Corporations Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

There has been substantial academic interest surrounding innovation, change management, and the individual attributes that permit and promote learning, organisational change and innovative behaviour. This research uses a psychometric tool... more

There has been substantial academic interest surrounding innovation, change management, and the individual attributes that permit and promote learning, organisational change and innovative behaviour. This research uses a psychometric tool known as the Instinctive Drives System® to measure preferred working styles in 3,943 employees from a range of international companies. The employees were then classified into three groups (Engineers, Operators and Executives) following Schein's (1996) classification of occupational subcultures. This study reveals significant differences between the occupational subcultures, suggesting that executives are more inclined towards variety, flexibility and change rather than routine and structure. In contrast, operators and engineers demonstrated preferences for logic and certainty. These results have a range of implications, for researchers and practitioners. Researchers can extend the results of this study, and further explore the differences found between executives and managers from different subcultures. Practitioners may use the results to initiate change to integrate preferred working styles.

 According to "Richard" organization effectiveness captures organizational performance out comes normally associated with more efficient or effusive operation and other external measures that relate to considerations that are broader... more

 According to "Richard" organization effectiveness captures organizational performance out comes normally associated with more efficient or effusive operation and other external measures that relate to considerations that are broader than those simply associated with economic valuation.

The central question in this book: ‘what we did/didn’t, should/cp learn from activist/movement experiences of security operations, surveillance, infiltration’ and such activities, presupposes some understanding of the architecture of... more

The central question in this book: ‘what we did/didn’t, should/cp learn from activist/movement experiences of security operations, surveillance, infiltration’ and such activities, presupposes some understanding of the architecture of power within which state surveillance operates. The architecture of power is always a concrete historical question. The world wars have formative influence on the architecture of power in the Allied states. At the turn of the twentieth century, faced with the collapse of capitalism and the world wars, the Allied states mobilized all of society to survive the existential threat to economy and state. In the process militarism became the organizing mechanism for the Allied states. Militarism integrated economic institutions, military and civilian arms of the state and civil society organizations to create a ‘warfare’ state. The warfare state forged during the world wars was not dismantled after the end of World War II. Instead the warfare state expanded to become gigantic military- industrial-technology-media complexes with global outreach and dependent on perpetual warfare. Surveillance in such a state is much more than an appendage of the state’s military and police functions. Rather it is embedded in the constitutional structures of post-War Allied states. Limiting understandings of the surveillance state to experiences of opposition movements and protests within the Allied states not only limits our understanding of surveillance but misdirects our understanding of militarism as the organizing mechanism characteristic of imperialism in the post-War era.

This paper offers the concept of " justice failure, " as a counterpart to the familiar idea of market failure, in order to better understand managers' ethical obligations. This paper takes the " Market Failures Approach " (MFA) to... more

This paper offers the concept of " justice failure, " as a counterpart to the familiar idea of market failure, in order to better understand managers' ethical obligations. This paper takes the " Market Failures Approach " (MFA) to business ethics as its point of departure. The success of the MFA, I argue, lies in its close proximity with economic theory, particularly in the idea that, within a larger scheme of social cooperation, markets ought to pursue efficiency and leave the pursuit of equality to the welfare state. As a result, the core ethical responsibility of business actors is to avoid profiting off of market failure. After reviewing this approach I challenge its emphasis on efficiency. I argue that just as we note the suboptimal efficiency of actual markets (market failure), we should also take seriously the suboptimal equality of actual welfare states (what I call " justice failure "). Taking this idea seriously results in a whole other set of ethical responsibilities for businesses to take into account; in addition to market imperfections and regulatory lacunae, managers should also avoid profiting from, and exacerbating, structural inequalities and injustices. I offer an outline of the kinds of injustices and inequalities that would have bearing on business ethics, and the kinds of ethical responsibilities that this approach suggests that business actors should take into account.
*Some copyediting still remains to be done. Please excuse awkward citations, formatting, or typos.

It is hard to define a single set of ethics that will cover an entire computer users community. In this paper, the issue is addressed in reference to code of ethics implemented by various professionals, institutes and organizations. The... more

It is hard to define a single set of ethics that will cover an entire computer users community. In this paper, the issue is addressed in reference to code of ethics implemented by various professionals, institutes and organizations. The paper presents a higher level model using hierarchical approach. The code developed using this approach could be adopted easily by the

This paper focuses on the topic of ''soft skills'' as an intrinsic part of successful leadership. The first part of the paper presents a literature review about the shift in perspective in recent years on what matters in leadership, and... more

This paper focuses on the topic of ''soft skills'' as an intrinsic part of successful leadership. The first part of the paper presents a literature review about the shift in perspective in recent years on what matters in leadership, and the significant changes this prompted in some areas of education and corporate recruitment. In the second part, the findings of a year round study conducted among Los Angeles based workforce members in an MBA program are presented. By utilizing a multi-method approach, consisting of a survey model with three open ended, interview style questions, and data analysis in phenomenological trend, a number of interesting findings emerged, supporting the literature reviewed, that soft leadership skills, such as self-awareness, self-regulation, motivation, empathy, and social skills, are steadily on the rise, and that greater attention should be apportioned to strengthen these skills in future leaders.

This book develops an analysis of the historical, political and legal contexts behind current demands by NGOs and the United Nations Human Rights Council to hold corporations accountable for their human rights violations. Based on an... more

This book develops an analysis of the historical, political and legal contexts behind current demands by NGOs and the United Nations Human Rights Council to hold corporations accountable for their human rights violations. Based on an analysis of the range of mechanisms of accountability that currently exist, it argues that those demands are a response to the failure of neo-liberal politics that have dominated the practice of politics and law since the emergence of this debate in its current form in the 1970s.

This paper outlines the conceptual, cultural, contextual and disciplinary scope of the rapidly evolving topic of corporate governance. As a basis for improving the rigour of research and analysis, some definitions are suggested. Reasons... more

This paper outlines the conceptual, cultural, contextual and disciplinary scope of the rapidly evolving topic of corporate governance. As a basis for improving the rigour of research and analysis, some definitions are suggested. Reasons for the diversity of viewpoints and concerns are considered. To provide an orientation for new scholars and those from specialised disciplines, recent surveys of corporate governance are reviewed from their ethnocentric, contextual, and intellectual contingencies. The prospects of developing the topic as a "science of organization" are considered along with areas for future research.

This paper integrates elements from the theory of agency, the theory of property rights and the theory of finance to develop a theory of the ownership structure of the firm. We define the concept of agency costs, show its relationship to... more

This paper integrates elements from the theory of agency, the theory of property rights and the theory of finance to develop a theory of the ownership structure of the firm. We define the concept of agency costs, show its relationship to the 'separation and control' issue, investigate the nature of the agency costs generated by the existence of debt and outside equity, demonstrate who bears costs and why, and investigate the Pareto optimality of their existence. We also provide a new definition of the firm, and show how our analysis of the factors influencing the creation and issuance of debt and equity claims is a special case of the supply side of the completeness of markets problem.

Extract] Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is associated with the conduct of corporations and in particular whether corporations owe a duty to stakeholders other than shareholders. Whilst the phrase 'Corporate Social Responsibility'... more

Extract] Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is associated with the conduct of corporations and in particular whether corporations owe a duty to stakeholders other than shareholders. Whilst the phrase 'Corporate Social Responsibility' may be gaining momentum, the concept itself is not new. The question as to whether corporations owe duties to broader stakeholders has been debated at various times throughout the twentieth century.

In an era of increasing global competition, it is argued that knowledge and skills are the key sources of competitive advantage. This places the human resource development (HRD) function in a situation of increased status and power, if... more

In an era of increasing global competition, it is argued that knowledge and skills are the key sources of competitive advantage. This places the human resource development (HRD) function in a situation of increased status and power, if HRD professionals adopt roles in a way that adds "value" and facilitates achievement of competitive advantage. Multinational corporations (MNCs) are ensconced in this dynamic, increasingly competitive and global environment, even more so than domestic organizations. This provides opportunities for HRD professionals to demonstrate their ability to "deliver value" by reconceptualizing their role as "strategic" or business partners. To engage in such roles, it is evident that social capital is of increasing importance to HRD professionals, and hence the imperativeness of developing social networking competency. This article analyzes the implications of the MNC context for the roles of HRD professionals. It discusses how this context influences and changes their roles and how those roles are organized. Drawing from this discussion, it explores the emergence and increasing importance of social networking competency for HRD professional's efforts at successfully engaged in new roles.

The historical continuity between Roman and Medieval guilds and Masonic Lodges, fantasy or reality? The Masonic collective imagination is based on two compelling illustrations of the origin of Masonic lodges: the first is a sort of... more

The historical continuity between Roman and Medieval guilds and Masonic Lodges, fantasy or reality?
The Masonic collective imagination is based on two compelling illustrations of the origin of Masonic lodges: the first is a sort of millenarianism that assigns a rift between religious and secular culture, the so-called "secularization", which would explain the birth of Masonic lodges as a pollution of the secularization of European island and continental society; the second is that the same lodges are the product of the medieval Universitas (Corporations or Guilds) which in turn would be a direct historical continuation of the Roman Collegia ( corporations). There are two levels of interpretation on the similarity between these three distinct phenomena. One level of interpretation, frequent in the Masonic sphere, is that all three have the common characteristics of religiosity and occultism, therefore of a spiritualism both in a general-generic and esoteric-initiatic sense; the other level of interpretation that would justify the first is a sort of historical continuity of them, as if they were intertwined by linear cause-effect relations. The attribution of the generic term spirituality or spiritualism does not allow for an examination of the dynamics of this characteristic and is therefore not examined here. The case of mystical-religious and magical-esoteric characters attributed to corporations and lodges is different. To this range of interpretations is added a thesis of a wider dimension which is the so-called socio-cultural phenomenon of "secularization". This denomination has provoked and still provokes many discussions in the historicalistic field, assigning different definitions and methods of analysis. The thesis of certain Authors in the Masonic sphere is that the establishment and development of modern lodges from the 17th century onwards would be the effect of a slow process of secularization that would differentiate the Middle Ages, understood as an era of high spirituality, from the post-Renaissance period characterized by ever higher levels of secularization. The author proposes as an alternative the concept of " laicalization", a socio-cultural process that reveals the subdivision of culture and society between the secular world and religiosity and also spirituality, in a general sense, that are not dissolved by the new lay reality.The analysis of the three phenomena shows that the Roman Colleges were lay associations that presented elements of religiosity, as in all societies with characteristics of "theological absolutism", equally the medieval corporations and guilds. For these two forms of associationism there are no documents that attest the presence of initiatory and esoteric-mysterological modalities. With regard to the Masonic Lodges, properly called, which appeared in the seventeenth century and became official in the first twenty years of the eighteenth century, there are no documents proving their initiatory and esoteric character, an aspect that has been consolidated, with a rich publicity and a proliferation of rituals, only since the thirties of the eighteenth century.

The paper seeks to examine the activities of Multinational corporations (MNCs) in Nigeria and how it has influenced the Nigerian economy. Specifically, it analyses how MNCs has served as agents of imperialism in any economy where they... more

The paper seeks to examine the activities of Multinational corporations (MNCs) in Nigeria and how it has influenced the Nigerian economy. Specifically, it analyses how MNCs has served as agents of imperialism in any economy where they operate. Most economists believe that the MNCs are exploitative as natural resources found in developing countries such as in Nigeria meant for its development are not productively utilized due to de-capitalization of the economy in form of profit repatriation. It argues however that in spite of the negative activities of MNCs however, they contribute positively in the areas of technological development and creation of employment opportunities. The paper sorts out to examine the nature, objective and operations of MNCs in the Nigerian economy. 360 corporations has been around for centuries but in the second half of the twentieth century multinational corporations have become very important enterprises. Tatum (2010) proposes that multinationals operate in different structural models. The first and common model is for the multinational corporation positioning its executive headquarters in one nation, while production facilities are located in one or more other countries. This model often allows the company to take advantage of benefits of incorporating in a given locality, while also being able to produce goods and services in areas where the cost of production is lower . The second structural model is for a MNC to base the parent company in one nation and operate subsidiaries in other countries around the world. With this model, just about all the functions of the parent are based in the country of origin. The subsidiaries more or less function independently, outside of a few basic ties to the parent. A third approach to the setup of an MNC involves the establishment of a headquarters in one country that oversees a diverse conglomeration that stretches to many different countries and industries . With this model, the MNC includes affiliates, subsidiaries and possibly even some facilities that report directly to the headquarters. Such direct investment means the extension of the managerial control across national boundaries (Gilpin, 1987). Rugman et al (1985), who prefer to use the name multinational enterprises, say that the concept of the MNE is that "the difference between Domestic Corporation and the MNE is that the latter operates across national boundaries". While institutions are important for economic development, particularly in resource rich countries, the interaction between multinational corporations and host country institutions is not well understood (Wiig and Kolstad, 2010). There is a risk that multinational corporations facilitate patronage problems in resource rich countries, exacerbating the resource curse. Multinational corporations (MNCs) in service industries have given this sector's large and growing impact on the global economy . The Marxists view the emergence of the multinational corporations as a historically progressive aspect of capitalism in the process of developing, at international level (Gilpin 1987; Stopford 1988). In all these views both Marxist and non-Marxist, the common basis is productive activity in more than one social formation. Another point to be noted right away is that in a social formation there may be many multinationals with different nationalities and also many corporations of the same nationality. In a social formation where there are many MNCs from different nations, there are higher possibilities of conflicts than where they are mainly from the same country.

In order to benefit from e-learning, companies should conduct considerable up-front analysis to assess their readiness. There are a number of instruments in the market that can be used for assessing readiness for elearning. However,... more

In order to benefit from e-learning, companies should conduct considerable up-front analysis to assess their readiness. There are a number of instruments in the market that can be used for assessing readiness for elearning. However, almost all of these instruments are developed to be used in countries that have a mature field of human resources development. So, these instruments consist of terms, phrases, and applications that are meaningless for many companies in especially emerging countries where human resources development field has just shown an improvement. This article includes the description of a survey instrument that has been developed to assess e-learning readiness of companies in these kinds of countries and the results of a study that examines organizational readiness of companies for e-learning in Turkey. The study reveals that companies surveyed are overall ready for e-learning but they need to improve need to improve themselves, particularly in the area of human resources, in order to be able to successfully implement e-learning. Although this instrument has been developed according to the cultural characteristics of Turkish companies it can easily be adapted to be used by companies of other emerging countries.

Π Πα αν να αγ γι ιώ ώτ τα α Τ Τζ ζι ιβ βά άρ ρα α Επίκουρη Καθηγήτρια Ιστορίας του Βενετοκρατούμενου Ελληνισμού Δημοκριτείου Πανεπιστημίου Θράκης Αντικείμενο της παρούσας εργασίας είναι η παρουσίαση της ομάδας των υποδικηγόρων ή δικολάβων... more

Π Πα αν να αγ γι ιώ ώτ τα α Τ Τζ ζι ιβ βά άρ ρα α Επίκουρη Καθηγήτρια Ιστορίας του Βενετοκρατούμενου Ελληνισμού Δημοκριτείου Πανεπιστημίου Θράκης Αντικείμενο της παρούσας εργασίας είναι η παρουσίαση της ομάδας των υποδικηγόρων ή δικολάβων στο νησί της Ζακύνθου καθώς και η ένταξή τους σε συσσωμάτωση, στην περίοδο της όψιμης βενετικής κυριαρχίας. Οι δικολάβοι, οι οποίοι στις ιταλικές πηγές απαντούν ως intervenienti, procuratori, comessi, sollecitadori, causidici 1 , μαζί με τους δικηγόρους ήταν οι επαγγελματίες, που αναλάμβαναν την υπεράσπιση των διαδίκων στα δικαστήρια, ή παρείχαν νομική αρωγή, ανάλογα με τον τόπο εκδίκασης της υπόθεσης και τον βαθμό αρμοδιότητας του δικαστηρίου.

: Brain-computer interface (BCI) research deals with establishing communication pathways between the brain and external devices. BCI systems can be broadly classified depending on the placement of the electrodes used to detect and measure... more

: Brain-computer interface (BCI) research deals with establishing communication pathways between the brain and external devices. BCI systems can be broadly classified depending on the placement of the electrodes used to detect and measure neurons firing in the brain: in invasive systems, electrodes are inserted directly into the cortex; in noninvasive systems, they are placed on the scalp and use electroencephalography or electrocorticography to detect neuron activity. This WTEC study was designed to gather information on worldwide status and trends in BCI research and to disseminate it to government decision makers and the research community. The study reviewed and assessed the state of the art in sensor technology, the biotic/abiotic interface and biocompatibility, data analysis and modeling, hardware implementation, systems engineering, functional electrical stimulation, noninvasive communication systems, and cognitive and emotional neuroprostheses in academic research and industry.

In this article, I focus on the ways advertising language has helped precipitate the idea of corporate personhood, and how corporate 10.1353/bio.2014.0013personality has come to supplant human personality in particular aspects of U.S.... more

In this article, I focus on the ways advertising language has helped precipitate the idea of corporate personhood, and how corporate 10.1353/bio.2014.0013personality has come to supplant human personality in particular aspects of U.S. culture. Corporations use advertising to create an impersonal persona to convince people they have a relationship with the things (products) they buy. Drawing on Sharon Cameron’s work regarding impersonality in a somewhat different context, I argue that the mechanisms of advertising, which simulate and manipulate human emotions and relations, are intertwined with the creation of corporate personhood and corporate biography. While noting that the concept is fluid, Cameron proposes that “representations of the impersonal suspend, eclipse and even destroy the idea of the person as such, who is not treated as a social, political or individual entity” (ix). In addition to the “nonhuman” attributes Cameron identifies with the impersonal, I would add, in the context of corporate personhood, the mechanical, generic, and parasitic: that is, impersonal systems function as simulacra of the personal and siphon personal qualities from people or imitate human processes (x). Advertising, the corporate speech I depict as impersonal and depersonalizing, provides a primary register for creating corporate “autobiographies,” which I define as the networks of representation that reify corporations as coherent and personalized entities, rather than treat them as legal fabrications. As one would expect in a zero-sum game, these issues related to advertising, language, and corporations are intimately connected—one can’t apprehend the corporate person separately from the corporate language of advertising. I argue that, though it is mediated, advertising is the most (quasi-)autobiographical utterance a corporation can make; most biographical representations of a “corporation” embody and ratify it as a coherent entity.

At the end of the first Millennium A.D., trade in Constantinople was administrated and disciplined, specifically regarding: strategic sectors of the economy; essential services in daily life; and finally goods with a symbolic value, among... more

At the end of the first Millennium A.D., trade in Constantinople was administrated and disciplined, specifically regarding: strategic sectors of the economy; essential services in daily life; and finally goods with a symbolic value, among which purple-coloured silk.
The production chain of the latter, even if belonging to a particular segment of the market, as a luxury item, was widely and stringently regulated in a normative text: the so-called Book of the Eparch, which outlined the tasks of the highest imperial official, responsible for the supervision of the Guilds; at the same time revealing some of the political and economic dynamics of the Byzantine Empire with their consequences on Private Law.

The Indirect Side of Direct Investment Multinational Company Finance and Taxation Jack M. Mintz and Alfons J. Weichenrieder The recent increase in cross-border flows of foreign direct investment has sharpened the research focus on... more

The Indirect Side of Direct Investment Multinational Company Finance and Taxation Jack M. Mintz and Alfons J. Weichenrieder The recent increase in cross-border flows of foreign direct investment has sharpened the research focus on multinational taxation. In this book, taxation experts Jack Mintz and Alfons Weichenrieder examine how multinational corporations use indirect financing structures--organizing themselves into groups with several tiers of ownership--to reduce worldwide taxes. They spell out in detail how different tax policies affect corporations' choice of financing structures, discussing the issues in both theoretical and empirical terms. Drawing on a unique data set (MiDi) on German multinationals provided by the Deutsche Bundesbank in Frankfurt, Mintz and Weichenrieder confirm the prevalence of indirect financing structures for both outbound and inbound German investment. They find evidence of "treaty shopping" to avoid withholding taxes (using a third cou...

Like most egalitarian political philosophers, John Rawls believes that a just society will rely on markets and business firms for much of its economic activity—despite acknowledging that market systems will tend to create very unequal... more

Like most egalitarian political philosophers, John Rawls believes that a just society will rely on markets and business firms for much of its economic activity—despite acknowledging that market systems will tend to create very unequal distributions of goods, opportunities, power, and status. Rawls himself remains one of the few contemporary political philosophers to explore at any length the way an egalitarian theory of justice might deal with fundamental options in political economy. This article examines his arguments and conclusions on these topics. It argues that contemporary Rawlsians will reach different conclusions if they take more seriously than Rawls himself did: (1) the implications, for the political culture and the democratic regulatory state, of large firms competing in adversarial markets characterized by the inevitable “fact of market failure,” and (2) the relevance of ownership and governance relationships involving different kinds of business firms. And with respect to the second point, Rawlsians and other egalitarians have much to learn from contemporary economic, legal, and sociological theories of the firm, and their role in studying the structure of and rationale for corporate law. This is the kind of social theory that Rawls believes is relevant to the justification and application of theories of justice, but he himself did not appeal to it in his writings on political economy. Contemporary egalitarians can and should appeal to it now, and in doing so correct errors and omissions in Rawls’s analysis. But taking seriously the two points mentioned above will also force egalitarians who support efficient markets to face difficult dilemmas or compromises of their own.

Монографію присвячено дослідженню природи корпорації як окремої моделі юридичної особи, для якої характерним є стан відносин між нею та її учасниками, що полягає в концентрації приватного інтересу її бенефіціарів навколо мети діяльності.... more

Монографію присвячено дослідженню природи корпорації як окремої моделі юридичної особи, для якої характерним є стан відносин між нею та її учасниками, що полягає в концентрації приватного інтересу її бенефіціарів навколо мети діяльності. Проведено сучасний аналіз теорій юридичної особи, за результатами якого наголошено на втраті значення теорії Personificationstheorie.
Досліджено структуру корпоративних юридичних відносин, встановлено підстави їх виникнення. Доведена цивільно-правова інституціональність корпоративних відносин. Визначена поліваріативність їх змісту, яка складається з комбінації організаційних, майнових і особистих немайнових сегментів.
Розкрито міждисциплінарний аспект проблеми корпоративного управління юридичною особою. Через аналіз бінарного та монотипового підходів розкрита морфологія моделі управління корпорації, встановлена їх варіативність.
Окрему увагу приділено субстандартним механізмам захисту корпоративних юридичних відносин, зокрема прав учасників в умовах облігаторної консолідації корпоративного контролю.
Видання адресовано науковим та науково-педагогічним працівникам, аспірантам, студентам закладів вищої освіти, іншим суб’єктам правореалізації та всім, хто цікавиться актуальними проблемами корпоративного права

The labor movement of the U. S. continues to bring the issue of worker rights to the forefront of American policy debates. As the American economy again has shifted from one based on manufacturing and the production of hard goods to one... more

The labor movement of the U. S. continues to bring the issue of worker rights to the forefront of American policy debates. As the American economy again has shifted from one based on manufacturing and the production of hard goods to one reliant upon human, financial and informational services, the labor movement faces new challenges. Labor unions and business leaders continue to disagree on the proper role of collective action and the effectiveness of policies aimed at the workplace sector. Today, one of the largest debates is the continued role and expansion of Rightto-Work (RTW) legislation. The debate is often cast as one between two perspectives on the guaranteed right to freedom of association. Labor unions believe RTW limits the power of collective action and, subsequently, the collective rights of workers versus business management. Conversely, business management believes that individual choices to associate are taken away through union requirements . This analysis will examine the history of Right-to-Work laws, their impact on state and individual economies, the issues generated from their implementation and offer a recommendation for policy reform.

From the start of the PRC's "corporatization" project in the late 1980s, a Chinese corporate governance regime subject to increasingly enabling legal norms has been determined by mandatory regulations imposed by the PRC securities... more

From the start of the PRC's "corporatization" project in the late 1980s, a Chinese corporate governance regime subject to increasingly enabling legal norms has been determined by mandatory regulations imposed by the PRC securities regulator, the CSRC. Indeed, the Chinese corporate law system has been cannibalized by allencompassing securities regulation directed at corporate governance, at least for companies with listed stock. This article traces the path of that sustained intervention, and makes a case-wholly contrary to the "quack corporate governance" critique much aired in the U.S.that for the PRC this phenomenon is necessary and appropriate, and benign. That analysis in turn reveals a great deal about: the development of Chinese law and legal institutions after 1979; China's contemporary political economy; the true identity of the firm under the PRC "corporatization without privatization" program; the normative character and function of corporate law across increasingly globalized capital markets; and the ways in which state intervention may protect against state abuse of power and enable greater private autonomy. For analysts of China's contemporary political system, this article uncovers a new identity of the Chinese party state's horizontally-oriented "fragmented authoritarianism", where a central government agency has instituted pre-enforcement designs which systemically constrain the economic and directorial power of the PRC's most powerful, formally non-governmental, political economic actors.

Public reporting burden for the collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and... more

Public reporting burden for the collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington VA 22202-4302. Respondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person shall be subject to a penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if it does not display a currently valid OMB control number.

À Rouen comme dans d’autres villes drapières de Normandie, les ententes illicites et les émeutes des tisserands ne peuvent s’appuyer sur des organisations de métiers où ils sont mêlés aux drapiers, qui prennent le parti des autorités... more

À Rouen comme dans d’autres villes drapières de Normandie, les ententes illicites et les émeutes des tisserands ne peuvent s’appuyer sur des organisations de métiers où ils sont mêlés aux drapiers, qui prennent le parti des autorités urbaines et monarchique. Des groupes plus informels agissent toutefois en justice contre les autres professions ou contre les élites urbaines, et se mêlent aux révoltes contre la fiscalité, notamment lors des harelles de 1382. Les institutions de métiers sont plutôt l’objet des contestations que leur instrument. Les archives judiciaires d’Eu ainsi que des seigneuries d’Elbeuf et de Roncheville montrent que les expertises des gardes suscitent des résistances, violentes ou judiciaires. Mais si les organisations de métiers peuvent être le vecteur de conflits du monde du travail, elles peuvent aussi le protéger des ingérences des pouvoirs.

This was a keynote address delivered Apr. 7, 2018 at the 25th Debs Fellows' Reunion, Indiana State University. It examines relevant definitions of populism, and how a history of American populism can become a usable past to inform the... more

This was a keynote address delivered Apr. 7, 2018 at the 25th Debs Fellows' Reunion, Indiana State University. It examines relevant definitions of populism, and how a history of American populism can become a usable past to inform the politics of the contemporary left.