Iaeme Ijmet Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

In the scenario of fast depletion of fossil fuels, increase of fuel prices in International Market causing economic burden on developing countries like India and increase of pollution levels with fossil fuel, the search for alternative fuels has become pertinent. Gaseous fuels have many advantages than liquid fuels, as the pollutants emitted by gaseous fuels are low and less dangerous when compared with liquid fuels. Specifically, CNG, provides an affordable energy source. Not only is CNG cheaper, it also gives consumers fuel efficiency. Besides, CNG becoming a vehicle owner’s best friend as it offers the potential of preserving the well-being of the vehicle, which translates into reduced up keeping cost. CNG is way better than petrol, as it emits less harmful gases such as carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides and sulfur oxides into the air. Another big plus point about CNG is in abundant supply as it is widely available throughout the world. CNG was injected and ethanol was carbureted in diesel engine. Ethanol is highly volatile fuel and ratio of C/H (C=Number of carbon atoms, H=Number of hydrogen atoms in fuel composition) is less. However, ethanol has low cetane number. It causes combustion problems in diesel engine and hence call for semi adiabatic diesel engine (SADE), which can burn low calorific value fuel, give high heat release rate and faster rate of combustion. Air gap insulation was provided with piston and liner. Investigations were carried out with CNG as primary fuel inducted by port injection and ethanol was carbureted into the engine. Particulate matter (PM), oxides of nitrogen (NOx), carbon mono oxide (CO) levels and un-burnt hydro carbons (UBHC) are the exhaust emissions from a diesel engine. They cause health hazards, once they are inhaled in. They also cause environmental effects like Green-house effect and Global Warming. Hence control of these emissions is an immediate effect and an urgent step. The pollutants of PM, NOx, CO and UBHC were determined at different values of brake power of engine. Data was compared with diesel operation on conventional engine. The maximum induction of ethanol was 40% of total mass of diesel as full load operation, while it was 60% with SADE. Particulate emissions were determined by AVL Smoke meter, while other emissions were measured by Netel Chromatograph multi-gas analyzer at different values of brake power of the engine. These pollutants were drastically reduced with induction of CNG and carbureted ethanol and further reduced with SADE.

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- Biodiesel, Diesel engines, Exhaust emissions, LHR engine

Landmines are one of the earliest & deadliest devices used in military to destroy enemy targets. Mines are deployed in various terrains and hence the extraction of mines could be a challenging task. Under such circumstances, an Unmanned Ground Vehicle (UGV) with a rocker bogie mechanism would be able to accomplish the given task. Hence, a UGV with rocker bogie mechanism has been designed for the purpose of landmine extraction. The designed UGV is driven by two motors. One motor mounted to the wheels is responsible for the linear movement and the other is responsible for the steering. The rocker bogie mechanism is a six wheel standard design which acts as the suspension system that works in tandem with the dif erential and helps in rolling and maneuvering of the UGV in all terrains. The robotic arms and end ef ectors are designed for the extraction of the land mine. The End effector has two tools viz. drill bit and robotic grip. The drill bit helps in drilling all around the mine and the grip picks up the mine from the pit. The UGV is designed based on various design calculations and modelled using Autodesk Fusion 360 Software. The 3D model is further analyzed using Ansys Workbench software by simulating the various loads acting on the critical joints. At the end of the study it was found that the designed model did not prove any kind of failure during the simulations.

- by IAEME Publication
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- FEM, GAS TURBINE, Aircraft, Mesh Convergence

Understanding the context and problems of a manufacturing enterprise (ME) and its internal dynamics, primarily through modeling by its processes, operations, and activities. This paper attempts to provide indeepth understanding of the structure and internal mechanisms of ME that shape the overall dynamic behavior through system dynamics modeling. In this paper, we discuss the system dynamics model in detail and present the insights gained from running simulations. Before adopting a new policy, this model may be used to investigate alternative policy possibilities pertaining to decisions and can be used to forecast system behaviour and acquire insights using solid engineering and scientific concepts and approaches. The paper describes major influences in ME from a system perspective, problems inherent in production systems made clear because the modeling of causal loops introduce cross-departmental issues and promote process Integration. This model guides managers through a continuous improvement process relative to addressing physical, policy or paradigm constraints in their production system.

Water energy which is very good to be used as a source of electrical energy in underdeveloped areas has not been reached by electricity. The purpose of this research is to utilize water energy for the generation of electrical energy is to choose a four nozzle cross flow water turbine. The method used is to test a Cross Flow turbine with four nozzles as a micro-scale hydroelectric power generator. The results showed that a cross flow turbine with four nozzles is very good as a permanent magnet Direct Current generator that can work at a flow that is not too high. At a water discharge of 4.2x 10-3 m 3 /s and an outer diameter of 200 mm cross flow turbine with 24 blades, it can produce Cross Flow Turbine power with four nozzles is 3.251 Watt and generator power is 1.528 Watt.

- by IAEME Publication
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- Fourier Analysis, Electric Circuits, Nozzle, Crossflow hydro turbine

This study evaluated the “Ef ect of Mobile Money Transfer Scheme on the Economic Growth of Cameroon”. Mobile Money Transfer Scheme was the independent variable, meanwhile Economic Growth was the dependent variable and the proxies used were Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and Inflation Rate. The population consisted of the two primary Mobile Money service providers in Cameroon i.e. MTN Mobile Money and Orange Money. Explanatory Research Design was employed in the Methodology. Secondary data was used for the study, and the data were collected from the annual reports of Cameroon’s central bank (BEAC),IMF and Knoema for Mobile Money, GDP and Interest Rate respectively. These data collected wereanalysed using simple Linear Regression at 5% probability level of significance with the aid of Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), version 23.0. The findings revealed that there is a weak positive insignificant correlation between Mobile Money Transfer Scheme and Economic Growth in Cameroon i.e. GDP (r = .162, alpha-significance is .520 at p > 0.05)and inflation rate (r = .385, alpha- significance is .115 at p > 0.05). The research concludes that the reason why this scheme does not currently have a material effect on Cameroon’s Economic Growth is probably due to the fact that the industry is relatively new in the country, gradually gaining grounds and so could potentially have a significant effect in the future. It could also be due to the severe political instability plaguing Cameroon at the moment. The study therefore recommends that the government should subsidise and also implement policies which will favour the further penetration of mobile money service even to the more remote parts of the country. It equally recommends that the government should try to resolve the current, devastating political crisis so as to make the environment safer to conduct business.

- by IAEME Publication
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- Economic Growth, Mobile Money, Inflation, Life Expectancy

The article attempts to model a static tensile test of a sample made of aluminum alloy AW 5083. For this purpose, mechanical tests were carried out on samples in accordance with PN-EN ISO 6892-1_2010P on a Zwick Roell testing machine. At the same time, three-point bending tests were performed on properly prepared samples to determine the Poisson's ratio. Obtained test results allowed to carry out simulation tests of stress distribution in the sample using the finite element method using MSC Software Patran. The model and simulation were made taking into account the sample geometry, material properties, boundary conditions and load. A comparative analysis of the value of results obtained from experimental tests of sample stretching with numerical calculations was performed.

- by IAEME Publication
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- Numerical Modeling, FEM, Analysis, MSC PATRAN

Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attack is the most severe cyber-attack that af ects the availability of critical applications. The attackers identify the weakness in the machines and compromise them to involve in the flooding attack. During the DDOS attack generation, they also gain access to secret information. These computers are then used to wage a DDoS Attack in host’s computer. Through many security measures have been taken in order to stop DDOS Attack to be protect our data, the attackers have developed new techniques and attack methodology. Hence it is very important that instead of reacting to new attacks, it is necessary to build a complete DDoS solution that will defend all types of DDoS attacks. So, the researchers must understand the cyber space and methods utilized to block the DDoS attacks. The proposed system provides a unique method to detect DDoS attack using Splunk. We propose two methods for prevention of DDoS attack. One is using Randomly generated Captchas and other one is using Linux bash script to prevent DDoS attack by automatically blocking IP of the client, who is sending multiple request at a time.

- by IAEME Publication
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- DDoS, Splunk and real-time, Iaeme Ijmet

In the context depletion of fossil fuels, ever increases of fuel prices in International market causing economic burden on government of India and ever increases of pollution levels with fossil fuels, the search for alternative fuels has become pertinent. Alcohols and vegetables oils are important substitutes for diesel fuel as they renewable in nature. However, the drawbacks of vegetables oils (high viscosity and low volatility) and alcohols (low energy content and cetane number) call for semi-adiabatic diesel engine (SADE). The high energy content of plastic oil and high volatility of butanol can be taken together in order to have minimum pollution levels. Investigations were carried out to control pollutants of particulate matter measured by AVL Smoke meter, nitrogen oxide (NOx) levels determined with Gas Analyzer at various values of brake mean effective pressure of the engine with single cylinder, four-stroke, water cooled, 3.68 kW, Kirlosker diesel engine with ceramic coated cylinder head with varied injection timing. Carbon monoxide (CO) and un-burnt hydro carbon (UBHC) were determined by gas analyzer at full load operation of the engine. Butanol was carbureted into the engine through variable jet carburetor installed at the inlet manifold of the engine at different percentages of crude plastic oil at full load on mass basis. Crude plastic oil was injected through injector in conventional manner. The semi adiabatic diesel engine with carbureted butanol reduced exhaust emissions in comparison with diesel operation on conventional engine.

- by IAEME Publication
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- Health Hazards, Ceramica Medievale, Pollutants, Diesel engines

The world today is undergoing a drastic change in terms of emotional capacities of people around us. We see a huge number of people suf ering from mental imbalance, depression or many other types of emotional in competencies. The exposure of the people to media, social media has increased the vulnerability of people very much. There is a tendency to portray one’s best self in front of others which only reflects the positive aspect of one’s life. This action af ects not only the person who is presenting self but indirectly also the people you watch them on social media. People with low esteem tend to get af ected by the people around them and start comparing their lives with those they are socially connected to. Thus, there are already a lot of unsaid and unexplained pressures present in our day to day lives. Emotions therefore have a huge impact on each and everyone’s lives. They af ect directly as well as indirectly. Directly they af ect one’s own self-awareness with respect to what and how they feel and how well can they take charge of their emotions and indirectly they af ect the other people they interact with and deal with in their personal and professional lives. Handling and dealing the emotions in professional lives is the key to professional success especially in professions where the major dealing is with people. Healthcare is one such profession and physicians and nurses as well as other healthcare providers are the professionals who need to carry out their duties while dealing with people as they are their touch points of services to be rendered to. It therefore becomes critical for physicians to have a high level of emotional quotient in order to deal with people who are suf ering from dif erent ailments and to handle their as well as emotions of self while providing clinical advice. Physicians need to show high levels of emotional intelligence in addition to high level of clinical expertise in order to provide higher patient satisfaction. Developing effective communication with their patients, understanding their need and making them comfortable in communication is the key to effective and efficient diagnosis. Patient care is directly related to the trust developed between the physician as well as the patient. Higher the emotional intelligence of the physicians betters the patient care.

With rapid growth in population there is need to find alternative fuels to power diesel engines. One fuel considered is Tyre pyrolysis oil which is a mixture of hydrocarbons with a boiling range of between 70 and 400°C. In this work, the fraction of tyre pyrolysis oil that resembles diesel fuel based on distillation range (150 – 360 oC) was extracted through fractional distillation. The ef ect of using dif erent blends of the distilled tyre pyrolysis oil (DTPO) and diesel fuel on the performance, emission and combustion characteristics of a single cylinder diesel engine was carried out. A comparative analysis was performed with conventional diesel fuel as the reference fuel. The power and torque were similar at low and medium speeds. However, at high speeds the power dropped with increase in DTPO in the blend. Fuel consumption was very comparable for all the test fuels. Carbon monoxide and unburned hydrocarbon was higher for the blends compared to diesel but oxides of Nitrogen were lower. Present results indicate that, diesel can be blended with up to 60% DTPO and produce acceptable performance.

- by IAEME Publication
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- Combustion, Performance, Diesel engine, Emission

A wind turbine is a rotary device which is used to absorb the kinetic energy from the wind. so as to convert the wind energy into the electrical energy rotor blade is the main element in a wind turbine. In current times the technology related to the wind turbine has increased exponentially. Despite the advancement in technology the cost of a vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT) remains the primary issue. Building-integrated wind turbines (BIW), which may be mounted on the roofs, between structures and inside wind ducts, are recently gaining popularity. For such applications, Vertical axis wind turbines are more suitable than horizontal axis wind turbines for aesthetic reasons and to maintain low levels of noise. This study aims at designing and analyzing a Vertical axis wind turbine with optimum performance at minimum cost. To analyze the complex, uncertain and unsteady aerodynamic flow related to the wind functioning, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) in an excellent and powerful method. The influence of various numerical aspects on the accuracy of simulating a rotating wind turbine is studied. By the assistance of Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) the behavior and power generated by the turbine is studied. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations were carried out using a three-dimensional vertical axis wind turbine model in ANSYS CFX 2020 R1.

- by IAEME Publication
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- Ansys, Vawt, SolidWorks, CFD fluent

In this paper, the influence of lateral load transfers () on the stability of heavy vehicles is analyzed. The  coefficient has been analyzed by several researchers since dif erent lateral load transfer in the vehicle axles, the stability of the vehicle is af ected. This coefficient depends on the stif ness of the chassis and the fifth wheel, which is analyzed through a simulation made in the TruckSim®, a software specialized in vehicle dynamics.

- by IAEME Publication
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- Stability, Heavy Duty Vehicles, Iaeme Ijmet, Lateral Load Transfer

The project proposes the enhancement of security system for secret data communication through video file using adaptive data hiding with cryptographic technique. A given input video file is converted into frame sequences and then Encrypted the video using Chaos Encryption algorithm. And one of frame will be selected to conceal the secret data for secured data communication. The proposed technique also uses RC7 Encryption for encrypting a secret text data into cipher text to avoid data hacking issues. After data encryption, the data hider will conceal the secret encrypted data into the selected frame using adaptive LSB embedding algorithm. Although encryption achieves certain security effects, they make the secret messages unreadable and unnatural or meaningless. These unnatural messages usually attract some unintended observers’ attention. The data hiding technique uses the adaptive LSB replacement algorithm for concealing the secret message bits into the image. In the data extraction module, the secret data will be extracted by using relevant key for choosing the pixel coefficients and it will be decrypted to get original data using encryption key. Finally the performance of this proposal in data encryption and hiding will be analysed based on image and data recovery.

- by IAEME Publication
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- Steganography, LSB Algorithm, Chaos Algorithm, RC7 Algorithm

The present paper deals with an outdoor environment of Laptop and Mobile Charging Station which provides a charging to the Laptop and Mobile with the help of Solar and Wind Energy &Vertical Windmill (power generators). The equipment has been developed based on the presentday scenario as the people usually run out of phone and laptop charging while travelling. At such times there is literally no way of charging your phone laptop in an outdoor environment, the solar and wind energy is used in order to collect the solar energy and convert it into the electrical energy and also the vertical windmill is used in order to observe the flow of wind and collect it. These two are intertwined together in the system, and the energy produced by both power generators is stored in a battery. This battery source is now available for use according to the inverter. The system provides 2 types of outputs. 4 USB outputs for charging for laptop and mobiles. The model is built in such a way that a common man can afford and this project model will lead a step ahead for economical utilization.

- by IAEME Publication
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- Cell Polarity, Dc Motor, Wind Turbines, MOSFET

The challenge with energy consumption in many commercial buildings in South Africa is poor energy practices, the use of equipment that is not energy ef icient, lack of maintenance of electrical equipment, an exponentially growing population and a progressing economy, all of which contribute to an increase in energy consumption. Understanding the use of energy in commercial buildings requires insight into the amount of energy consumed and the dif erent ways in which this energy is used. Factors that directly and indirectly af ect the implementation of energy efficiency, include technical, social, economic and environmental factors. Various articles and reports on factors af ecting the rate and intensity of energy efficiency are critically reviewed in this paper to determine the extent to which these af ect the implementation of energy efficiency measures. It has been established that the rate and intensity of energy consumption in relation to these factors varies according to the location and climatic conditions of the area. Electro-mechanical equipment and systems can be easily controlled, but regulations and social dynamics play an important role in the consumption of energy of such equipment and systems, with social dynamics being the most unpredictable energy consumption factor. Energy management of a commercial building can optimise energy efficiency by managing the equipment of the building as well as the energy consuming activities taking place whilst the building is in operation. To succeed in developing energy efficient and sustainable buildings, buildings need to continuously evolve with technological advancements, and regulatory and legal requirements will have to be adapted to suite the dynamics of the built environment.

- by IAEME Publication
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- Energy efficiency, Critical Review, Commercial buildings, Iaeme Ijmet

Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is an exceptional modeling method which is used for accurately predicting and solving complex fluid flow regimes. It is used in many engineering applications including food processing. In food processing CFD can be used in designing, analyzing and improving the performances of solar dryers in order to enhance product quality. An understanding of the drying phenomena is crucial in the dehydration and preservation of food products. With increasing advances in solar drying technologies, modern computers can be equipped with modeling software that conveniently allows drying systems to be improved. The appropriate use of CFD in modeling and simulating solar drying systems has been applied by many researchers and research is ongoing. This paper presents the underlying principles of CFD, the advantages and disadvantages of using CFD, and the recent works that have been carried out. The paper focuses on the application of CFD in solar drying of food products, and identifies potential areas of improvements for further research.

- by IAEME Publication
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- Performance, Modelling, Simulation, Costs

Now a days, manufacturing sector recruits & retains multi-generational Workforce which consists of employees from five dif erent generations. It is always a great challenge for organizations to lead a Multi-Generational Workforce (Zero-G – 5G) to achieve their goals & objectives in a competitive era. The growth and development of manufacturing sector depends on the effective management of multi-generational workforce. Manufacturing sector consists of Multi-generational workforce who are dif erent in culture, thought, attitude & perception. It is always a great challenge for the organizations to make goal congruence & bring collaboration among generations. As each generation is unique according to its generational cohort, they act dif erently on the basis of their ideology & priority. Such organizations face problems while integrating the diversified ideology as senior employees give priority to job security & satisfaction whereas youngsters are satisfied with handsome salary & incentives for which they are ready to change their organizations. Similarly reward & motivational factors make them unique on the basis of their cohort. For example, Traditionalist, the silent generation is motivated by intrinsic reward whereas Baby boomers opt for both challenging task as well as top positions. Similarly, Gen-X prefers balanced work -life whereas Gen-Y, the tech savvy generation is motivated by work from home & knowledge sharing along with dignity. Finally Gen-Z the 5G who are more advanced in technology are motivated by heavy perks & instant rewards. It is an attempt to study & focus on basic factors influencing multi-generational workforce in manufacturing sector - what challenges manufacturing sector is facing while dealing with multi-generational workforce & strategies with the help of which the workforce will attain its goals & gain competitive advantage.

This paper provides a brief review of the installed solar-assisted technologies currently being used for cooling or air conditioning purposes. The review identifies some of the finest technologies used to convert solar energy into space cooling. Air conditioning is an attractive area for solar energy use since it is estimated that 45 % of household energy consumption is used for cooling. Solar cooling can be divided into two main types, solar thermal and solar photovoltaic (PV). Solar thermal based cooling systems fall into two categories, open cycle systems (desiccant employing either solid or liquid sorbents), and closed cycle systems (absorption, adsorption). Past studies have shown that absorption cooling is the most widely employed cooling technology because of its high performance. It is estimated that 59 % of the solar cooling systems in Europe use absorption cooling. Adsorption cooling is the second most widely employed cooling technology. The coefficient of performance (COP) of an air conditioning system is the ratio of useful cold per unit of invested driving heat. Higher COPs are associated with lower operating costs. The COP of a single-effect absorption chiller using LiBr-H2O as the working pair falls in the range 0.6 to 0.8 compared to a COP of 0.6 for the NH3-H2O working pair. Adsorption chillers have a lower COP in the range 0.2 to 0.6, however, these chillers can operate at a much lower generator inlet temperatures in the range of 45 ºC to 65 ºC. Single-ef ect absorption chillers can be made more efficient by adding a second stage to increase the heat transfer efficiency, known as double-ef ect, which produces a higher COP in the range 0.8 to 1.2, but adds to the cost of the system. Open-cycle systems provide direct treatment of air, such as desiccant cooling. Studies show that liquid desiccant air conditioning systems (LDAC) are now among the evolving technologies since they can be driven by low grade heat sources such as solar energy and industrial waste heat, however, the efficiency of these systems is limited by a low COP of 0.3 and these systems are weather dependent. Solar PV systems comprise electron producing solar technologies that drive conventional air conditioning methods, the most common being the vapour compression cycle. The main factors af ecting the performance of solar PV panels are direction, tilt angle, shading/shadow and temperature. The cooling capacity has to first be determined so as to give an approximate idea on how to design and construct the system with suf icient electrical energy supplied to it. Studies show that monocrystalline silicon PV panels are the most efficient PV technologies available, typically converting around 15 % of the sun’s energy into electricity. The manufacturing process required to produce monocrystalline silicon is, however, complicated, resulting in marginally higher costs than other technologies. Solar PV is becoming more commercially developed and with anticipated system cost cuts in the future it will be more suitable for small and large scale applications. With due consideration of these factors, the stability and efficiency of the system can be improved for greener solutions to the world’s energy needs.

- by IAEME Publication
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- Adsorption, Absorption, Solar cooling, Coefficient of Performance

Business competition between manufacturing businesses in Indonesia is getting tighter along with the development of businesses from competing companies that have similar businesses. One strategy that can be applied by this company is Business Intelligence, that is by utilizing the data that is already available to help in better decision making, such as decisions based on facts stored in the data, precisely namely the lack of errors in the presentation of reports, and fast that is, cut down on the time for making the usual report. The method proposed by the author is a method that can be used to predict sales value based on existing sales data (sales forecasting). By implementing Business Intelligence and data mining, companies can learn from the data that has been collected, can evaluate the performance of the sales department, can understand market trends from the products sold, and can predict future sales levels. In addition, Business Intelligence can display detailed transaction data recapitulation quickly.

- by IAEME Publication
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- Business Intelligence, Prediction, Sales forecasting, Artificial Neural Network

Carburization is a thermo-chemical treatment generally employed to enhance the surface (wear) properties of low carbon steels. The recent carburization studies also focus considerable positive impact on bulk properties like tensile strength and toughness. In view of these observations, the present study focuses on mechanical properties and microstructure of carburized steels. Accordingly, the commercially available three types of case hardenable steels like plain carbon (EN 3), alloy steels with only ferrite stabilizer (20MnCr5) and with both ferrite (Cr) and austenite (Ni) stabilizers (EN 353) were initially normalized to standardize the room temperature structure before carburizing and machined to ASTM standards to prepare the specimens. The machined specimens were gas carburized using carburizing furnace for 2.5 mm case depth and furnace cooled. Tensile and hardness tests were conducted before and after carburization. The plain carbon steel displayed slight reduction in tensile strength and the steels with alloying elements increased the tensile strength considerably. It was also found that Ni and Cr restrict the grain growth and increase the strength of steel even in furnace cooled condition. Microstructure analysis of carburized steels revealed markable impact on the type and distribution of room temperature phases. The carbon content in the case was nearly 0.8 wt. % after carburization and hardness increase in the surface ranges from 130 to 170% as that of its original hardness. The combined effect of Ni and Cr also improves hardenability.

- by IAEME Publication
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- Carbon, Case, CORE, Steels

In material engineering it is important to determine the cause of the failure & prevention of the failure .In present day the failure of the machine component is about 90% of the failure is because of the fatigue. In present study the failure of the shaft in the yaw gear box is analyzed .As we the shaft is rotating part of the engine it transmit the power from the one part of the engine to another part. It holds the maximum stress. In this case shaft of heat treated component with ultimate tensile strength Su= 2100Mpa is analysis done with ANSYS (FEA) software & compared with the theoretical calculation. There are dif erent methods which are used to predict fatigue life include stress life(S-N), strain Life (E-N) and Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics (LEFM). In this project study, S-N approach is used to predict fatigue life for out-put shaft.

- by IAEME Publication
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- Fatigue Life, Fatigue Damage, Shaft, Iaeme Ijmet

In this project, experimentation is done on Vapour Compression Refrigeration System [VCRS] as the COP is high for this system and it is the present trend of the HVAC in the domestic industry. This study presents investigation of best suited refrigerant and insulation combination for gas pipeline and liquid pipeline of a split air conditioning system. Analysis are performed for R22-Chlorodiflouromethane, a HydroChloroFlouro Carbon refrigerant, which has been using in the present world that cause both global warming and ozone layer depletion and R410a, mixture of diflouromethane and pentaflouroethane, a Hydroflouro carbon refrigerant, which is future of HVAC which reduces the ef ect of ozone layer depletion [ODP] and Global Warming Potential [GWP].For these two refrigerants, we had found out the best insulation suitable as insulation also affects the COP of air conditioner, which has been observed from the literature. Minimizing the temperature of refrigerant in suction line helps condensing unit work more ef ectively intern the system performance increases. This reduces the overall power required for working of air conditioner, thereby reducing the maintenance cost of system. Also, it helps the manufacturer to provide best type of insulation for the system at reduced cost thereby reducing overall cost of VCRS.To perform the experimental comparison, 16 tests were carried out for 5 times with each refrigerant Insulation combination. From analysis it is observed that, COPA for NRF+AF gives highest value for R22 and R410awhen compared to various insulation materials. Power required for VCRS is greater while using R410a than R22. So In this work the main energy parameters such as COP and work required for compressor are analysed and discussed.

- by IAEME Publication
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- R22, ODP, Gwp, Gas Pipeline Insulation

Aluminum alloys in various compositions displays dif erent set of properties owing to its complex precipitation behavior during aging. Significant work has been performed by investigating the effects on various properties of ferrous metals like tool steels at cryogenic temperatures. As for Al alloys, the ef ects of cryogenic treatment on properties of age hardenable alloys like 7075are not reported extensively in current literature. This work consists of application of DCT at -185oC to 7075 aluminum alloy for various time durations. The cryogenic treatment was incorporated between the solutionizing and artificial aging of conventional T6 temper of Al alloy. This treatment sequence has been referred earlier in the literature for CT to 6061 Aluminum Alloy with significant improvements. The behavior of this alloy to the treatment was identified by measuring hardness, electrical conductivity and surface roughness. These measurement parameters were found to be significantly af ected at specific cryogenic soaking duration and statistical analysis of experimental data supported the claim.

- by IAEME Publication
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- Aging, Cryogenic, Hardness, Conductivity

In the scenario of depletion of fossil fuels, the search for alternative fuels has become pertinent. Vegetable oils are promising substitutes for diesel fuels. Biodiesels derived from vegetable oils present a very promising alternative to diesel fuel since biodiesels have numerous advantages compared to fossil fuels as they are renewable, biodegradable, provide energy security and foreign exchange savings besides addressing environmental concerns and socioeconomic issues. Experiments were conducted to determine exhaust emissions of a conventional diesel engine with different operating conditions [normal temperature and pre-heated temperature] ofcrude rice bran oils and its biodiesel with varied injection timing and injector opening pressure. Exhaust emissions [particulate emissions and oxides of nitrogen(NOx)] were determined at various values of brake mean effective pressure of the engine fuelled with diesel, crude rice bran oil and its biodiesel. Comparative studies on exhaust emi...

- by Rachid Rachid
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- Engineering Management, Biodiesel, Diesel engines, Exhaust emissions

Experiments were carried out to study emission of aldehydes from low heat rejection diesel engine, which consist of air gap insulated piston among 3-mm air gap with an alloy of nickel superni crown, air gap insulated liner with superni place in and ceramic coated cylinder head with normal temperature condition of crude jatropha oil - butanol mixture operation with varied injection timing and injection pressures and compared with diesel - butanol mixture operation and also clean diesel operation on conventional engine (CE). At maximum load operation by different percentages of butanol on a mass basis was introduced into the engine via a variable jet carburettor installed at the engine's inlet manifold. Comparative studies were made between LHR engine and conventional engine with diesel, crude jatropha oil and carbureted butanol at recommended injection timings and varied injection pressures. Aldehydes were measured by using the dinitrophenyl hydrazine (DNPH) method at maximum load engine operation of the engine.

- by IAEME Publication
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- Butanol, Emissions, Aldehydes, LHR engine

In today’s world 3D ICs and microprocessors are the latest technique and most promising way that the total wire length and interconnect lengths can be reduced dramatically. But without a way to ef iciently cool these 3D IC they suf er significantly due to major heat accumulation in between the layers which effects its reliability and performance. This can cause the Chip to fail. In this project we take a look at the advantages of liquid cooling for 3D microprocessors .We also evaluate the leakage power consumption and the lifetime reliability depending on the temperature of each functional unit in the 3D multi-core processor along with modelling and dynamic management of multicore systems and look at the liquid cooling setups for CPU, along with a quick glance at the future of liquid cooling which involves a complex interconnected layout of both Fluidic and electrical TSVs to design these modern 3D ICs and microprocessors.

- by IAEME Publication
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- Biodiesel, Diesel engines, Exhaust emissions, LHR engine

This paper presents various attitudes of consumers in respect to online purchasing. Increased in technology has led to increase in e-commerce. In today’s world, on0line shopping is popular as air because it is the most convenient means of buying and selling products. Consumers prefer to order things online as per their own conformability and it saves time of going to the physical stores to purchase the product.

- by IAEME Publication
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- Online Shopping, Consumer Preference, Iaeme Ijmet, Buyer’s Perception

The modal analysis was carried out using finite element software (ANSYS Workbench 15) for below knee prosthesis (BKP). The prosthesis was modeled using specialized CAD software (Solidworks). The natural frequencies were calculated using the Block Lanczos method. The natural frequencies and mode shape were calculated and extracted for the tenth mode using modal analysis. The numerical results were verified experimentally for the first natural frequency. The first natural frequency was found to be (69.446Hz) and the experimental natural frequency was found to be (58.32Hz) that give a variation between the numerical value of the natural frequency to be (19.07%).

Lot of researchers have worked for the progress of anonymization of structured data through spread-sheets and database tools. Masking of sensitive information in structured data and data anonymization is possible through algorithms or techniques. But anonymizing unstructured data is a real challenge since data currently exists in different form. The study which ensures to cope with the interactions between human language and computers is called NLP. Natural Language Processing is the sub-field of AI which focuses on enabling computers to understand and process human languages. Further, we provide the deeper insight on how NLP works and show how a system can understand unstructured text, extract sensitive data and perform anonymization. The proposed anonymization procedure provides a system to apply text anonymization on unstructured original medical-records of an individual and release the anonymized document to help researchers for further study or investigation by preserving the privacy of the concerned individual.

- by IAEME Publication
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- Natural Language Processing, Unstructured Data Management, Ne, CRF

Humidification-Dehumidification desalination (HDH) process is an existing, widely-spread and developing technology. This technology has high potential to serve people who suf er lack of water in undeveloped, poor countries as it could be built and operated using locally available natural resources. HDH cycle is considered man-made rain cycle. It utilizes vaporization of water from saline solution into a carrier gas (usually air). Then this saturated air with water vapor passes over a cold surface, leading to condensation process obtaining fresh potable water suitable for human usage. This paper focuses on the heat and mass transfer processes inside each of the humidifier and the dehumidifier sections. In the humidifier section, counter flow between air and water at atmospheric pressure, where direct contact between air and water occurs. In the dehumidifier section, air flows over a coil containing flowing water in opposite direction. Based on mass balance and rate equations, the mathematical modeling equations of both humidifier and dehumidifier sections are established. Output results of simulation process depend on liquid-gas ratio, entering temperature of air in addition to water temperature entering both sections as well as the geometry of both humidifier and dehumidifier. These design parameters can provide great reference significance for the design, optimization and regulation of humidifiers and dehumidifiers sections.

- by IAEME Publication
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- Modeling, Heat Exchanger, Heat and Mass Transfer, Simulation

Human resource is an asset to any organization and as a result training has become an issue that has to be faced by every organization. The main objective of this study was to determine whether training has an outcome on employee performance and organizational effectiveness. This study is both qualitative and quantitative in nature. In order to address the objective of the study, descriptive study design was used in which data was collected across a sample population through simple random sampling. Two hundred thirty-four (234) questionnaires were distributed for the collection of data and 223 were filled and returned back. The methodologies that were used to collect the data were questionnaire and interview augmented by dif erent literature's found in the organization. Results show that training and delivery style have effect on employees performance and also training design have positively af ect the overall organizational performance, the organizations predominantly used on-the-job training method, though there is a trade-of between the two methods and less emphasis has been given to of - the-job training methods, the major challenges of human resource training programs of organizations are shortage of training materials, shortage of budget for employee training's, absence of training needs assessment. Hence, it is better if organizations design a training program based on the need assessment result or the requirements of the job and employee deficiency of ability for the job in order to increase individual as well as the overall organization performance.

- by IAEME Publication
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- Organizational Effectiveness, Employee, Employee Performance, Training Design

Numerical solutions to Viscous Incompressible flow between two parallel plates have been developed over the last half century. Multi-level techniques are successfully developed and applied for the same problem where significant speed-ups are achieved. Due to complexity of Navier-Stokes equation, obtaining analytical solutions for viscous flow problems if dif icultsometimes. Obtaining exact solution of Navier-Stokes equation is possible for some classical cases of steady, laminar, viscous and incompressible flows. Numerical research in this area will help researchers to develop techniques which yield accurate and faster solutions. The present work is on estimating the velocity distribution in Couette flow between two parallel plates by using Newtonian fluids as lubricant. The resulting partial dif erential equations of Navier-Stokes equation after the boundary conditions are substituted are solved by Finite Dif erence Method. An algorithm named as “Tri Diagonal Matrix Algorithm” is generated for the same. By using MATLAB, numerical analysis is performed to obtain the velocity distribution between two parallel plates.

Project planning is an integral content in the management and execution of construction projects. However, it is challenging to implement and properly keep these plans to work. The study evaluates the factors influencing construction project planning and implementation on construction sites. It takes logical attempts and procedure to analyse the perceptions of respondents on these factors. This study adopted questionnaire survey to gather factors influencing construction project planning and implementation from professionals working in construction firms in south western Nigeria. A total of 108 respondents selected through random sampling techniques participated in the survey. Ranking analysis of the major factors using Relative Importance Index showed that type of client and type of project were the top two factors influencing project planning while insuf icient finance and changes in client requirements were the top two factors influencing implementation of project plans. The study also revealed statistically significant dif erence in the perceptions of the respondents to some of the factors when classified into dif erent groups. The study concludes that the knowledge of the identified factors influencing project planning and implementation will assist construction stakeholders in re-evaluating their project planning endeavors and methods in order to enhance them and in this manner enhancing the performance of construction projects.

- by IAEME Publication
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- Project Planning, Professionals, Implementation, Construction Project

The Engine chamber is one of the essential engine components, that is subjected to over the top temperature differences and thermal stresses. Fins are set on the surface of the cylinder to improve the quantity of heat exchange by convection. When fuel is burned in an engine, heat is produced. Additional heat is also generated by friction between the moving parts. In air-cooled I.C engine, extended surfaces called fins are provided at the periphery of engine cylinder to increase heat transfer rate. That is why the analysis of fin is important to increase the heat transfer rate. The main of aim of this work is to study various researches done in past to improve heat transfer rate of cooling fins by changing cylinder fin geometry and material. In the present work, Experiments have been performed to discover the temperature variations inside the fins made in four kind geometries (plate Fins, Circular Pin fins, plate fins with holes, and draft Pin fins) and consistent state heat exchange examination has been studied utilizing a finite element software ANSYS to test and approve results. The temperature variations at various areas of fins models are evaluated by FEM and compared models of fins performance by heat flux and temperature variations obtained by experimentally in Analysis. The principle implemented in this project is to expand the heat dissipation rate by utilizing the wind flow. The main aim of the study is to enhance the thermal properties by shifting geometry, material, and design of fins.

- by IAEME Publication
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- Heat Transfer, Thermal Analysis, Heat transfer enhancement, FEM analysis

Gas metal arc welding (GMAW) process is most widely used in industries for fabrication works, due to higher productivity. The weld quality depends on the process parameters of GMAW. This research investigates the influence of process parameters af ecting the mechanical properties of weldment. Thus, identification of the GMWA process parameters that significantly af ect the quality of GMWA processed parts is more important in terms of productivity. Then process environment has been assumed consisting of four variables like welding current, welding voltage, shielding gas, gas flow rate and wire feed rate. Taguchi optimization technique has been applied to determine the optimal limits, which can maximize the GMWA quality in certain environment. Signal to noise ratio (S/N ratio) were calculated for each data and used to obtain the optimum level of every input parameter. The study also shows that the use of the Taguchi Method has productively enhanced on the existing process parameters.

- by IAEME Publication
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- Optimization, Mechanical properties, Taguchi, GMAW

In modern days, refrigeration systems have become our daily usage in many applications. These systems consume more electricity as compared to other appliances and also releases harmful chlorofluoro carbons which causes global warming. A new emerging heat transfer fluid called nanofluid has been introduced in many applications. In recent years, refrigerant-based nanofluids and nano refrigerants have been introduced as significant effects of nanoparticles in heat transfer performance and energy consumption reduction. Many types of materials could be used as the nanoparticles to be suspended into the conventional refrigerants. In this study, the effect of the suspended copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles into the R-600a which has Zero ODP and 3 GWP is investigated by using mathematical modelling. The investigation includes the thermal conductivity, dynamic viscosity, and heat transfer rate of the nano refrigerant in a tube of evaporator. The results show enhanced thermophysical properties of nano refrigerant compared to the conventional refrigerant. These advanced thermophysical properties increased the heat transfer rate in the tube which is helpful for reduction in energy consumption.

In this paper, Taguchi method with L16 was used to experimental research in order to present the influence of cutting parameters and feed path on the surface roughness of workpiece when machining C45 by ball nose mill. The experimental result shows the influence of above parameters on surface roughness and the value of cutting conditions and feed path to minimize the surface roughness.

- by IAEME Publication
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- Surface Roughness, Taguchi method, Milling, Iaeme Ijmet

The pitch gearbox for 4MW-class wind turbine is comprised of a triple-gear planetary system. It is a component that keeps wind turbine blades rotating at a constant speed by adjusting their angles, and should have a life span of at least 20 years. This study analyzed the design stability and vibrational characteristics of pitch gearbox components for 4MW-class wind turbine. Design stability was secured by performing stress analysis of the housing and carriers under actual loads and extreme loads, specified in Load Duration Distribution (LDD), through finite element analysis. The natural frequencies and mode shapes of the pitch gearbox were also analyzed. There was found to be significant deformation of the third planetary gear for the first and second mode shapes, of the second planetary gear for the third and fourth mode shapes, and of the first planetary gear for the fifth and sixth mode shapes. Critical speed was assessed based on analysis of excitation source in relation to mass imbalance and excitation source. In the range of operation of the pitch gearbox, that is, 260rpm – 320rpm, critical speed did not exist.

Voltage source converter based high-voltage direct current systems (VSC-HVDCs) are often used in transmission and distribution regions and accomplish good operating results. They are popular due to the recent innovation of controllable semiconductor devices and bulk power transmission for long distances of about 500 km and above. However, the loss contributions of VSC-HVDC systems are relatively high compared to the traditional LCC-based HVDCs, which tends to be the main hurdle to the application of VSC-HVDC to high power transmission. Thus, the loss characteristics of VSC warrants further investigation. In this paper, the loss calculations of two level and three level VSC-based HVDC technologies are studied and corresponding loss reducing measures are obtained from the results. An essential step in the thermal management design of the power electronic devices, in this case, an insulated-gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) and diode, is required for accurate calculation of both conduction and switching losses of these devices. In order to achieve optimized designs, tools are needed for accurate prediction of device junction temperature and power dissipation. Therefore, according to IEC 61803 (Determination of power losses in HVDC converter stations), the loss calculation models of converter station equipment under operation and standby mode are established in detail alongside the datasheet parameters of the devices.

- by IAEME Publication
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- Diode, HVDC, Igbt, Power Losses

The main aim of this work was to design, fabricate and evaluate the performance of a small-scale solid waste pyrolysis waste converter reactor. The system’s main components were the furnace housing assembly, the reactor assembly, the piping system, the heat exchanger assembly (cooling condenser) and the collection system. The entire system is stainless steel due to its stability at high temperatures, with the reactor holding a capacity of 440.48 kg/weight of waste solids. After design and fabrication, the reactor equipment was subjected to extensive practical performance testing each waste plastic and other solid biomass feedstock three times. The furnace and reactor temperature were controlled at 200 ℃ to 700 ℃ depending on the feedstock for 2 hrs at a constant rate increase of 20 ℃. The results obtained with the equipment showed a functional experimental conversion efficiency of 83.6 %, waste reduction ef iciency of 86.6 %, and an oil recovery level of 845 ml/kg of waste.

- by IAEME Publication
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- Heat Exchanger, Iaeme Ijmet, Waste converter reactor, Practical performance

The Analysis of Conventional Commercial Bank Efficiency in Indonesia using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) Method as Banking Performance Consideration. Financial institution, bank and non bank, has become one of the most important aspects in the economy of a country, considering bank as financial institution that has an important role as intermediary between the parties with excessive funds and those who need the funds. To apply the principle of sound banking, bank efficiency rating becomes crucial. It is because efficiency represents the performance of a bank as well as factor that must be considered by a bank to act rationally to minimize the risk faced in its operational activities. This study aims to measure the relative efficiency of conventional commercial banks in Indonesia using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) methodology based on intermediation approach. Samples of this study are five major banks in Indonesia, namely Mandiri, BRI, BNI, BCA and BTN. DEA is a non-parametric, deterministic methodology for determining the relative efficiency and managerial performance, based on the empirical data of preselected inputs and outputs of decision making units. DEA allows us to compare the relative efficiency of conventional commercial banks by determining the efficient banks as benchmarks for the inefficient ones with input combinations in other banks relative to the benchmarks.

The development of Megalithic culture in Malaysia is said to have begun since the time of Metal. The megalithic found in Pengkalan Kempas History Complex is categorized as unique as it is engraved and carved in various forms such as the shape of the sword, the blade, the steering wheel and also the stone carved with the Arabic word "Allah" in jawi letters. The megalithic site in Negeri Sembilan is likely to exceed 200 sites. The objective of this paper is to discuss the previous studies that have been done by previous researchers associated with megalithic sites in Negeri Sembilan. This study used written materials in the library whether books, journals or seminar papers and so on. The results of this study showed that there various community perspectives about the megalithic stones. Among these is the concept of live rock which is the existence of various rituals, of erings or worship, extraordinary confidence, a sense of honor and so on

Drinking water is hard for people to get sometimes in Libya, during the summer, or in arid regions. The problem of water scarcity is also observed in other places due to lack of rainfall. The paper presents an experimental study of AWG in Libyan climate conditions. A portable AWG (35kg) experimentally investigated in this study, different inlet airflow, humidity, and temperature to get their effects on the amount of water that can be generated by AWG and energy required. The amount of generated water increased with an increase in temperature, humidity, and inlet airflow. The maximum efficiency of AWG was 40.56% at temperature 21.3 °C, humidity 41% airflow rate 294.84 m3/hr, and 1031.52 Watt input power and found that the location of dew point effect of AWG productivity.

- by IAEME Publication
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- Air, Atmospheric Water Generator, dew point, Iaeme Ijmet

The challenge of climate change results primarily from the global use of fossil fuel. Renewable energy as alternative energy source allows the use of natural sources such as micro-hydro, wind; solar, and biomass that are sustainable to be explored. The increase in the dependence on renewable energy calls for attention which can be solved by the use of energy management. Energy management will provide a consistent and controllable power supply. There is the need for the integration of energy management into the grid planning and design. In this work, Energy management using energy storage is thus considered as one design method for the system to maximize simplicity and increase reliability using HOMER, a conventional simulation tool.

- by Alabi Gideon
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- Electrical Engineering, Homer, Renewable Energy, Energy Management

Undershot water wheels or undercurrent water wheels work when water flows against the blade wall located at the bottom of the waterwheel. This type is suitable for installation in shallow water in flat areas. Here the flow of water is opposite to the direction of the blade which rotates the wheel. This research is an applied research that will be utilized in the regions. The purpose of this study was to determine the performance of the undershot waterwheel as a mini hydro power plant. From the results of the study it can be concluded that the performance of the undershot waterwheel is strongly influenced by the water discharge and the water level in the channel. Compared to the performance of a water wheel without a bucket and using a dynamo, the maximum water power of a water wheel without a bucket and using a dynamo is the same, namely 240.71 N at a water flow rate of 0.5833 m3 /s. The maximum rotation of the waterwheel on the water wheel without a bucket is 18.70 revolutions/minute with the maximum rotation of the waterwheel using a dynamo 15.10 revolutions/minute. The maximum power of a water wheel on a water wheel without a bucket is 1232.97watt and on a water wheel using a dynamo the maximum power is 995.60 watts. For maximum efficiency obtained at the waterwheel without a bucket of 74.296%.

The study aims to explore the problems and dif iculties of students speaking English language for Engineering students hailing from rural background. The study moreover aims to explore the causes of such dif iculties. The researcher designed certain tasks based on Task based language teaching on the sample of the study. These tasks are applied for each student to investigate speaking dif iculties and the causes of such dif iculties. The results showed and indicated that there are some dif iculties in speaking English due to fear of making mistakes, anxiety, shyness and lack of confidence. The researcher identified to provide environment support and encourage the students to speak English frequently.

- by IAEME Publication
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- Waste, Value Stream Mapping, Customer Value, LEAN SERVICE

The reasons for manufacturers invest their time and money in order to improve the Performance of dynamic characteristics. In modal analysis, Dynamic behavior of the vehicle can be observed. it is essential to estimate natural frequencies to avoid the resonance conditions. For proper Ride comfort and safety in the present research natural frequencies are determined under pay load and without payload conditions of the chassis in roll mode, pitch mode, tramp mode.

As information and communication technology (ICT) rapidly developed, government are rearranging the way they work and iteract both internally and externallly. One of the communication ways between the government and citizen are the annual tax reporting services. e-Filing are the personal tax report application in Indonesia that provided by the Directorate General of Taxes under the Ministry of Finance, Republic of Indonesia. This system plays an important role in the government's efforts to reduce the queue in the reporting tax. This research aimed to find the correlations between trust and the usage of e-Filing application. Collected data are 61 respondents where 39 respondents experienced in using the e-Filing will be analyzed using the method of Partial Least Square – Structural Equation Model (PLS-SEM). The evaluation results of the measurement model found that the usage of the application is weakly unaf ected by 26% of public trust in the government.

- by IAEME Publication
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- Government, Trust, Usage, Pls-sem