Grapes Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

The main purpose of this study was to quantify the amount of grapes losses and waste across
the entire grape supply chain among small-scaled grape growers in Takestan city of Qazvin province. In
order to estimate the amount of grape supply chain losses and waste we used mass flows of fruits and
vegetables model and its special equations. According to this model, grape supply chain consists of
agricultural production, post-harvest, processing, distribution and consumption. In this regard, grape losses
take place at the first three stages and grape waste occur in two final stages. The required data were collected
through government and private data sources with horticulture expert estimates, grape growers interviews,
agriculture cooperation interviews, raisin factory estimates, seasonally markets consultations and own
calculations. The results showed in total about 53% of the grapes produced in the Takestan city converted to
losses and waste in various stages. Of course, a major part of its (about 46 %) takes place in processing stage
(19%), agricultural production (17.6%), and postharvest (9%). While only about 7 percent of the grapes in
the distribution and consumption stages are wasted.

- by Somayeh Rajabi and +1
- •
- Waste Management, Weight Loss Management, Grapes

: 2010 yılında gerçekleştirilen bu araştırmada, salamuralık yaprak toplanan asmalardaki koruk üzümlerin turşuya işlenebilirliğini belirlemek amaçlanmıştır. Denemede, salamuralık yaprak toplanan asmalardaki koruk üzümler iki farklı salamura (sirkeli ve sirkesiz) yöntemiyle turşu yapılarak, 20-25 0C’de 12 ay depolanmışlardır. Turşularda üç dönemde (birinci hafta, birinci, üçüncü ve onikinci ay) brüt ağırlık, net ağırlık, süzme ağırlığı, kuru madde, tuz, pH, toplam asit miktarı, sertlik ve tane rengi belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca, koruk üzüm turşuları 50 kişilik panelist tarafından duyusal olarak değerlendirilmiştir. Farklı tadı ile koruk üzüm turşusunun, piyasada beğeni kazanacak bir ürün olduğu kanaatine varılmıştır.

- by Rüstem Cangi
- •
- Grapes, Pickles
- by Ahmet Elicin
- •
- Viticulture, Mechanical properties, Vineyard, Grapevine

This PPT document explains in a comprehensive way, how to cultivate Table Grapes. Preparation of demonstration blocks, nurseries, arrangement of training workshops and handing over the mother plants to the local farmers of the selected agencies of Bajaur, Kurram, Orakzai and FR Region of Bannu will be done according to the standard protocols. Keeping in mind the arrangement of the seven pillars of Vision 2025 new opportunities could be created via viticulture development. Horticulture is a fast growing sector with rising exports and increasing demand in domestic and international markets. Pakistani fruits, both fresh and dry, have great potential for exports. So, the present project will also contribute in the vision of 2025 (One nation One vision) not only to help in the development of FATA but also in the development of adjacent region. It will give rise to development of industries related to Grapevines products like raisins, juices, jams etc. that will be source of new jobs and development in the region. For the alleviation of poverty by enhancing the socioeconomic status of FATA people through viticulture development, we will further extend our work via developing a new project to extend our work to the remaining agencies like Khyber, Mohmand and Waziristan etc. The selected potential and successful varieties of grapes will be introduced for nurseries development and handing over to farmers of the FATA region in future as mother plants.

- by Shujaul Mulk Khan
- •
- Agronomy, Agriculture, Gardening, Fruit Science
- by Giordano Lahaderne
- •
- Wine, Robert Frost, October, Grapes
- by Luís Filipe Oliveira
- •
- History of wine, Grapes, História Do Algarve
- by HortFlora Research Spectrum
- •
- Quality, Nitrogen Cycle, Phosphorus, Yield

Aggressive growth of land-based solar photovoltaic (PV) farms can create a land use conflict with agricultural production. Fortunately, this issue can be resolved using the concept of agrivoltaics, which is co-development of land area for both solar PV and agriculture. To investigate and quantify PV generation potential, without harming agriculture output, this study explores the viability of agrivoltaic farms deployment on existing grape farms in India. Considering the shade tolerance of grapes, an techno-economicanalysis is run for the installation of PV systems in the area available between the trellises on a grape farm. The electrical energy generation potential is determined per unit area and economic benefits for the cultivators is quantified over a number of design options. The results show the economic value of the grape farms deploying the proposed agrivoltaic systems may increase more than 15 times as compared to conventional farming, while maintaining the same grape production. If this dual use of land is implemented nationwide, it can make a significant impact by generating over 16,000 GWh electricity, which has the potential of meeting the energy demands of more than 15 million people. In addition, grape-based agrivoltaics can be implemented in rural areas to enable village electrification.

- by Joshua Pearce
- •
- Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Photovoltaics

Grape was an indispensable food source for ancient communities, a sought-after industrial material, and, in some beliefs, a sacred gift given to humanity. In fact, in ancient Greek mythology, it is observed that even a separate god was fictionalized for grape and wine. Grape, which was an important fruit for many civilizations living in and around the Middle East, which is considered to be its homeland, also has an important role in ancient Arab culture. The acquaintance of the Arabs with the cultivation of grape dates back to pre-Islamic times. For example, it is known that people in the Hadhramaut region were engaged in grape farming. Likewise, Taif has become a region famous for grape farming. The ancient Arabs used the grape motif in their poems within a specific theme, namely bacchic poetry. Since bacchic poetry was a very popular theme among the ancient Arabs, it is not surprising that the grape motif often appears in poems in which wine is glorified. In poems of this kind, poets do not only mention grapes but also talk about various stages or terminology of grape production. We even see poems using the wine/grape terminology in the diwans of mystic poets. One of the most famous examples on this subject is undoubtedly a verse belonging to Ibn Fāriḍ (d. 632/1235): “Sharibnā ‘alā ẕikri al-ḥabībi mudāmatan, sakirnā bihā, min qabli en yuḫlaqa al-kermu. [We drank the wine in memory of the lover. We got drunk with it before the vineyard was created]” In a distant land, Andalusia, the grape motif has had the opportunity to gain more distinctive originality in poetry. For example, we know that the Andalusians, who spent time in the magnificent gardens of the Iberian Peninsula, heard some poems comparing grapes with various fruits. This study aims to examine the grape motif in classical Arabic poetry in a scientific way. The main source of the study is the diwans of medieval Arab poets. In addition, current academic publications have also been used.

- by Esat AYYILDIZ
- •
- Arabic Literature, Arabic Poetry, Classical Arabic Poetry, Grapes Culture

Different concentrations of GA3 (15ppm, 20ppm and 25ppm) were applied to grape CV. Perlet as Bloom treatments in 2011, in two
splits doses. The first spray was applied at 70-80% bloom (on 4th April) and followed by second spray as the post bloom treatment,
just after fruit setting (on 8th May). Three vines were used for each treatment. After the fruits were fully mature, five clusters were
randomly harvested from each vine to determine the cluster and berry eight, number of berries per cluster, berry length and width, 100
berry weight, fruit weight and fruit extract content was measured using hand refractometer and determining the percentage content of
extract in the juice solution, squeezing the out of 20 representative berries from each plant. Average cluster and berry weight of
sprayed vines increased significantly over the non-sprayed vines and the largest cluster weight depicted as fruit yield as per vine
(10.7kg) was found in the treatment with highest concentration of GA3 (25ppm). Maximum berry weight, length berry width and TSS
were 2.83 g, 1.86 cm, 1.81 g and 19.22%, respectively recorded at 25pp. More over Statistical differences were observed for cluster
weight, berry width, length and total soluble salts with GA3 at 15ppm and 20ppm.GA3 at 25ppm may be recommended for spray on the
perlet grape cultivar for obtaining higher yield and better quality/fruits.

- by IJBB pakistan
- •
- Grapes, Spray, Gibberellic Acid, Berry Weight

Intensive observation of the world, and the intention of realistically transferring it to the canvas, allowed Dutch Golden Age painters to develop an implicit knowledge of the visual patterns people use to infer different materials, imitating key optical phenomena via shortcuts. To understand the origin of the astonishing realism of Dutch 17th century paintings, we refer to the treatise of Willem Beurs, “The Big World Painted Small”, a
precious source of technical information about oil painting. One of the questions we aim to answer is: how did they produce such true-to-life depictions? We chose the representation of grapes as case study, due to
the simultaneous presence and interaction of different material properties, like glossiness, translucency and bloom. Glossiness and translucency are of primary importance in vision science. Thus, understanding their rendering and perception for the case of grapes, can lay the groundwork for a more general theory of gloss and translucency. We investigated if the material properties proposed by Beurs to paint grapes are actually perceived in paintings, and how they relate to their perceived convincingness. Among these material qualities, we took a closer look at glossiness and tried to predict its perception via image statistics of specular reflections.

- by Francesca Di Cicco
- •
- Painting, Visual perception, Realism, Art Treatises
- by Alp PEKER
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- Esotericism, History of wine, Grapes

In the article two grave stelai of roman period with manual workers’ representations, housed in the National Archaeological Museum, are published. Both of them are of unknown provenance.
The first one (inv. no. 6956), possibly of naiskos type with pilasters and pediment, is of dark grey marble. On the shaft, a man with a beard is depicted standing to face. He is wearing a short chiton with sleeves and a chlamys fastened on his right shoulder. In his lowered right hand, he is holding a knife with a curved blade. By his right side, a slender-looking vine is rising. Based on the type of knife the man can be identified with a vine-grower. He is depicted during his repose, as it was usual for the Greek grave stelai with relative representations. Based on iconographical and stylistic criteria, the gravestone should be dated in the second half of the 2nd century A.D.
The second stele (inv. no. 15496), from which only its left half is preserved, is of naiskos type with pilasters, epistyle and pediment and is made of white, thick-grained marble. On the shaft, a shoemaker is depicted sitting on a small bench to the right inside his workshop, as indicated by the tools i.e. an awl and a chisel hanging on the wall in the background of the relief. Here, what is most interesting is the tool with the large handle and the flat surface which the man is holding in his right hand. We don’t know what it was like, since there are no depictions of it either in vase-painting or in sculpture. However, its use is described by Plato and its name is cited in the Latin grammarian Festus. It is likely that shoemakers used it to stretch the leather on the shoe-last, so that every wrinkle could be eliminated and their work be facilitated. The stele is close to the Italian gravestones with relative thematic material. It should be dated around the middle of the 3rd century A.D.

- by Elena Vlachogianni
- •
- Archaeology, Classical Archaeology, Sculpture, Greek Archaeology

O crescimento significativo na produção e consumo de sucos demanda métodos de
controle, capazes de mensurar a proporção da fruta e de açúcares, em cada tipo de
produto. Pelos direitos básicos dos consumidores, informações sobre a composição e
riscos, devem estar claras e adequadas nas embalagens. Apesar disto, frequentemente
o brasileiro é confundido, á começar pela nomenclatura dos sucos. Pela legislação,
os sucos - integral e concentrado devem conter 100% da fruta sem qualquer adição.
Já, o néctar, bebida pronta para o consumo, deve ser elaborado com um mínimo de
50% da fruta, adicionado de água, sacarose, acidulantes e conservantes. Portanto,
este estudo objetivou verificar se as quantidades de açúcares totais dos sucos de uva
- concentrado e néctar são comparáveis e concordantes, quando determinadas por
3 técnicas/métodos distintos – refratometria, espectrofotometria e cromatografia,
verificando a sua aplicabilidade. A refratometria (RF), a mais aplicada no controle
industrial, emprega a leitura direta do oBrix em refratômetro. A espectrofotometria
mede glicose em 490 nm pelo método convencional fenol-sulfúrico (ESP-FS).
Enquanto, a cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência determina os teores de frutose,
glicose e sacarose empregando detector por índice de refração (HPLC-RID). Para
fins de comparação direta, a concentração dos açúcares totais por HPLC-RID foi
obtida pela soma dos teores individuais dos carboidratos. A quantidade de açúcares
totais média empregando RF, ESP-FS e HPLC-RID foi considerada semelhante
(Tukey p<0,05) para o néctar (14,85±0,44 g 100 mL-1) e para o suco concentrado
de uva (61,74±2,60 g 100 mL-1), excetuando o concentrado analisado por ESP-FS
(80,47±8,6 g 100 mL-1). A menor variação dos teores foi observada por RF (0,5-3,0%),
seguida por HPLC-RID (3,4-6,3%), com ESP-FS (8,4-17,2%) apresentando a maior
dispersão. Desta forma, a RF provou ser adequada para a determinação rotineira
dos açúcares totais, considerando sua precisão, praticidade e simplicidade de uso.
Entretanto, o HPLC-RID apresenta um diferencial adicional, além de fornecer o teor
dos açúcares totais. Baseado no perfil cromatográfico possibilita distinguir entre
sucos - integral ou concentrado, elaborados só com a fruta, pelas proporções de
frutose e glicose encontradas naturalmente na própria uva, de produtos adicionado
de sacarose, como o néctar. Este método consiste, portanto, em uma ferramenta
alternativa que poderia ser utilizada em caso de suspeita de fraudes, para atestar a
autenticidade e o cumprimento da legislação.

- by IOSR Journals
- •
- Biochemistry, Health Sciences, Nutrition, Antioxidants

Öküzgözü, Boğazkere ve Şire üzüm çeşitleri Diyarbakır, Elazığ ve Mardin illerinde yaygın olarak yetiştiriciliği yapılan üzüm çeşitleridir. Bu çalışma ile ben düşme, ben düşmeden 15 gün sonra ve hasat zamanı olmak üzere üç farklı olgunluk döneminde üzüm tanelerinde meydana gelen fiziksel ve kimyasal değişimlerin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaçla üzüm tanelerinde; tane uzunluğu (mm), genişliği (mm), kalınlığı (mm), tane ağırlığı (g), tane hacmi (ml), aritmetrik ortalama (mm), geometrik ortalama (mm), yüzey alanı (mm²), küresellik (%), olgunluk indisi (%), asitlik (%), SÇKM (%), pH, toplam fenolik madde (μg GAE/mg) ve toplam flavonoid madde miktarı (μg QUE/mg) belirlenmiştir. Araştırma sonucunda Öküzgözü, Boğazkere ve Şire üzüm çeşitlerine ait tanelerin üzüm çeşitlerine ve üzümlerin olgunluk dönemlerine göre incelenen özellikler bakımından önemli farklılıklar gösterdiği saptanmıştır. Olgunluk ilerledikçe incelenen özelliklerde artışlar meydana gelmiştir.

- by Gultekin Ozdemir
- •
- Quality Management, Grapevine, Phytochemicals, Grapes

In a study on wine tourism (enotourism) and wine service in the world, information on winegrowing and winemaking countries around the world, the areas of vineyards owned by these countries in different years, the amount of wine produced in different years, etc. were given. In order to form a more detailed opinion on wine tourism, information on conferences organized by the World Tourism Organization for the development of wine tourism in the world, countries where these conferences are held, participants, etc. were reflected in the article. Also, statistics on the income of wine tourism to the country's economy were noted. Along with the development of wine tourism in the country, the features of offering wine in order to provide services within the world standards to tourists coming to the country were also studied. The service standards of local and foreign made wines using different types of grapes have been studied. To do this, first of all, the changes in the colors and tastes of wines, which began to be stored after the period of production in accordance with the world standards, were noted. Different methods are used during wine service (bottle service, wine basket service, decanter service). These methods vary depending on the age and composition of the wine.

- by Azerbaijan Journal of Agrarian Studies
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- Services, Wine Tourism, Wine, Ice

The aim of this study was to determine phytochemical components of Tannat, Cabernet Sauvignon, Malbec, Merlot and Shiraz wine grape varieties during the ripening period. As amounts of total phenolic compounds in different parts of the grape varieties, the highest total phenolic values for berry peel were found to be 300.58 μg GAE/mg in Cabernet Sauvignon, 974.23 μg GAE/mg in Malbec for pulp, 447.01 μg GAE/mg in Merlot for seed. The total flavonoid content in peel, pulp and seeds of varieties were found to be varied between 46.95 µg QUE/mg and 148.01 µg QUE/mg. In conclusion, total bioactive compounds of the grape differed significantly based on variety and grape part. Since higher bioactive compounds were found in pulps for all grape varieties, grapes should be consumed as a whole grape. This study also showed that these grapes are a potential source of natural bioactive compounds. It can be concluded that selected grape varieties and their parts can be considered a good source of phenolic and antioxidants.

- by Gultekin Ozdemir
- •
- Phytochemistry, Viticulture, Phenolics, Phenolic Compounds

Turkey will continue to acting an important role in grape production and raisin exportation in the world because of its large number of grape varieties, favorable ecological conditions and large amount of production areas. Turkey is the one of the gene center of grapevines, for this reason it possesses over 1600 grape varieties. Grapevine varieties are generally harvested by hand; however, the feasibility of using a mechanical harvester is some engineering properties such as physical and mechanical properties must be consideration. In this study, some physical and mechanical properties of grape berries and canes of local variety Şire (Vitis vinifera L. cv.) were determined depend on phenological stages. This research was performed at commercial vineyard in Dicle, the town of Diyarbakır, which is located in the southeastern part of Turkey. Cutting properties were measured by The Lloyd LRX plus materials testing machine. Grape berries length, width, thickness, arithmetic and geometric mean diameter, sphericity, roundness, detachment force (FDF), weight (W), the ratio of FDF/W, skin firmness, total soluble solids content, pH, total acidity and cane of grapevine shearing force, shearing strength, upper yield, shearing energy were determined. The test results indicated that very significant correlations were found between axial dimensions of grape berries, and physical dimensions, mechanical and pomological properties. The ratio of FDF/W decreased depending on phenological stages. Berry weight was lowest at the Veraison (1.60 g). The grape berry skin firmness decreased from 1.174 N to 0.766 N with phenological stages. TSSC values varied from 20.40 to 16.20 %, pH of grape (3.39-3.65) values increased with phenological stages, whereas the total acids were slight changed and reduced from 0.876 to 0.669 %. Cutting properties of Şire grapevine cane has been changed with phenological stages. Shearing force and energy requirement increased with increase internode diameter of canes. Shearing force values changed between 472.38 N and 119.57 N.

- by Gultekin Ozdemir
- •
- Viticulture, Grapevines, Grapes

EGE'DE BİRGÜN PROF. DR. ALP YÜCEL KAYA DERSİMİZ AŞK ÇÜNKÜ, SÖYLEMİŞTİM Dersimiz Aşk, konular Haydutluk ve Sarışınlık Şimdi şurdan koşsam Akdeniz' e çıkarım Yörükler ve Develer arasından geçerim Üzüm incir ve tütün, üzüm incir ve tütün Dersimiz Aşk çünkü, söylemiştim Oturur bir Güneşle sigaramı yakarım ... Ergün Günçe, 1979. ODTÜ İktisat Bölümü öğretim üyesi ve şair Ergin Günçe yukardaki şiiri 1979'da yazarken aslında kapitalizmin kalkınmacı döneminin, kriz yıllarında da olsa, Akdeniz' e açılan coğrafyalarındaki en önemli tarımsal ürünlerini sıralıyordu: üzüm, incir ve tütün... 1980'lerle birlikte sermayenin sınırsız taarruzu ile hayatın her alanında olduğu gibi tarımda da her şey altüst oldu ama asıl vurucu darbe 2000 yılı Tarım Reformu Uygulama Projesi (TRUP) ile geldi. Tarımsal yapı ve özellikle tarımsal istihdam görülmedik bir hızla çözüldü. Şiirdeki gibi "Akdeniz' e çıkarken" rastlayacağımız üreticiler fiyat-maliyet makasının giderek aleyhlerine açıldığını gördüler; lehlerine döneceği umuduyla borçlandılar; borçlarını döndürmeye çalıştılar; daha kârlı olacağını düşündükleri ürünlerin üretiminde sürekli arayış halinde oldular; tarım dışı gelir arayışına girdiler; ellerindeki sermaye ve kaynakları tüketmeye başladılar. Bazıları mülksüzleşmeden üretimi bırakıp tarım içi veya dışı işgücüne dahil oldu, bazıları da klasik proleterleşme sürecini izleyip mülksüzleşerek tarım içi veya dışı işgücüne dahil oldu.

- by alp yücel kaya
- •
- Political Economy, Political Ecology, Agrarian Studies, Rural Development

Linear A tablet HT 13 Haghia Triada successfully translated, with a substantial Mycenaean superstrate, wine stalks in (parallel) rows, crushed grapes and (a) sweeteners or (b) at Mount Ida: This is the first ever practically complete decipherment of Linear A tablet HT 13 (Haghia Triada) into what ostensibly appears to be largely Mycenaean-derived Greek (also known as the Mycenaean superstrate). Most of the words on this tablet are probably early Mycenaean or Mycenaean, with the caveat that their orthography and grammatical structure must have been adjusted to reflect the exigencies of the orthography and grammatical structure of the Minoan substrate language (Old Minoan, OM), the original Minoan language onto which they have been grafted. Allow me to explain how this phenomenon transpires. If we compare the incursion of Mycenaean-derived words into Linear A with the much later enormous influx of Norman French and French vocabulary into English, we can glean a much 1

- by Richard Vallance Janke and +1
- •
- Languages, Iconography, Languages and Linguistics, Contact Linguistics
- by IJAEM Journal
- •
- Solar Dryer, Grapes
- by Claudia Coelho
- •
- Agronomy, Post Harvest Technology, Grapevines, AGRONOMIA

Summary This experiment presents the results of two-year study of productiveness of interspecies hybrid Panonia. The aim of research was to access its productivity in the conditions of Northern Bosnia - Kozara wine growing region. The... more

- by Nemanja Mišić
- •
- Wine Chemistry, Grapevines, Vineyard, Grapevine

ABSTRACT
In order to study the genetic variability of four grape cultivars (Nanasaheb purple, Sonaka, Thompson seedless
and Ganesh), 10 ISSR primers were screened of which seven were found polymorphic. These polymorphic
primers produced a sum total of 86 bands of which 56 were polymorphic. The grape cultivars grouped into two
major clusters at 51 per cent similarity. The first cluster had only Nanasaheb purple whereas; the second cluster
contained Sonaka, Thompson seedless and Ganesh cultivars. Thompson seedless and Ganesh in the second
cluster showed a similarity coefficient of 0.63. Clustering was strongly supported by high bootstrap values.
Resolving power of the ISSR primers ranged between 3 (UBC 850) and 10 (UBC 810), PIC value from 0.78 (UBC
850) to 0.88 (UBC 811, UBC 815 and UBC 834), and Marker indices (MI) from 3.89 (UBC 850) to 8.80 (UBC
815 and UBC 834) with a mean value of 6.14, 0.85, and 6.88, respectively. The results revealed that ISSR could
be a better tool for evaluation of genetic diversity among the grape cultivars.

The Citrus mealybug Planococcus citri has a wide geographical distribution and has been described as a pest of economic importance in several crops. The present work determined the developmental and biological aspects of the Citrus mealybug in order to obtain information that may support the integrated pest management (IPM) of grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) cv. Syrah in the Lower Basin of the São Francisco Valley region. The research was conducted at the Laboratory of Entomology of Embrapa Semiarid, Petrolina-PE, on leaves of grapevine kept in a controlled environment (25 ± 1°C, 60 ± 10% R. H. and a photoperiod of 12L:12D). The first two instars had higher mortality, indicating high susceptibility in these nymphal periods. The overall nymphal period of females and males is similar at 22.52 ± 0.46 and 23.5 ± 0.29 days, respectively, with viability of 39%. The adult longevity of females is nearly 30 times greater than that of males, indicating that females of P. citri are mainly responsible for damage and injury to grapevine. The sex ratio was 0.64, indicating that females make up the majority of the adult population of P. citri. We conclude that the species in question completes its lifecycle on leaves of grapevine and reaches the adult phase in a short time interval.

Anthocyanins are secondary metabolites synthesized in grape berry skins via the phenylpropanoid pathway, with functions ranging from skin coloration to protection against pathogens or UV light. Accumulation of these compounds is highly variable depending on genetics, environmental factors and viticultural practices. Besides their biological functions, anthocyanins improve wine quality, as a high anthocyanin content in berries has a positive impact on the color, total phenolic concentration and, ultimately, the price of wine. The present work studies the effect of the pre-veraison application of pectin derived oligosaccharides (PDO) on the synthesis and accumulation of these compounds, and associates the changes observed with the expression of key genes in the phenylpropanoid pathways. To this end, pre-veraison Cabernet Sauvignon bunches were treated with PDO to subsequently determine total anthocyanin content, the anthocyanin profile (by HPLC-DAD) and gene expression (by qRT-PCR), using Ethrel and water treatments for comparison. The results show that PDO were as efficient as Ethrel in generating a significant rise in total anthocyanin content at 30 days after treatment (dat), compared with water treatments (1.32, 1.48 and 1.02 mg e.Mv-3G/g FW respectively) without any undesirable effect on berry size, soluble solids, tartaric acid concentration or pH. In addition, a significant alteration in the anthocyanin profile was observed. Specifically, a significant increase in the relative concentration of malvidin was observed for both PDO and Ethrel treatments, compared with water controls (52.8; 55.0 and 48.3%, respectively), with a significant rise in tri-hydroxylated forms and a fall in di-hydroxylated anthocyanins. The results of gene expression analyses suggest that the increment in total anthocyanin content is related to a short term increase in phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) expression, mediated by a decrease in MYB4A expression. A longer term increase in UDP-glucose flavonoid 3-O-glucosyltransferase (UFGT) expression, probably mediated by a rise in MYBA1 was also observed. Regarding the anthocyanin profile, despite the increase observed in MYB5A expression in PDO and Ethrel treatments, no changes in flavonoid 3 0-hydroxylase (F-3 0-H); flavonoid 3 0 5 0-hydroxylase (F-3 0 5 0-H) or O-methyltransferase (OMT) could be related with the profile modifications described. Overall, this study highlights that application of PDO is a novel means of altering specific grape berry anthocyanins, and could be a means of positively influencing wine quality without the addition of agrochemicals.

In this study, some physical, mechanical and ripening properties of local variety Boğazkere grape and their relationships were determined depend on three different phenological stages and five cane internode (IN) diameters. This research was performed at commercial vineyard in Diyarbakır province, which is located in the southeastern part of Turkey. Cutting properties and energy values were measured by The Lloyd LRX plus materials testing machine. In addition to cutting properties of cane, grape berries' include length, with, thickness, geometric mean diameter, sphericity, surface area, berry detachment force (BDF), berry weight (W), berry detachment force/weight (BDF/W) were determined. The mean length, width and thickness values of berries were found as 16.64 mm, 15.49 mm, and 15.42 mm, respectively. The arithmetic mean diameter, geometric mean diameter, surface area values were not changed statistically with phenological stages. There were found closely relationships between ripening and mechanical properties at different phenological stages for grape berries. The ratio of BDF/W decreased with phenological stages. The BDF was decreased from 2.60 N to 2.13 N, the grape berries skin firmness decreased from 1.60 N to 0.93 N, while berries weight increased from 2.48 g to 2.76 g with harvesting stages. Total soluble solids content and pH values increased with phenological stages. Whereas the total acids were slight changed and reduced from 0.413 to 0.323 % with ripening stages. The phenological stages has not significant effect on the cutting properties of cane (P >0.05). However, cutting force were found highly correlated with the cane diameter, the significant differences were found among internodes diameter of grape canes at a 5 % probability level. While the maximum cutting force and energy were obtained at IN5 diameter as 600.92 N and 5.05 J, the minimum cutting force and energy were obtained at IN1 diameter as 289 N N and 1.52 J, respectively.

- by Abdullah Sessiz and +2
- •
- Mechanical Engineering, Viticulture, Grapes

Bu çalışma Umut Burak GEYİKÇİ’nin 2009 yılında Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu Uzmanlık Tezine ait verilerin güncellenmesi ile oluşturulmuştur. Çalışmada öncelikle Manisa’nın iklimsel karakteristikleri ve üzüm üretimi için neden uygun bir bölgede bulunduğu incelenmiş, ardından Manisa’nın üzüm üretiminde, Türkiye ve Dünyadaki yeri, Manisa’da üzüm üretimi ile uğraşan üreticilerin kullandıkları hormon, ilaç, gübre miktarları, sulama yöntemleri, bağların terbiye sistemleri, toprak analizi yaptırma durumları incelenmiş, yapılan incelemeler neticesinde Manisa İli Üzüm üretiminin mevcut durumu tespit edilerek Manisa’da bağcılığın güçlü ve zayıf yönleri ile fırsatlar ve tehditler tespit edilmeye çalışılıp elde edilen sonuçların ilgililere yol gösterici olması amaçlanmıştır.

- by Umut Burak Geyikçi
- •
- Grape, BAGCILIK VE FİDANCILIK ÜZÜM YETİŞTİRMECİLİGİ, Grapes, üzüm

Grape (Vitis vinifera L. ssp. vinifera) has been identified as part of the Indus Civilization crop assemblage. As a non-native crop, with a wild ancestor that does not grow in the region, its presence in northern South Asia ca. 3200–1300 bc has thus been used to argue variously as evidence for crop diffusion, long distance trade, and the adoption of foreign agricultural strategies and foodways. Grape identification, particularly between wild and domesticated species, is complex. In this article the challenges of identifying ‘grape’ in South Asian antiquity are explored. The overreliance on length, breadth and thickness measurements, with limited description and a lack of standardisation are considered. Furthermore, an examination of the local flora demonstrates that there are multiple Vitaceae genera being possible ‘grape’ contenders in the region. Identification criteria for local Vitaceae need to be better developed to more understand the role of Indus grapes in order for the complicated social interpretations of ‘what grapes means in the Indus’ to be maintained.

- by Jennifer Bates
- •
- Botany, Archaeology, Prehistoric Archaeology, Archaeobotany

Background: Nowadays, there is increased consumer demand for high-antioxidant foods. Drinking high-antioxidant beverages may help to protect against aging, Alzheimer’s disease, and other chronic diseases. Grapes and some plants including... more

- by Food Science Publisher
- •
- Medicinal Plants, Wine, Grapes

Temporary and permanent crops have many different characteristics, and determine the costs and profitability can help identify which generates higher return. The objective of this research is to identify the costs related to two crops, a temporary (growing carrots) and other permanent (grape production), in order to identify which of the two is the most profitable. The methodology is based on a case study conducted in a rural property located at Serra Gaúcha, in Southern Brazil. Through interviews with local farmers, it was possible to survey costs, expenses, investments, productivity and revenue from both products. Through the data collected were determined the costs and contribution margins of two cultures. The balance sheets and calculated the returns on investments were also prepared. Based on the analysis of balance sheets and results, it was possible to identify the profitability and return on investment of each culture. We conclude that the carrot was the most profitable product in the analyzed period.

- by Alex Eckert
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- Rural Development, Rural Entrepreneurship, Agronomy/crop science, Crop Production
- by rajiv kumar and +1
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- Phytochemistry, Silk, Grapes, Ber.Pomegranate

The dynamics of ethanol production of wine yeasts were examined in model experiments as well as in the winery. The ethanol concentration in young wines fermented by local strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, S. uvarum or Starmerella bacillaris (21, 2 and 2, respectively) did not vary considerably (c.v. 1.9 %). All of them produced significantly higher amounts of ethanol than the type strain [ATCC 26108] of S. cerevisiae. However, their performance during the fermentation process diverged significantly. Thus the lag phase varied between 33 and 123 hours, while the time requested to produce half of the final ethanol concentration varied between 67 and 294 hours.
The dynamics of ethanol production differed at high degree between S. cerevisiae strains isolated of several vintages of local wines (c.v. 25 %), where the intensity of specific ethanol production (ISEP) varied between 0.81-4.56 % ethanol per day. Reverse relationship was revealed between the Lag phase and the ISEP (r2 =0.858, p>0.01), and the circumstances of fermentation did affect this trend. Based on their properties, S. uvarum and St. bacillaris strains applied nowadays in wine making have been positioned in the ranges of S. cerevisiae strains.
Baule-Mitherlich, Gompertz, hyperbolic, logistic, logarithmic, polynomial, and probit functions were applied to analyze the dynamics of fermentation. All functions fitted well to experimentally measured values at the range of 2 to 9 % of ethanol, that means, the half time could be approached by any of them at p<0.05. However, the predictive power of these functions differed significantly; both Lag phase and End point of fermentation could be calculated with requested precision (p<0.001) only with a polynomial function. The constant and secondary coefficients of this function counteracted to the primary one strictly in strain dependent manner, and the role of these three factors groups also varied in strain-dependent manners during the vinification process.
Cite as: Kállai Z., Antunovics Z., Oros G. (2020): Comparative Evaluation of the Dynamics of Alcohol Production of Wine Yeast Strains Isolated in Tokaj Region. Global Journal of Science Frontier Research D: Agriculture & Veterinary, 20(6):1-22. https://doi.org/10.34257/GJSFRDVOL20IS6PG1

- by Gyula Oros
- •
- Fermentation Technologies, Kinetics, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Alcohol

The grape root borer (GRB), Vitacea polistiformis (Harris), is a significant pest of grapes (Vitis spp.) throughout parts of the eastern United States. Early detection and implementation of management tactics can prevent economic losses and vine death. The establishment of an effective monitoring program requires the deployment of pheromone baited traps in vineyards and native wild grapes. An understanding of the spatial distribution of GRB infestations is critical for the development of sampling plans and for implementing management decisions. Wing traps baited with synthetic GRB sex pheromones (99:1 blend of (E,Z)-2,13-ODDA and Z,Z-3,13-ODDA) were deployed in commercial vineyards and surrounding woodlands in wild grapes to monitor GRB abundance and distribution. In addition, pheromone-baited wing traps were placed at low, medium, and high positions (0.5 m–2 m above the ground) on the grapevine trellis in commercial vineyards to evaluate the effect of trap height on the number of GRB captured. Traps placed in the cultivated vineyard had consistently higher counts of GRB compared with traps along the vineyard edge and in the wild grapes in the woodland. The pheromone-baited traps placed on the highest trellis wire caught more GRB adults than traps placed at the lowest position on the bottom trellis wire. Therefore, we recommend to place traps at approximately 2 m in the upper grapevine canopy early in the season before flight of GRB moth begins in order to aid in the timing and implementation of management tactics.

- by Janine Razze
- •
- IPM, Monitoring, Grapes

Plant growth regulators (PGRs), especially gibberellic acid (GA), are often used in table grape (Vitis vinifera) production to increase berry size. However, overuse of this PGR (for example, more than 200 g·ha ·season of GA) may result in problems with berry condition at the post-harvest stage. A synthetic cytokinin, florchlorfenuron (CPPU), could be considered an alternative to GA. Thus, our objective was to study the effects of pre-anthesis CPPU treatment on berry quality and susceptibility to post-harvest cracking of table grapes.

- by M. Kremer and +2
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- Plant Physiology, Grapevines, Plant Growth Regulators, Vitis Vinifera
- by Harriet Hunt
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- Wine, Biological Sciences, Vine and Wines History, Vitis
- by Harriet Hunt and +1
- •
- Vine and Wines History, Grapes, Chloroplast DNA Markers

Comparison of production of olives and grapes in West Bank - Palestine and the main two countries of producing olives and grapes in Europe ( Italy and Spain). Developing production functions for the products depending on rainfall, and... more

- by Dr. Talat A B U R A J A B Tamimi
- •
- Palestine, Agricultural Economics, Marketing Research, Spain
- by shruti singh
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- Biochemistry, Health Sciences, Nutrition, Antioxidants

Grape cultivars (Vitis vinifera L.) are believed to have health benefits due to their antioxidant activityand phenolic content. Thus, scientists have conducted research to explore their positive effects on many human diseases. The aim of this study was to determinetotal phenolic and flavonoid contents of berry pulp, seed and skin of Öküzgözü and Boğazkere red wine grape cultivars grown in Turkey. In conclusion, it was found that total phenolic (μg GAE/mg) and flavonoid content in Öküzgözü and Boğazkere grape cultivars showed importantdifferences according to the berry skin, pulp, seed and research years. The highest phenolic content was found in Öküzgözü berry pulp 803.00 μg GAE/mg in 2012 year. When the flavonoid amounts are compared, it has been determined that the total flavonoid amount varied from 5.08 μg QUE/mg to 111.55 μg QUE/mg. The highest flavonoid content was found in the Öküzgözü grape berry skin in 2011 year (111.55 μg QUE/mg). This study showed that these grapes are a potential source of phenolic and flavonoid compounds. It can be concluded that selected grape varieties and their parts can be considered a good source of phenolics.

- by Gultekin Ozdemir and +1
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- Viticulture & Enology, Grapevine, Grapes
- by Kiss Andrea
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- History, European History, Cultural History, Economic History

Armenia. The world‘s earliest known wine-making
facility has been discovered in Armenia during excavation
of Areni-1 cave between 2007-2010, and analysis
has confirmed the discovery of the oldest complete
wine production facility ever discovered dated between
6,000 B.C. and 8,000 B.C. Having thousands of years
history, Armenian native grape varieties are characterized
with high genetic diversity and variability. The
study has evaluated the genetic diversity of the Armenian
grapevine cultivars within the Vitis collection of
the Scientific Center of Fruit Growing, Viticulture and
Wine-making (Merdzavan, Armenia) and analysed the
relationships of this genetic pool with the international
varieties registered in European Vitis Database. The
analysis of 59 accessions of grapevines from Armenia
at 23 microsatellite markers generated 336 alleles. The
most informative locus turned out to be VVS2 (21 alleles,
PI = 0.016). Twelve cases of identical genotypes
and five cases of homonymy among studied genotypes
were identified. The genetic profiles of 28 accessions
were unique. Most of them belonged to autochthonous
varieties. Genetic analyses tools are highly contributing
to the identification and inventory of existing grape
varieties. The data generated proves the importance of
molecular characterization of grapevines in Armenia
especially old ones to support effective preservation of
rich diversity of Armenian grape varieties and clones.

- by Marina Dallakyan and +1
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- DNA genotyping, Molecular markers in plants, Grapes
- by IJAEM Journal
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- Solar Dryer, Grapes
- by sunita mishra
- •
- Biochemistry, Health Sciences, Nutrition, Antioxidants