Economic security Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

The entire world community, starting in mid-December 2019, has come under the enormous influence of the World Coronavirus Epidemic, called COVID-19. The pandemic caused by this virus has already caused thousands of casualties around the world, imposed significant restrictions on the socio-cultural life of the population and radically changed the trends of the global economy. The main purpose of this work is to determine the status and trends of the impact of the recent pandemic situation, which is associated with the emergence of COVID-19. In the process of writing the article, the authors determined the impact of the pandemic situation in the world on the development of the public administration system in the context of economic management. It was found that the following can be considered the basic consequences of the pandemic situation in the world: decline in stock exchange indices; a significant drop in oil prices and a slowdown in the development of the precious metals market; reduction or partial termination of production in the context of economic management. The above factors indicate that today there is a real need for the implementation of anti- crisis and stabilizing measures on the part of government bodies.

- by
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- Management, Crisis Management, Condition Monitoring, Economic security

The amount of income earned, wealth and position in the labor market are determined by many factors. Numerous analyses indicate that these characteristics depend on, among others, gender, education, type of work and place of residence. The indicated factors, however, describe individual areas, which significantly hinders the comprehensive analysis and identification of the real determinants. In this context, the purpose of our analysis is to identify and characterize the concept of economic resourcefulness as a key factor conditioning people’s effectiveness functioning on the market, managing the resources they possess, and having the ability to guarantee the economic security of their families. The empirical part of the analysis was carried out on data from a dedicated study conducted in Poland in 2016. Due to the design of the sample, the data from the study will identify the level of resourcefulness for groups of people that differ with respect to the respondents’ age and
experiences related to Poland’s political transformation.

- by Marek Kośny
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- Structural Equation Modeling, Quality of life, Work and Labour, Labour Economics
- by Meri Boshkoska
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- Economics, Social Economy, Social Security, Economic security

The article considers the problem of ensuring the economic security of trade enterprises by forming an optimal pricing policy. The methodology of formation the minimum and maximum selling prices of trade enterprise, maintenance of margin of economic security, which is based on research of turnover costs and working capital of trade enterprise is offered. Based on statistical data of trade enterprises, the types of prices by product range are determined, which form a stable economic situation and ensure economic security of trade enterprise. The necessity of forming the optimal price policy and selling prices of trade enterprises with the use of Pareto efficiency tools and construction of single-criteria and multi-criteria tasks, indicators of quality of commodity resources of trade enterprises is substantiated. Using the Excel software processor and the «Regression» function, economic-mathematical models of optimal prices for the product range of trade enterprises are built. The results testified to the effectiveness of the proposed model of the optimal pricing policy of trade enterprises, as the obtained values are within the minimum selling prices, which provides economic security of trade enterprises. The process of forming the pricing policy of trade enterprises to ensure economic security is proposed, which is based on the principles of pricing, appropriate methodological tools and monitoring of market environment factors. Organizational, economic, legal, social and market (marketing) mechanisms for the formation of effective pricing policy of trade enterprises aimed at ensuring economic security are identified. This study is practically interesting for personnel of trade enterprises, regardless of organizationallegal forms of ownership and activities, and theoretically-for researchers dealing with pricing.

- by Maksym Bezpartochnyi
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- Economic security, Working Capital, Pricing Policy, Pareto efficiency

Ekonomik güvenlik fikrinin hem kuramsal anlamda hem de siyasa oluşumu açısından kavranması zordur. Bu güvenlik türü, bir yandan, diğer güvenlik türleriyle çok yoğun bir bağlantı içindeymiş gibi görünür. Fakat diğer taraftan, piyasa bağlantılı neredeyse tüm eylemlerde bir derece güvensizlik mevcut olduğundan ekonomik olarak güvenli bir referans nesnesi aramak nafile gözükür. Bu çalışmanın amacı, ekonomik güvenlik söyleminin, Çağdaş Ekonomi kuramı ve bu kitaptaki diğer çalışmalarda geliştirilen güvenliğin sistemsel unsurları çerçevesine nasıl yarleştirilebileceğini göstermektir. Çalışma, ekonomik güvenlik, Çağdaş Ekonomi kuramı ve güvenlik söylemindeki sistem yaklaşımları arasındaki bağlantılara yönelik çalışmalara bir giriş olarak tasarlanmıştır.

- by Uluslararası İlişkiler
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- Economics, Security, Security Studies, Economic security

With the changing technology, humanity has reached Industry 4.0 starting from the steam engine. With these developments, human resources in the organisations need to store and process data. A new application that enables digital human resources to easily access its data is cloud computing. The aim of this article is analyse how cloud technologies affect human resources management in Turkey. A descriptive method was used in this paper to explain the concept of digitalism in the discussed area and analyse the relationship between cloud system and digital human resources management. Data was drawn from the scientific and professional literature documents on this subject. Many organisations do not have enough knowledge about cloud computing in Turkey. There are also concerns about cloud systems security and economic equilibrium of companies. It is predicted that companies that adopt this technology will have a more efficient and comfortable human resources process and become more prosperous. Organisations should work for the development of human resources management system by digitising it. Organisations whose number of employees is increasing day by day, face problems, but they can handle this situation through the careful implementation of cloud computing. Cloud systems provide organisations with benefits such as storage capacity and easy access to data anytime and anywhere.

- by Security and Defence Quarterly and +1
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- Social Security, Cloud Computing, Societal Security, Cloud Computing Security

The activities of almost any country in the world go hand in hand with corruption events. It’s needless to say that the degree of their spreading is different, but the comprehensiveness of this problem has long been proven. Therefore, the purpose of this research article is to study the impact of corruption on the economic security of states through the prism of analyzing the level of corruption in different countries, as well as to determine the specifics of combating corruption on the example of one of the countries. The comparison method, the graphical method, as well as the analysis and synthesis method have been used to conduct the investigation. Achieving the target goal was ensured by identifying areas of negative impact of corruption on economic security, in particular, through growth the shadow sector in its economy, changing mechanisms of “healthy” competition in the market, forming a layer of inefficient private holders, along with inefficient allocation of budget resources and deterioration of investment climate. The list specified can be greatly expanded taking into account the specifics of each country. In addition, the scientific article has examined the dynamics of the Corruption Perception Index for 2012-2019, investigated the reports of Transparency International on the World Corruption Barometer, and identified the countries with the highest at the lowest level of corruption. The specific nature of anti-corruption legislation has been studied on the example of France, as a country that for a considerable time, despite the set of measures taken, was not able to significantly reduce the level of corruption. Therefore, we have revealed the shortcomings of the French legislation in the sphere of anti-corruption, identified possible areas of criminal prosecution for violation of the law, and determined the necessary further changes in order to considerably improve the situation, including taking into account the recommendations of the Council of Europe on anti-corruption monitoring.

- by Colin Andrews
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- Rural, Coping Strategies, Community Development, Health Care

In the current age of Globalization, where economies and democracies are extremely progressive, some states have still a flawed system of governance. Unfortunately, the state of Pakistan is one among these countries facing multifaceted and multilayered challenges. Due to the reason governance has become an enigma. Apart from the issues of governance, security and stability weak economy is also the outcome. This paper is an attempt to highlight the economic challenges in Pakistan and to develop a framework for efficient governance with stable institutions where actual spirit of democracy should be realized that lies in decentralization of power. It has also explained that states with weak political and economic institutions do not provide stable and suitable environment for sustainable development. The paper emphasized on the changing role of state, to act as a linking pin of processes of planning, consultation, negotiation and decision making involving diverse players. The methodolo...

- by rehana hashmi
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- Business, Security, Pakistan, Political Studies

The purpose of this paper is to determine the impact of the foreign trade component on the formation of national economic security. Transformations occurring in the world’s economic development, the deterioration of the global financial environment, and increasing geopolitical tensions have intensified the main risks to the development of the global economy in today’s conditions. Therefore, national governments are actively using a wide range of tools to ensure economic growth and the appropriate level of competitiveness of their respective economies while ensuring national security, which is relevant for the study of the external component of national economic security. To achieve the aim, general scientific and specific research methods are used, such as methods of analysis, abstraction and synthesis (in the study of protectionism as a policy and practice, instruments of neo-protectionism); methods of classification and systematic generalization (to systematize the forms of protec...

- by Mykola Trofymenko
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- Business, National Security, Economic security, przegląd strategiczny

تعد الشركات الصغيرة و المتوسطة SMEs أحد أهم المحركات الرئيسية للنمو الإقتصادي لما تتمتع به من مزايا في مجال المهارات التنظيمية و القدرة على الإبتكار و التعرف على حاجات السوق و قدرتها على إنتاج سلع و خدمات تعد بمثابة مدخلات لانتاج سلع و خدمات الشركات الكبرى .
يقدم هذا البحث قراءات للمزايا التي يمكن أن تتحقق من قبل الشركات الصغيرة و المتوسطة في تعزيز الأمن الإقتصادي للدول النامية من خلال المناقشات و الإستبيانات و الإطلاع على التقارير المالية للعديد من الشركات الصغيرة و المتوسطة في العراق , وكذلك مقارنة هذه الشركات مع التجارب الأقليمية و الدولية .
يوضح الباحث أهمية الدور الذي تلعبه الشركات الصغيرة و المتوسطة في التنمية الإقتصادية و دعم الأمن الإقتصادي من خلال تقييم دورها ومحاولة تعزيز إيجابيتها و وضع الحلول لسلبياتها , وكذلك قياس دور الشركات الصغيرة و المتوسطة في الدول النامية ذات الثروات الطبيعية ومدى تأثر أداءها في تعزيز دور الثروات الطبيعية من أجل تحقيق أمن إقتصادي ذو بنية تحتية قوية ومستدامة .
أستخدم الباحث الأسلوب الأكاديمي في دراسة دور الشركات الصغيرة و المتوسطة في تعزيز الأمن الإقتصادي من خلال توزيع إستمارات الإستبيان على عدد من الشركات الصغيرة و المتوسطة المحلية و تحليلها رياضياً بإستخدام أسلوب المنطق المضبب Fuzzy Logic , فضلاً عن إستخدام المنهج الوصفي بالرجوع الى الأدبيات الإقتصادية من خلال الكتب و البحوث و مراجعة تجارب الدول للوصول الى تقييم واضح و صريح حول تأثير المؤسسات الصغيرة و المتوسطة على الأمن الإقتصادي في الدول النامية
أظهرت نتائج البحث العديد من النقاط , أهمها أن للشركات الصغيرة و المتوسطة تأثيراً كبيراً على تعزيز الأمن الإقتصادي في الدول النامية , ويزداد هذا التأثير بشكل أكبر في الدول النامية ذات الثروات الطبيعية .

- by Scholar Pakistan
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- Security, Pakistan, Economic security
- by Monika Krukowska and +1
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- European Studies, Political Science, China, Economic security
- by Gevorg Loretsyan
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- Economics, Security, Economic security
- by Ravio Patra and +2
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- International Relations, International Security, Securitization, Energy Security
- by Didier Van Caillie
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- Business, Risk, Risk Management, Threat

The purpose of the study was to assess the functioning of the Mobile Money system in the Buea Municipality and its impact on financial security of users in the Buea Municipality. In such a short time since its inception, the system has been able to attract so many subscribers and users. What is it about the Mobile Money system that has attracted so many subscribers to use the system, and why are there so few active users. The study aimed to assess the functioning of the system and its effects on financial security of users in the Buea Municipality. Qualitative research design was employed in the study. The data was collected through Interviews, observation and online research. The study revealed that the Mobile money system is having both positive and negative impact on financial security of users in the Municipality. The system has some positive impacts which has attracted so many subscribers and some negative impacts which accounts for the low number of active users. Thus, the MTN Mobile money system in the Buea Municipality is a double edge-sword.

- by Fuh R O L A N D Suh
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- Financial Risk Management, Mobile Banking, Economic security
- by Zurab Garakanidze
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- Economic security
- by Aziz Davlatov
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- International Economics, Regional Economics, Economic security
- by Mark Blackden
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- Economics, Nutrition, Rural, Methodology

10 Ağustos’ta Amerika Birleşik Devletleri Başkanı Donald Trump’ın “Türkiye’ye
karşı alüminyum ve çelik ticaretinde gümrük vergilerini iki katına çıkaracağını”
açıkladığı tweetini takip eden gün ve haftalarda Türk Lirasının dolar karşısındaki aşırı
değer kaybı tüm dünya kamuoyunun gündeminde ilk sıralara oturdu. Aynı günün
akşamı Asya borsalarında dolar Türk Lirası karşısında 7.20’lere kadar yükseldi.
Özellikle batı medyasında yer alan manşetler yangını körükleyen yorumlarla doluydu.
Küresel piyasalara etki edebilecek önde gelen uluslararası medya organları kur krizini
“Türkiye’nin aslında uzun süredir makro ekonomik dengelerinde büyük bir krizin
eşiğinde olmasının sonucu olduğu” ile açıklıyordu.
“Kur krizi bankacılık krizine döner mi?”, “Türkiye’nin diplomatik krizi hızla
ekonomik krize dönüşüyor”, “Türkiye’de yaşanan 1998 Asya krizine benziyor”,
“Türkiye’nin finansal krizi 2008’den daha kötü olacak”, “Türkiye’nin kaybettiği
ekonomi savaşı” başlıkları batı medyasında yer alan ve ünlü ekonomistlerin bile
krizin mahiyetini anlamadan önce yaptıkları değerlendirmelerdi.

- by Nur Özkan Erbay
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- Economics, Political Economy, Turkey, Financial Crisis

The wars had been evolved due to the changes in the spatial, terrestrial, and power dimensions. The new wars are conducted in the "gray" zone between war and peace with the intention to achieve political goals by employing various instruments and methods. This new type of war is called as "Hybrid War." Today, the economic pressure method had become the most frequently exercised method in this war. Based on the "securitization" approach, the mechanism of the economic pressure method and the linkage between economic security and resilience had been studied in this study. In this context, primarily, the financial crises experienced in other countries had been examined and the crucial economic indicators covering the period between 2002 and 2017 had been analyzed. Accordingly, based on the findings of the analysis, the financial crisis that prevailed in the summer of 2018 had been investigated as a case study. Finally, it had been made some conclusions regarding the operation of the securitization mechanism in the economic sector. In this context, it had been concluded that the mechanism of the securitization is too complicated. Since the securitization process emerged in many sectors simultaneously, eliminating economic threats through the present security understanding and architecture is an unviable option. Therefore, it had been argued that economic security and state resilience required a comprehensive security logic.

If the security of investment in developing countries and transitional economies is guaranteed and the necessary legal process is provided, the international investors will be more interested in participating more actively in such economies. Economic security can be known as a kind of public commodity or service that the private sector cannot produce it. This failure of the market opens the stage for the public sector activity in order to respond positively and effectively in this regard. To establish economic security and to perform the given duties by the government, according to which its economic activities will hopefully reach a minimum level, requires an income source for the government. The main purpose of the present research is to explain and clarify the relationship which exists between the foregoing issues. For this reason, data of 14 countries, as classified and ranked between two groups of new-emerging countries in the global economy and developing countries, have been examined in the form of an integrated data model. The findings of this research show that for both groups of new-emerging countries and the developing countries, besides the original quantitative variables such as economic growth and interest rate, which can affect capital formation in the economy, there are certain qualitative variables that can play a significant role on it. Moreover, the objective observations show that there are certain differences regarding the kind of effects caused by the foregoing variables in the process of capital formation in the two types of new-emerging and developing countries in this research. In the new-emerging countries, besides economic growth and interest rate, economic security and stability along with economic have significant and positive effects on capital formation. While in developing countries, the effect of the qualitative variable of economic security is more significant and important than economic freedom, which means that the presence and provision of economic security have a greater and more important impact on capital formation relative to economic freedom variable.

- by IJMSBR Open Access Journal
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- Economic security, Economic freedom
- by David Himmelgreen and +1
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- Anthropology, Livelihood, Economic security

Supply chain networks in the Indo-Pacific are selectively reconfiguring, not decoupling. Many factors are driving countries to think about supply chain resilience and diversification in the Indo-Pacific region. These factors include cost-related comparative advantages; growing awareness of vulnerabilities associated with an under-diversified supply chain due to black swan events such as the COVID-19 pandemic; and concerns about the weaponization of supply chains, rare earth materials and sensitive technologies.

Purpose: The research aims to examine China's economic activities around the world from the broad perspective of the country's economic security. The authors begin with explaining the concept of economic statecraft and then deal with the analysis of the Chinese overseas economic expansion. Design/Methodology/Approach: The main tools used to achieve the objectives mentioned above include a literature analysis, logical reasoning and statistical research. Findings: The last decades have revealed a new pattern in global economic cooperation. The Belt and Road Initiative turned out to be a successful instrument supporting China's economic growth and deepening international economic cooperation and interdependence. The BRI project allows China not only to secure access to supplies and markets but also strengthen its soft power and gives the possibility to build a powerful network of interconnected countries, independent from the Western powers, willingly cooperating with China in every field. Practical Implications: The research results are helpful to realise the extend and importance of the Belt and Road Initiative in China's economic statecraft and indicate potential fields for future international cooperation under the BRI. As close economic cooperation under the BRI can have significant consequences for China and all countries covered by this project, all partners have to be aware of the complexity of their involvement in this initiative and the pros and cons of such interdependence. Originality/Value: The Belt and Road Initiative is a novel form of broad international cooperation. Thus it deserves special attention and research. The research concerns an economic dimension of the Belt and Road Initiative and provides a comprehensive analysis of China's worldwide economic expansion.

What are a country’s traditional and non-traditional security challenges? How are these being discussed and by whom? What is the relevance of security, ethics and human rights to these issues? Questions like these are often addressed in security policies. Yet to date an overview of these concerns does not exist. Research conducted within the project EvoCS fills this gap. This chapter presents an overview of these perceptions across the Netherlands, Serbia and the UK and provides a description of the methodology. The majority of the salient security challenges in all three countries are also prominent in the EU policy discourse. In conclusion, the three analysed countries are surprisingly similar to each other, considering the many differences between them. From a European point of view, this might be seen as an opportunity since future European Security Strategies can better address shared security problems of both EU and (possible future) non-EU members.

- by roberto franzini tibaldeo and +1
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- European Studies, International Relations, European integration, Information Security

Trust is widely considered a critical resource for modern societies, and in times of crisis like the coronavirus pandemic, its importance is even greater: More than ever we depend on fellow citizens to behave responsibly, and on institutional actors to make the right decisions. Looking at trust from an existential security point of view, this paper investigates trust’s relationship with pandemic-induced insecurities. We explore how levels of social trust (trust in strangers) and institutional trust (trust in the government and in the public healthcare system) have de-veloped over the pandemic period, and how trust relates to individuals’ experiences of sickness and economic hardship as well as respective fears. Using panel data from Germany and the United Kingdom for 2020 and 2021, we find that average levels of trust have remained quite stable. Nevertheless, whereas individuals’ social trust is largely unrelated to insecurities, insti-tutional trust is strengthened by health-related insecurities and weakened by economic inse-curities. In both countries, pandemic-induced fears matter more for institutional trust than experienced insecurities. Our results indicate the importance of expectation management, and suggest that the economic and health implications of the pandemic should be regarded as sep-arate challenges.

- by Jan Delhey and +1
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- Trust, Quantitative Research, Public Health, Social Trust

For its economic prosperity the Netherlands is very dependent on its international environment, and is therefore not immune to external events and developments. As the annual review of the 2015 Clingendael Monitor, ‘A world without order?’ revealed, today’s international relations are characterised by two important trends, i.e. the changing global balance of power and mounting tensions between superpowers. In light of the global interconnectedness of the Dutch economy, the question arises as to what these geopolitical developments (could) mean for the economic position of the Netherlands.

- by Frans Paul van der Putten
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- International Relations, Economic security

The purpose of the study is to forecast the number of passengers transported by air in the United States for 2021-2022. The forecast is preceded by a multidimensional comparative analysis of the number of passengers transported by air in the United States from 1 January 2019 to 2 November 2021. To achieve this goal, the data were grouped as dependent variables: years, months-years. The observed similarities, the analysis and evaluation of the literature as well as the own experience made it possible to forecast primary data for the future. The obtained results show a growing trend in the number of passengers transported by air in the United States. The forecast for 3 November 2021 to 31 December 2022 is 837 459 877 prospective air passengers in the United States. The standard deviation of the obtained forecast was 255 680,3, the arithmetic mean was 1 975 141 passengers and the median was 1 998 478 passengers. The observed similar trends in the identical months of July-October in 2019 and 2021 as well as the analysis of the literature and the own experience allowed for the selection of a method for the forecasting of the number of passengers transported by air in the United States for the future. The detected regularities as recurring trends in the number of air passengers transported in the United States on a dynamic basis may be used to forecast them for the future.

- by Igor Britchenko and +1
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- Air Transport, Data Analysis, Forecasting, Economic security
- by Yang Gao
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- Security Studies, Energy Policy, Energy Security, Chinese Politics
- by Olivia Mitchell
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- Growth, Developing Country, Economic security

Among scholars, commentators as well as decision makers there is a consensus about the vital importance of the problem of a state's economic security in the 21st century. At the same time, however, a threat that reoccurring trade deficits can pose on a country's economic development seems to lack any wider debate. The author's intention is to attempt to fill the gap in the public debate on the issue in question. One of the aims of the this article is to provide an adequate definition of economic security and situate it in the field of research on security as well as to present the actual knowledge on the influence of international trade on economic development. Finally, the author will attempt to answer the question of whether an inconsiderate trade policy should be regarded as a threat to state's economic security.

- by Marcin Adamczyk
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- International Trade, Security, Security Studies, Economic security
- by Dr. Chandra Rekha
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- Russian Studies, Economics, International Economics, International Relations
- by Lars Osberg
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- Poverty, Quality of life, Productivity, Income Distribution

The entire world community, starting in mid-December 2019, has come under the enormous influence of the World Coronavirus Epidemic, called COVID-19. The pandemic caused by this virus has already caused thousands of casualties around the world, imposed significant restrictions on the socio-cultural life of the population and radically changed the trends of the global economy. The main purpose of this work is to determine the status and trends of the impact of the recent pandemic situation, which is associated with the emergence of COVID-19. In the process of writing the article, the authors determined the impact of the pandemic situation in the world on the development of the public administration system in the context of economic management. It was found that the following can be considered the basic consequences of the pandemic situation in the world: decline in stock exchange indices; a significant drop in oil prices and a slowdown in the development of the precious metals market; reduction or partial termination of production in the context of economic management. The above factors indicate that today there is a real need for the implementation of anticrisis and stabilizing measures on the part of government bodies.

- by IAEME Publication
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- Management, Crisis Management, Monitoring, Economic security

Three themes formulate the structure of this paper; human security, economic security, and the Islamic economic theory. Human Security is a bottom up approach that focuses on the individual rather than the state, and is not limited to quantitative measures of economics, but also qualitative. This research sheds light on the work of Imam Al-Shatibi and Imam Al-Qaradawi. The goal of this theoretical research is to propose a definition to Human Economic Security from an Islamic perspective, and introduce the Islamic method of resolving the economic problem. Additionally, to show the rich classical Islamic literature in such social sciences. What makes an Islamic perspective unique is the role of religion in every aspect of a Muslims life.

- by Abdalrahman Migdad
- •
- Unemployment, Poverty Reduction Strategies, Islamic Studies, Poverty Studies
- by Francie Lund
- •
- Health Education, Economic Development, Risk Management, Informal Economy
- by Lars Osberg
- •
- Consumption, Economic security

This paper presents revised estimates of the Index of Economic Well-being (IEWB) for nine OECD countries (France, Italy, Australia, the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, Germany, Norway and Sweden) for the period 1980 to 2001. The IEWB consists of four components: current effective per capita consumption flows, net societal accumulation of stocks of productive resources, income distribution and

- by Lars Osberg
- •
- Poverty, Quality of life, Productivity, Income Distribution

Ensuring the security of a software product in the conditions of large companies, taking into account confidential financial and corporate data, is quite an urgent topic in 2021-2023. Over the past year, the number of leaks of confidential information reached a historic peak, together with cyber attacks, and amounts to 114 identified cases. In modern conditions, software security testing is aimed at identifying security errors and design flaws at all stages of the software development lifecycle. At the same time, at the design stage, this type of work should be provided in order to facilitate the implementation of these characteristics in the final version of the security-related system. Research has shown that there is a wide range of opportunities for developing and using security testing software. These options may differ in implementation technologies, cost and other tactical and technical indicators, characteristics of individual elements, and so on. The main task of developing a software security testing method is to develop, improve and select models, methods and tools that belong to a subset and provide maximum software security indicators. Our approach allows us to prevent any penetration into the information system, while maintaining 100% security of confidential files and the system as a whole. The threat prevention model works with the help of proactive technology, and if you calculate the economic effect of these measures, it can be different, depending on the value of the enterprise's information itself, and can also be calculated in millions of US dollars. The reliability of the results of mathematical modelling of technologies for creating and implementing «penetration testing» tools is evaluated. The experimental results showed that for all the studied data types, the confidence probability that the value of the statistical value «does not deviate» from the mathematical expectation by more than 1 is 0.94.

- by Anton Dziatkovskii
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- Information Technology, Security, Economic security, unauthorized access
- by Jennifer Mays
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- Sociology, Economics, Poverty, Political Science

- by A. Sharpe
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- Poverty, Quality of life, Productivity, Income Distribution