Colin McEwan as the central subject, but also a generation of diverse actors, encapsulating an era in the history of anthropology and archaeology.

- by Monica Barnes
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- Andean Archaeology, Anthroposophy, Aztecs, Chilean and Andean Archaeology

Proceso de recuperación y catalogo de las piezas que conforman la colección arqueológica de la Universidad de Concepción, Chile. Las series no contaban con un registro desde el parcial cierre de la carrera de antropología hasta su re-apertura, en el año 2005. En esta oportunidad, los autores realizan un breve resumen informativo y del contexto cultural de las piezas, pertenecientes a sitios arqueológicos chilenos, mayoritariamente a la región del Bio-bio.

- by Eduardo Saldías
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- Archaeology, Anthropology, Andean Archaeology, History of Chile

Use of Patagonia's forests by hunter-gatherers remains relatively poorly understood. Regional archaeological records indicate initial forest colonization during the middle Holocene, infrequent use until late prehistory, and, even then, fairly sparse occupation, likely in conjunction with use of the adjacent steppe. Recent excavations at Río Ibáñez-6 West in Aysén, Chile, provide a new perspective for understanding the prehistoric use of Patagonian forests, particularly regarding timing of the initial occupation and the potential for development of a forest-specific adaptation. We provide chronological, lithic, archaeofaunal, and macrobotanical data that show use of the Ibáñez River valley at least a millennium earlier than previously documented. These data indicate increased dietary breadth in late prehistory, supporting the established hypothesis that the valley became a closed system at that time. From our data we develop hypotheses regarding prehistoric forest use in Aysén that have implications for the broader understanding of the suitability of the forest for prehistoric human foragers.

- by Raven Garvey and +2
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- Archaeology, Prehistoric Archaeology, Rock Art (Archaeology), Chilean and Andean Archaeology

This paper presents the findings arising from neutron activation analysis (NAA) of northern Chilean domestic ceramic samples from Caleta Vitor (n = 38) and clay samples (n = 15) from nearby valley, coast and highland contexts. This study presents the first NAA data set of ceramics spanning a temporal period of 1500 years (c.2000 to c.476 BP) from the Vitor Valley as well as the first attempt to use NAA to characterize potential clay sources in the region. On the basis of this study, we argue that the majority of domestic ceramics from Caleta Vitor share compositional similarities with clay samples collected from nearby valleys, allowing us to infer that the Caleta Vitor populations primarily procured their clay for domestic ceramics from local sources throughout a 1500-year period. Thus, despite the fact that there were interregional interactions during this period that included the influence of powerful Andean polities, it would appear that domestic ceramics continued to be produced locally, and by implication it can be argued that such interactions did not substantially affect this sphere of material culture production. Further, the apparent continuities in domestic ceramic production

- by Xurxo Ayán and +1
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- Chilean and Andean Archaeology, Inca Archaeology, Archaeological surveying and mapping, CULTURAS PREINCAS

Se presenta una propuesta para el análisis interpretativo del icono conocido como ‘Señor de los Cetros’ (tomando como soportes tanto a las tabletas para el uso de psicoactivos, como al arte rupestre) desde un marco teórico simbólico... more

- by Macarena López Oliva and +1
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- Archaeology, Anthropology, Iconography, Andean Archaeology
- by Patricio De Souza and +1
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- Chilean and Andean Archaeology, Early peopling of America

Entre los años 2015 y 2017 se excavó una amplia área funeraria en el sitio El Olivar, en el marco de la construcción de la doble vía (Ruta 5) entre las ciudades de La Serena y Vallenar. A partir de una caracterización de las sepulturas más antiguas (n=86) del área excavada, argumentamos que éstas pertenecen a un momento inicial de la cultura Diaguita Chilena, que denominamos fase Diaguita Temprana. Las evidencias sugieren que durante esta fase los diaguitas crearon una identidad tecnoestilística material, al tiempo que mantuvieron algún grado de interacción social con poblaciones septentrionales de los valles de Huasco y Copiapó. En este contexto, el artículo discute hasta qué punto es posible distinguir al complejo cultural Las Ánimas como una entidad cultural distinta a la cultura Diaguita en el valle del Elqui. Se hipotetiza, a su vez, que la alfarería diaguita consolida una identidad propia materializando lenguajes visuales cuyas raíces podrían estar relacionadas, no solo con el mundo andino, sino que con antiguas tradiciones culturales de las tierras bajas orientales bolivianas.

- by Carlos González Godoy
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- Archaeology, Geoarchaeology, Andean Archaeology, Andean Region
- by Carlos González Godoy and +1
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- Andean Archaeology, Chilean and Andean Archaeology, Archaeology of Mining, Andean studies

El arte rupestre de la precordillera de Arica, en el Desierto de Atacama del extremo norte de Chile fue descrito por primera vez en la década de los setenta por Hans Niemeyer. Desde las primeras investigaciones se destacaron las escenas con figuras zoomorfas de camélidos en actitudes dinámicas y, con distintos grados de naturalismo. Actualmente, su variabilidad, junto con la de las figuras antropomor- fas, ha permitido precisar dos variantes estilística (GE1 y GE2), cuya adscripción cronológica es debatida, debido a la dificultad de asociar el conjunto artístico con los sitios arqueológicos. El sector de pampa el Muerto en la precordillera de Arica, se ubica en la cuenca de los ríos Tignamar-San José, entre 2.500-3.800 msnm. Con- cretamente para el sector, contamos con cinco dataciones procedentes de tres sitios (Pampa el Muerto 3, 8 y 12), las cuales evidencian ocupaciones que oscilan entre finales del período Arcaico Medio (aproximadamente 5.000 años a.C.), asociado a grupos de cazadores-recolectores, y el Intermedio Tardío, definido por grupos aldea- nos agroalfareros entre los siglos XIII y XV. No obstante, los registros descriptivos revelan una actividad pictórica prolongada hasta la época colonial. En este contexto, se hace patente la necesidad de un estudio que permita precisar la variabilidad esti- lística existente y los distintos momentos de ejecución de las figuras, es decir, un estudio que analice las pautas de representación características de las manifestacio- nes rupestres ya que, generalmente, muestran variaciones espaciales y temporales en función de diversos factores. El abordaje a micro-escala para evaluar la variabilidad estilística nos parece hoy fundamental en la precordillera de modo que la localidad de Pampa el Muerto aparece como un área suficientemente acotada, en función de sus características geomorfológicas, geográficas y ambientales. También se requiere mejorar las formas de documentación, más allá del registro mediante ficha y foto- grafía digital realizado hasta ahora, privilegiando la aplicación de técnicas digitales para la documentación e interpretación del conjunto rupestre. Para Pampa el Muerto. la creación de modelos geométricos de alta resolución de los aleros rupestres ha sido posible gracias a técnicas de fotogrametría digital. La información radiométrica ha sido sometida a análisis estadísticos a modo de: 1) destacar elementos pintados que son imperceptibles a simple vista y 2) proporcionar calcos nítidos de manera auto- mática. Con este propósito se diseñaron nuevos algoritmos, algunos de forma espe- cífica para este trabajo, que permiten mejorar notoriamente la resolución del registro obtenido. Esta aproximación, mediante innovadoras técnicas de documentación per- mitirá disponer de un registro integral, de alta resolución y objetivo de las represen-
| ARKEOS 37 | 523 | XIX INTERNATIONAL ROCK ART CONFERENCE - IFRAO 2015 |
| Aproximación mediante técnicas digitales de documentación al estudio del arte rupestre pictórico en el sector Pampa el Muerto | Zaray Guerrero et al |
taciones pictóricas. En este trabajo se discuten las implicancias de estas técnicas para el estudio de las pinturas de Pampa el Muerto en la Precordillera de Arica.

- by Zaray Guerrero Bueno and +1
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- Digital Archaeology, Rock Art (Archaeology), Chilean and Andean Archaeology

The abundant ethnohistorical information about the Inca empire provides an opportunity to compare these data with the archaeology of the Inca period in order to elucidate the realities of Inca state formation and its imperialistic expansion. One of the mechanisms of this expansion was the utilization of colonists (mitimaes) who were removed from more secure areas of the empire and placed in newly conquered territories. One group of these exiles came from the village of Acos southeast of the Inca capital of Cuzco and held crucial administrative posts in the Inca empire as overseers of the bridges. According to the chronicles, during the reign of Pachacuti, the ninth Inca, the Acos Indians were relocated 250 km to the northwest of the village of Acos in an area near the modern city of Ayacucho. Because the Acos Indians were "Incas of Privilege" and part of the administrative structure of the empire, examining the ethnohistoric and archaeological data about this group provides some insight into how it was incorporated into the early Inca state before its rapid expansion. Comparison of ethnohistoric data and an archaeological reconnaissance around the village of Acos suggest that the Acos Indians were absorbed into the Inca state through conquest.

- by Dean E Arnold
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- Ethnohistory, Latin American Studies, Andean Archaeology, Andean Region
- by Dean E Arnold
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- Ethnoarchaeology, Andean Archaeology, Pottery (Archaeology), Ceramic Technology
- by David Fleming
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- Chilean and Andean Archaeology, Utopian Literature, Peruvian History, Utopianism