Good faith Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

It is a common misconception that fides and bona fides are ethical principles with changeable content, shaped by the development of social and moral values. They belong instead, since time immemorial, to the tradition of the ius civile, and are deeply rooted in Roman social structure (and its needs) as interpreted by the priests and by the jurists. The standard of fides and bona fides is always objective: in the archaic period, the real status of the parties (fides as the 'credit' of the individual within the group); afterwards, an abstact stardard identified with the bonus vir. The two concepts developed therefore from early on an (outwardly) dualistic value: on the one side, the respect of the parties' agreement; on the other side, the respect of all the terms implied in the nature of the relationship.

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- History, Ancient History, Cultural History, Law

The development of the doctrine of good faith in common law has faced many challenges. This is because the courts have been reluctant at accepting the role of good faith in common law jurisdictions.Directives such as Unfair Contract Terms, Late Payment in Commercial Transactions and Commercial Agents have forced common law courts to recognise the role of good faith in English and Irish law. This essay, in particular, will consider the doctrine of good faith in commercial agency under Council Directive 86/553/EEC. The Directive 86/653/EEC on the coordination of the laws of the Member States relating to self-employed commercial agents imply an obligation that commercial agents must act dutifully and in good faith.

- by Ambar Nicole
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- European Law, Commercial Law, Irish Law, Council of Europe

Title in English: TOMASEVICIUS FILHO, Eduardo. The principle of good faith in Private Law. Sao Paulo: Almedina, 2020, 526 pages.

When unilaterally closing a customer’s account due to so-called de-risking, the customer’s interests are not only ignored by the bank but their human rights, including respect for his private life and presumption of innocence, are also severely violated De facto, de-risking stigmatizes discarded consumers as being involved in criminal activity without a court conviction. As a result of the unfair account closure, both the consumer's social and psychological integrity can suffer. Their rights to establish and develop relationships with other human beings and the outside world and respect for reputation are put in jeopardy. In order to overcome the above collision of interests, this study proposes a doctrinal assessment of consumer's interests that should limit the bank's right to unilaterally terminate the contract by the systemic and teleological interpretation of regulating rules in combination with the general civil principle of good faith. By analogy with the original...

- by Aleksejs Jelisejevs
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- Human Rights, Consumers Rights, Consumer Rights, Risk Based Approach
- by Roberto Fiori
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- History, Ancient History, Law, Classics

This Chapter examines the evolving principle of good faith. The inform- ing legal principle has shaped the law of contracts for centuries and it has been introduced for the first time under Roman law. Therefore, this Chapter illustrates the origins and evolution of the Roman concept of bona fides until the modern evolution of the same principle under the CISG and UPICC at International level as well as the PECL, CFR and CESL at European level. In this light, a new dimension of bona fides is discovered in its private dimension. The aim of this Chapter is to highlight the different perspective of the study of bona fides from public law to private law. Indeed, a privatisation of good faith can be seen as a natural development, but at the same time its construction as a general clause has privatised its meaning contribut- ing to a possible denaturalisation of the entire concept.

- by Daniele D'Alvia
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- Comparative Law, International Law, European private law, Good faith

In this research, I will analyse the bank-customer relationship in
England and its correlation with the European legal system, studying
various systemic parallels between UK legal norms and their
European (and especially Italian) counterparts.
In addition, the recent UK referendum on EU membership has
brought a period of legal and political uncertainty. It is therefore
difficult to predict which could be the consequences of this decision
for consumers and how this decision will influence English courts in
interpreting the principles introduced in England by the European
Union. Therefore, any analysis will be conducted in order to
contemplate the best solutions to adopt, especially in the development
of principles which are not always recognised in the UK as doctrine,
for instance good faith.
The thesis goes forward in comparing the role of good faith in
banking contracts in England to those provided by Italian banks to
their customers. It will be explained that the gap between Italian and
English legislation on this particular matter is in many ways one of
legal form rather than substance, rather than one pertaining to the
nature of common law and civil law, as one would expect of these two
countries.

- by Matteo Oliver Minuti
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- International Law, English, Banking Law, Consumer Protection (Law)

Good faith is insufficient in bringing about a multilateral public order. An international community that applies the principle of good faith effectively does not exist. Arguably, rather than a robust juridical mechanism, good faith represents common sense in international law. However, an effective and functioning multilateral public order needs more than that. This becomes all the more palpable in respect of issues such as external sovereign debt, where public international law is inchoate.

- by José Caramelo Gomes
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- Comparative Law, Civil Law, European Law, Property Law

The article studies different scenarios in which good faith may affect the title of someone who holds a defective title. It is established that punishing bad faith is relatively straight forward in Scots Law whilst good faith will only be... more

- by David Blair
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- Property Law, Private law, Good faith

First part of a study on good faith in the history of contract law. Aim of the study is a better understanding of the principle in each phase of its history, and an explanation - through the historical analysis - of some peculiar features of good faith in contemporary law. This first part is introductory, and deals with the role of good faith in Italian private law. The following parts will be dealing with Roman law and the civilian and common law traditions, up to the European civil codes and Anglo-American law.

- by Roberto Fiori
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- Law, Civil Law, Contract Law, Legal History

This chapter assesses the role of good faith in managing parallel investment and trade disputes. It considers the jurisdictional and substantive overlap in trade and investment regimes that give rise to parallel disputes, and the normative considerations such as double remedies and conflicting outcomes that inform why parallel disputes may need to be proactively managed by adjudicatory bodies in certain circumstances. The principle of good faith has provided the conceptual framework for the development of a number of legal tools to manage parallel disputes including lis pendens, estoppel, and abuse of rights, and this chapter evaluates the extent to which they may be deployed in trade and investment regimes. While finding that these tools are available to varying degrees within both trade and investment regimes, this chapter also identifies a margin of uncertainty in their scope and application and concludes that they are insufficient to manage disputes that originate across the two regimes.

- by Andrew D Mitchell and +1
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- International Trade Law Dispute Settlement, International trade and investment law, Good faith

Second part of a study on good faith in the history of contract law. Aim of the study is a better understanding of the principle in each phase of its history, and an explanation - through the historical analysis - of some peculiar features of good faith in contemporary law. This second part deals with good faith in Roman law from its origins up to the I century AD. The following parts will be dealing with later Roman law and the civilian and common law traditions, up to the European civil codes and Anglo-American law.

- by Roberto Fiori
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- Cultural History, Law, Civil Law, Contract Law

The book deals with contract and good faith

- by paolo gallo
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- Civil Law, Contract Law, Private law, European private law
- by Roberto Fiori
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- History, Ancient History, Law, Classics

Área do Direito: Civil Resumo: O presente estudo sobre a origem da boa-fé no direito romano está organizado em duas partes: a primeira trata da evolução interna do direito na qual se apontam as principais peculiaridades que distinguem uma fase da outra. Procurou-se trazer também as principais influências sociais, políticas e filosóficas no pensamento romano para fornecer base para a investigação que se segue na segunda metade do estudo. Feita esta introdução, passa-se à investigação de como se originou o conceito de boa-fé e seu significado para os romanos. Palavras-chave: Direito romano – Boa-fé – Bona fides – Direito civil Abstract: This study on the origin of good faith in Roman law is arranged in two parts: the first deals with the internal development of law, and in which one points out the main characteristics that distinguish one stage from the other. One also sought to broach the main social, political and philosophical influences on Roman thinking in order to provide the basis for the investigation that follows in the second half of the study. Having concluded this introduction, we move on to the investigation into the origins of the concept of good faith and its significance for Romans. Keywords: Roman Law – Good Faith – Bona fides – Civil Law Sumário: 1.Introdução-2Noções preliminares sobre o direito romano-3Da origem da boa-fé (bona fides) no direito romano Este estudo tem como objetivo tratar da boa-fé sobre perspectiva hoje pouco recorrente nos manuais jurídicos. Tema tão caro ao direito (não só ao direito civil), a boa-fé tem sido alvo de grande prestígio por parte dos estudiosos do direito em seus escritos, tendo com igual recorrência sido utilizado como fundamento nas decisões judiciais.

- by Dante Carbonar
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- Civil Law, Roman Law, Good faith, Bona fides

In Bhasin v Hrynew, the Supreme Court of Canada recognized good faith in contractual
performance to be a ‘general organizing principle’ of the common law of contract. The true impact of Bhasin on the future development of the Canadian contract law remains the subject of considerable debate among legal scholars and practitioners. This article explores Bhasin’s evolutionary impact on the Canadian common law of contract, by providing an institutional understanding of the general organizing principle of good faith in contractual performance. It is contended that Bhasin’s contribution to the common law of contract is institutional rather than substantive – Bhasin fundamentally alters the organization of the sources of contract law by introducing a new law-making mechanism (that is, ‘law-making through good faith’) that is separate from, and potentially supersedes, the traditional doctrine of precedent. To support the central claim that Bhasin’s contribution is institutional rather than substantive, I employ three different kinds of arguments that correspond to three distinct, but closely related, dimensions of the principle of good faith in contractual performance: (a) semantic structure; (b) historical origins; and (c) economic function. Although these three lines of inquiry rest on quite different methodological premises, they converge in supporting the central idea that good faith performance is best understood as an institutional mechanism to allocate lawmaking power rather than a substantive legal principle.

- by Daniele Bertolini
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- Sources of Law, Legal Reasoning, Good faith, Legal Precedents

The paper deals with contract and good faith

- by paolo gallo
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- Civil Law, Private law, European private law, DERECHO CIVIL
- by Andrey Shirvindt
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- Comparative Law, Good faith, гражданское право, Bona fides
- by Andrea Maria Garofalo
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- Good faith, Teoria generale del diritto, Buona Fede
- by Martha Lucía Neme Villarreal
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- Contract Law, Good faith, Contratos, Good Faith In Contracts

The book is dedicated to Holy Scripture, Traditional Culture, Moral Law and Theology of Human Worship. Religious Faith in Supreme Value of Human, Open Religion or Human Worship is the eternal Open-Soul religion and contemporary spiritual movement of creating the God by Self-Believing, Self-Confidence and Self-Ownership of every mind of Universe realized as Human Soul in the center of all fullness of being. Considering God as Human continuation to infinity, Human-Worshippers understand Supreme Value of Human as sacred unity of Human and eternal Universe. Religious studies characterize Open Religion as "a kind of religious pacifism" because of tradition of respect and admission of all Religions and Philosophies in the world, including Christianity, Islam, Buddhism, Animism, Magic, Humanism, Skepticism and Atheism, seeking elements of Human Worship in every Culture. With bless of God, the book compiled and published by Yurii Sheliazhenko, Soul Society of Universe Faith Keeper, Head of Open Religion Institute.

- by Yurii Sheliazhenko
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- Religion, Philosophy Of Religion, Self and Identity, Theology

The aim of this paper is to present the development of the legal concept of good faith in European legal tradition by means of claim in case of building on someone else’s land – art. 231 § 1 of Polish Civil Code. This claim pretends to be an exception to the superficies solo cedit – rule, offering some possibility to avoid its strict results. The paper takes particularly Polish and Austrian regulations into consideration. The author describes the history of meaning of good faith from roman law until today. He indicates the Germanic origins of the claim from art. 231 § 1 and the influences of Austrian Civil Code (ABGB) § 418. The paper contains a review of statements of doctrine and Polish Supreme Court in 20th century. The described example is also a model of application of historic-comparative method in legal sciences.

- by Igor Adamczyk
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- Real Estate, Property Law, Ownership, Good faith
- by Andrey Shirvindt
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- Comparative Law, Good faith, гражданское право, Bona fides

Este trabajo muestra la complejidad que caracteriza la estructura normativa de la buena fe contractual. Pese a que el derecho de contratos suele entenderse como uniformemente fundado en el individualismo, ello no es del todo correcto. La buena fe muestra conspicuamente la composición normativa dual del derecho contractual. Esta alberga tanto demandas de una forma de individualismo como exigencias de una determinada manera de entender el altruismo. Al descomponer los deberes que le competen al contratante de buena fe es posible develar que el individualismo, ni aun en su versión más vigorosa, logra fundamentarlos acabadamente. El contratante de buena fe, en ciertas ocasiones, debe actuar positivamente a favor del interés ajeno y el sustento normativo que es adecuado para cubrir tales exigencias debe desafiar el predominio del interés personal. Se analiza en qué sentido la buena fe responde tanto a fundamentos individualistas como altruistas. Pero no es necesario que el contratante sea verdaderamente altruista, sino que actúe como tal, del mismo modo en que opera la buena fe objetiva como estándar de conducta.

- by Esteban Pereira Fredes
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- Contract Law, Philosophy of Private Law, Altruism, Private law
- by Md. Hossain
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- Good faith

Área do Direito: Processual Resumo: O presente artigo pretende sistematizar o princípio da boa-fé processual, correlacionando-o com o abuso de direitos processuais. Abstract: The present paper pretends to systemize the principle of good faith in civil procedure, correlating it with the abuse of procedural rights. Sumário: 1Considerações Introdutórias-2O princípio da boa-fé processual-3O abuso de direitos processuais-4A boa-fé processual e a sua relação com o abuso de direitos processuais-5Aplicação da boa-fé processual pelos tribunais brasileiros-6Conclusões 1 Considerações Introdutórias A boa-fé 1 objetiva encarna, em si, a noção contemporânea da Ciência do Direito. 2 Entendida não apenas como instituto jurídico comum, mas como um verdadeiro fator cultural, ligado a certo entendimento do jurídico, 3 a boa-fé objetiva espalhou-se por todo o ordenamento. No âmbito do direito processual civil, o primeiro setor do direito público atingido pela boa-fé objetiva, o instituto já era estudado em meados do século XIX, detendo certa tradição literária e sendo aplicado desde cedo pela jurisprudência alemã. 4 Com base no § 242 do BGB, a doutrina processual alemã operou o desenvolvimento de quatro tipos de casos de aplicação da boa-fé: a proibição de consubstanciar dolosamente posições processuais; a proibição do venire contra factum proprium; a proibição do abuso de poderes processuais; e a supressio. 5 No direito brasileiro, em que a introdução da boa-fé objetiva processual se deu a partir da primeira década do século XXI, o instituto ganhou destaque principalmente com os estudos de Fredie Didier Júnior e Brunela de Vincenzi, os quais, inspirados no êxito da doutrina civilista em lançar as bases da boa-fé objetiva no país, passaram a se debruçar sobre o instituto (previsto no art. 14, II, do Código Buzaid) e adaptar a doutrina de origem civilista à realidade do direito instrumental. Não obstante seja recente a introdução da boa-fé objetiva no direito processual civil brasileiro, verifica-se cada vez mais a interpretação e consequente aplicação da cláusula-geral da boa-fé processual pelos juízes brasileiros. Tal fato, contudo, não é de surpreender-haja vista ser a boa-fé objetiva um princípio cujo conteúdo é desenvolvido pelo direito jurisprudencial-e exige que a doutrina cumpra com seu papel, a saber, ordene, explique e reduza dogmaticamente o material oriundo das decisões judiciais. Destarte, tendo por base o atual desenvolvimento doutrinário da boa-fé objetiva, o presente artigo tenciona sobretudo sistematizar o princípio da boa-fé processual, especificamente no que diz respeito à sua função de baliza para a averiguação da licitude no exercício de posições jurídicas processuais. Para tanto, são conceituados e relacionados o abuso de direitos processuais e a boa-fé objetiva processual e analisadas as manifestações do venire contra factum proprium e do tu quoque, as quais já vêm sendo expressamente mencionadas pela jurisprudência brasileira em várias decisões. Por fim, faz-se a análise crítica da aplicação do venire contra factum proprium e do tu quoque em recentes julgados do Superior Tribunal de Justiça, do Tribunal de Justiça do Rio Grande do Sul e do Tribunal Regional Federal da 4.ª Região. 2 O princípio da boa-fé processual 2.1 Fundamento constitucional do princípio da boa-fé

- by Rafael Pinter
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- Processo Civil, Good faith, Abuse of rights, Abuso De Direito
- by Ivan Libero Nocera
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- Law, Comparative Law, Civil Law, Contract Law

Observations regarding "atypical" vexatious clauses from the point of view of the relationship between contract and market.
This article examines "the constitutive facts of vexaturity", as foreseen in the consumption code, in relation to the imbalance between the positions of the parties and the absence of negotiation, analyzing, in particular, those clauses classified as particularly burdensome "although object negotiation ". The distinction between typical oppressive clauses and atypical oppressive clauses is also scrutinized, as emerged in doctrine and jurisprudence, with reference also to the remedies prepared by the legal system.

- by Domenico Fauceglia
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- Contracts, Contract Law, Competition Law, Antitrust (Law)

In archaic Roman law, the defendant in a civil trial could not be acquitted, even in the absence of any proofs, unless he had the same or a better social standing than the plaintiff. This rule has nothing to do with an irrational basis of the archaic trial, but is perfectly consistent with the Roman vision of the socio-cosmic order as hierarchical. A person of high rank (a 'bonus') was believed to be more trustworthy (to have more 'fides') than one from the lower classes (a 'malus'), and this rule applied not only to the witnesses but also to the parties of the trial.

- by Roberto Fiori
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- History, Roman History, Legal Anthropology, Roman Law

Resumen.-Este artículo tiene por objeto analizar la jurisprudencia del Tribunal Supremo respecto de la buena o mala fe de los acreedores que ejercitan la acción de responsabilidad por deudas contra los administradores de la sociedad que ha incumplido sus obligaciones. La máxima institución judicial española ha cambiado de criterio con el paso del tiempo. En la primera etapa mantiene que los acreedores rebasan los límites de la buena fe cuando conocían la crisis económica de la deudora al contratar con ella. En la actualidad considera que la cognición no es suficiente; además deben concurrir circunstancias que acrediten la mala fe. Estructuramos este trabajo en tres partes. En la primera exponemos la evolución de la jurisprudencia y valoramos la justificación del cambio. En la segunda analizamos el fundamento de la doctrina de la corte suprema. Y en la tercera examinamos su aplicación. Abstract.-The purpose of this article is to analyze the case-law of the Spanish Supreme Court regarding the good or bad faith of the creditors who exercise the action of liability for debts (Article 367 Corporate Enterprises Act) against the directors of the company that has breached its obligations. The case-law has changed over time. In the first stage the Spanish Supreme Court maintained that creditors exceed the limits of good faith if they were conscious of the debtor's economic difficulties when contracting. Nowadays it considers that that the knowledge is not enough. In addition, it requires other circumstances that make evident the bad faith. The article is organized in three parts. In the first one, the evolution of the case-law is explained and the ground of the change is assessed. In the second part, the legal base of the Supreme Court's doctrine is scrutinized. In the last part, its application is examined. SUMARIO: 1. INTRODUCCIÓN.-2. EVOLUCIÓN JURISPRUDENCIAL. 2.1. Exclusión o limitación de la responsabilidad. 2.2. Cambio de doctrina. 2.3. Valoración de las razones del cambio.-3. FUNDAMENTO.-4. APLICACIÓN DEL PRINCIPIO DE BUENA FE A LA ACCIÓN DE RESPONSABILIDAD POR DEUDAS. 4.1. Conocimiento de la crisis económica del deudor. 4.2. Conocimiento y control de la sociedad deudora. 4.3. Aplicación a otras acciones de responsabilidad.-5. CONCLUSIONES.-6. BIBLIOGRAFÍA 1. INTRODUCCIÓN El objeto de la presente contribución es el conocimiento de las dificultades económicas de una sociedad por parte de los acreedores que ejercitan la acción de responsabilidad por deudas contra sus administradores. En particular, si frustra su pretensión, pues equivale a haber asumido el riesgo de impago derivado de la crisis de la empresa; en otras palabras, haber actuado de mala fe. Su relevancia parece indiscutible si se tiene en cuenta que la acción de responsabilidad por deudas es una institución preconcursal muy utilizada en la práctica. Su finalidad es evitar la "pervivencia ficticia" de una sociedad incursa en causa de disolución. Para ello se exige que los administradores adopten las medidas necesarias para hacer frente a esa situación y se castiga su omisión haciéndoles responder de las deudas sociales. Así lo ha declarado tanto la doctrina como la jurisprudencia 1. Por ejemplo, en la sentencia 826/2011, de 23 1 Por ejemplo, ALCOVER GARAU, Guillermo: "La responsabilidad de los administradores de la sociedad anónima por las deudas sociales ex artículo 262.5 y los procedimientos concursales", en RdS, 1997, núm. 8, 265 ss.; BELTRÁN SÁNCHEZ, Emilio:

The fashion industry is affected by an imbalance of power that goes beyond the outsourcing of part of the manufacture to developing countries. Said imbalance characterises the whole supply chain and hinders freedom of expression, freedom to conduct business and, hence, creativity and innovation. In order to understand fashion, IP lawyers and lawmakers need to take into account that the law is not the main device the regulating the relevant relationships. Indeed, fashion is a closed community, a family where complaining is rather frowned upon and where contracts do not reflect the actual relationships between the parties. In order to rebalance power, this article explores the possibility to treat good faith and inequality of bargaining power as unifying principles of contract law. However, in light of the evidence collected during a number of in-depth interviews with fashion stakeholders, it seems clear that social norms are the main source of regulation of relationships and, therefore, intervening at the level of the contracts may not be helpful. Competition law, in turn, may be of more help in rebalancing power; however, cases such as Coty v Parfümerie Akzente do not augur well. Moreover, competition law is useful when the relationship is over, but it is in all the stakeholders' interest to keep the relationship alive while fixing its imbalance. This study confirms recent findings that social norms do not only have a positive impact on fields with low IP-equilibrium and it sheds light on the broader consequences of the reliance on social norms and on its relationship to power imbalance. This work makes a twofold recommendation. First, IP lawyers should engage more with the unfamiliar field of social norms. Second, advocates of a reform of IP aimed at transforming the industry in an IP-intensive one should be mindful that the effort may prove useless, in light of the role of social norms, especially if
power is not distributed.
This research has been carried out with the generous support of the SLS Society of Legal Scholars.
Please cite as Guido Noto La Diega, ‘‘Can the law fix the problems of fashion? An empirical study on social norms and power imbalance in the fashion industry’ (2018) Journal of Intellectual Property Law & Practice, jpy097, https://doi.org/10.1093/jiplp/jpy097

- by Guido Noto La Diega
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- Contracts, Intellectual Property, Contract Law, Social Norms
- by Martha Lucía Neme Villarreal
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- Civil Law, Contract Law, DERECHO CIVIL, Direito Civil

In Yam Seng, Leggatt J tries to persuade the English legal community that good faith exists in English law. He contends that several duties could be derived from this principle, including a "duty to cooperate". By examining the scope of cooperation and its relationship with good faith in English and French law, we explore Leggatt J's reasoning in view of the common law-civil law divide and highlight the palpable differences between these two jurisdictions. We suggest that the traditional hostility towards good faith in English law can be overcome if the principle is applied as an extended "duty to cooperate".

- by Radosveta Vassileva and +1
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- Comparative Law, Contract Law, Private law, Law of Contract

La buena fe contractual tiene la forma de una cláusula general cuya aplicación presupone delegar en el juez la tarea de definir en concreto los deberes de comportamiento o efectos jurídicos que se derivan de la misma y que constituyen el contenido implícito del contrato. Para realizar esa tarea el juez debe efectuar una valoración de todas las circunstancias concretas a la luz de los valores y fines remitidos por la buena fe, de manera que su aplicación presupone la existencia y ejercicio de una potestad delegada, pero estrictamente dirigida, orientada a concretizar el estándar del con-tratante leal y honesto. La necesidad del derecho de contratos de contar con un instrumento de esa naturaleza radica en la falta de exhaustividad de sus normas, permitiendo la buena fe, primero, morigerar la aplicación puramente formal de la ley cuando en atención a circunstancias particulares esa aplicación lleva a resultados insatisfactorios y, segundo, hacerse cargo de las transformaciones sociales que inciden en la institución del contrato y que resultan imprevisibles para el legislador. La buena fe permite, de esta manera, la aplicación coherente y el desarrollo interno del derecho de contratos, de un modo que resulta consistente con los valores y fines que lo fundan.

Good faith is a key concept in all social intercourse activities and transactions, a key concept in everyday activity whether it is a business relationship or a family relationship. It is the basis of every human relationship since the development of human culture. As our relationship within our families must be built on trust, fair, honesty, and co-operation;
our business and commercial transactions must too. Commercial transactions must be based on mutual trust and the confidence that each party to a contract will act reasonably and honestly.

- by Fadi Setabouha
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- Good faith, Common Law Contract, Civil Law of Contracts

CJEU’s case law frequently refers to the notion of good faith. The notion becomes increasingly important also in Polish tax law. The aim of this article is to point out selected problems (and suggest solutions) concerning the notion of good faith as it is applied by the Court of Justice. Those issues embrace the legal questions that the Court resolves when applying the notion of good faith, what results it brings, do the Court expressly uses the notion of good faith and in what meaning, where the concept of good faith, according to the Court, derives from, and what certain rules emerge from the concept. In order to resolve those questions, Author in this article points out the problems to be resolved, presents the main conclusions regarding the notion of good faith in private law, as well as presents and analyses some of the Courts’ rulings. - - - - - - - - - In Polish - - - - - - - - - - "Zastosowanie klauzuli dobrej wiary w orzecznictwie Trybunału Sprawiedliwości Unii Europejskiej w zakresie podatku VAT. Wybrane Zagadnienia" [w:] Iwona Ramus (red.), "Obrót powszechny i gospodarczy. problemy podatkowoprawne", Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek, Toruń 2014.

- by Paweł Mikuła
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- Tax Law, European Union Law, Good faith, Value Added Tax

Good faith is a principle prominent in civil law countries but less so in
common law countries, and which allows courts to deviate from black letter law. It
provides them with flexibility to change the outcome of a deductive legal decision if
they regard it as absurd. The principle of good faith thus empowers the judiciary to
deviate. It can be used for an indefinite number of cases and might lead to almost all
conceivable legal consequences. For instance, the judge can invalidate the contract,
change the price, suspend or change a clause in the contract, or grant injunctive
relief, compensation of damages, the disgorgement of profits or a removal claim.
We argue that if the principle of good faith is used to develop contract law into an
instrument for redistributing wealth in favor of poor parties, this can destroy the
concept of contract as a social mechanism for generating mutual gains for parties,
which might lead to unwanted economic consequences in terms of efficiency losses.
We argue that the principle of good faith must be carefully and reluctantly used to
reconstruct the fully specified contract and that well-informed judges, who understand
the factual environment of a contract well should ask how fair bur selfinterested
parties would have allocated the risk in a pre-contractual situation. If the
courts restrict the application of the good faith principle to these functions, this
provides elasticity that otherwise would not exist if courts would strictly use the
rules laid down in black letter law. Moreover, it saves transactions costs and is
therefore in line with economic reasoning. We look at the most important Turkish cases and find that the Turkish Supreme Court following Continental European
doctrines of good faith actually uses this principle to curb opportunistic behavior of
parties and not to achieve redistribution from the rich to the poor by way of interfering
into contract law.

- by Hans-bernd Schäfer and +1
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- Contract Law, Law and Economics, Good faith
- by Roberto Fiori
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- Law, Legal History, Roman Law, History of Law

Cicero’s De officiis is one of the most important texts in Roman ethics, and one of the most cited literary texts in the studies of Roman law. However, it has never been the subject, as a whole, of a thorough study from the point of view of the jurist.
The book is divided in two parts.
The first part aims to reconstruct the different contexts within which the work should — in my opinion — be read: the ‘present’ of the political events after Caesar’s killing and the use of philosophy as a framework to support the opposite positions of the parties; the ‘past’ of the traditional values of the Roman republic, that were felt by Cicero as particularly consistent with Stoic ethics, probably because of their ties with the archaic features of Roman and Greek cultures, both influenced by survivals of the Indo-European ‘Weltanschauung’; the ‘future’ of the work, i.e. the way it can be understood by the modern reader, after the general spread of the Kantian distinction between law and ethics.
The second part analyses the text.
From a philological point of view, the hypothesis is proposed that Cicero’s project, left undone, was to shape the subject matter according to the rhetorical principles laid down in the contemporary Topica. This has led him to divide the text in different and often symmetrical parts according to the rhetorical notions of definitio and consecutio, to which a part is added dealing with the topic ‘according to circumstances’ (katà perístasin). The more or less refined concinnitas helps in identifying the parts of the work that are less dependent on Panetius’ treatise.
From a juridical point of view, the analysis is focused on the treatises of iustitia and prudentia, which seem to be the more relevant for Roman law and the more autonomous from the Greek model. The study of the text shows the importance of the legal notion of bona fides, which Cicero adopts as a paradigm of ‘true’ behaviour in opposition to dolus, the ‘false’ representation of things: an antithesis which recalls both Stoic gnoseology and the traditional Indo-European conflict between ‘truth/order’ and ‘falsehood/disorder’.
Cicero’s De officiis is a work that, on the one side, casts doubts on the legitimacy of using the modern distinction between ‘law’ and ‘ethics’ in the study of ancient cultures; and, on the other side, helps in understanding the Roman belief in a general cosmic order as shaped by the priests and inherited by the Republican culture.

- by Roberto Fiori
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- History, Ancient History, Cultural History, Law

(Full text of the book is avaiable free of charge at the publisher's website: https://books.akademicka.pl/publishing/catalog/book/96)
The book attempts to analyze the status of several Anglo-American legal doctrines referred to as equitable estoppel, promissory estoppel, and proprietary estoppel. It examines the English, American and Australian law from the 18th century onwards. The book draws analogies to legal devices detectable in continental civil law and characterized by the goal similar to that performed by various types of estoppel. Among these devices there may be listed those found in the European harmonization projects (PECL, DCFR, CESL) as well as those found in the national civil codes, and specifically such as principle of good faith and fair dealing or the prohibition on the abuse of rights.
Common law jurisdictions recognize a number of specific estoppel doctrines. The latter prevent the negative effects of an inconsistent conduct of the other party and counteract the occurrence of detriment or other negative consequences (often referred to by a vague notion of "unconscionability") resulting from the party’s reliance on the other party's inconsistent conduct.
Estoppels are used today as "safety valves" in almost all fields of Anglo-American private law. The courts apply them to settle accounts for the expenditures made on someone else's property and also to protect the addressees of formally defective promises (made in breach of the statute of frauds) as well as to protect the parties to the negotiations that did not lead to the contract's conclusion. Estoppels can also be found in family-law relations as a device to settle the accounts of former cohabitants or to modify the partition of the deceased’s estate.
Despite the broad scope of its application, the law on estoppels is far from being settled. Significant differences occur in its interpretation under various jurisdictions. While in English law the promissory estoppel might be used only as a defence (“a shield”), the American and Australian law recognize it as an independent cause of action (“a sword”). There are many controversies and disputes that are currently taking place both in the courts and in the scholarship. They lead to legal uncertainty and unpredictability of decisions. The book attempts to discuss these issues and sometimes point to potential solutions.

- by Jan Halberda
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- Comparative Law, Legal History, Law of Obligations, Private law

Il saggio esamina l'esistenza nel nostro ordinamento della norma - di elaborazione pretoria - che vuole precluso al creditore l’esercizio del diritto potestativo previsto dal contratto per l’ipotesi di sua inosservanza, quando questi, tollerando l’inadempimento, ingeneri nella controparte un ragionevole affidamento circa il suo mancato esercizio (c.d. regola di tolleranza).

- by Daniele Imbruglia
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- Comparative Law, Civil Law, Contract Law, Comparative Private Law