Independence Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Spanish American countries exhibited during the nineteenth century many of the features Koselleck associated with the Sattelzeit, the transitioning period into our contemporaneity. However, the region's history was marked by social... more

Spanish American countries exhibited during the nineteenth century many of the features Koselleck associated with the Sattelzeit, the transitioning period into our contemporaneity. However, the region's history was marked by social instability and political upheaval, and contemporaries referred to such experiences of time as precarious. In this article I explore the connection between this precarious time and the emergence of the sociopolitical concept of morality in New Granada (present-day Colombia) during the fi rst thirty -fi ve years of the republic (1818–1853). I focus on two conceptual moments as exemplifi ed by the refl ections put forth by Simón Bolívar (1783–1830), military and political leader of the independence period, and José Eusebio Caro (1817–1853), publicist, poet, and political ideologue of the Conservative Party.

... The only battalion commander who was not a former Zanla was Eddie Sigoge, but his career, like that of other former Zipra officers, was brought to a premature end.44 GN graphically described the experience of former Zipras in the... more

... The only battalion commander who was not a former Zanla was Eddie Sigoge, but his career, like that of other former Zipra officers, was brought to a premature end.44 GN graphically described the experience of former Zipras in the Fifth Brigade: ...

Die Geschichtswissenschaft sieht sich einem doppelten Vorwurf ausgesetzt: Einerseits mische sie sich zu wenig in aktuelle gesellschaftliche Debatten ein, und andererseits sei sie zu politisch –und zwar vor allem zu links. Wie ist es zu... more

Die Geschichtswissenschaft sieht sich einem doppelten Vorwurf ausgesetzt: Einerseits mische sie sich zu wenig in aktuelle gesellschaftliche Debatten ein, und andererseits sei sie zu politisch –und zwar vor allem zu links. Wie ist es zu dieser Konfrontation gekommen, und was ist dran an den Vorwürfen? Sind Historikerinnen und Historiker zur engagierten Parteinahme verpflichtet oder gibt es einen neutralen Standpunkt ausserhalb? Darüber diskutieren Caspar Hirschi, Professor für Allgemeine Geschichte an der Universität St. Gallen, Gesine Krüger, Professorin für Neuere Geschichte an der Universität Zürich, und Jakob Tanner, emeritierter Professor für Allgemeine und Schweizer Geschichte an der Universität Zürich

One of the major roles in promoting accounting convergence is played by big accounting firms (Big 4). The objective of this paper is in this context to analyze and question the role of big auditing firms in developing and implementing... more

One of the major roles in promoting accounting convergence is played by big accounting firms (Big 4). The objective of this paper is in this context to analyze and question the role of big auditing firms in developing and implementing IFRSs worldwide, in order to better understand the convergence process. This is a research note intended to contribute to the debate on the role of auditors in general and in the context of IFRSs application in particular, to raise some questions and to identify future research directions, and to invite to reconsider the hidden aspects (both positive and negative) of apparently simple issues. We identify some questions to be addressed in the future regarding the competence of Big 4 in IFRSs, the relationship with their clients issued from this well-known competency and the associated issues of independence.

This paper examines the issue of independence of boards of directors and non-executive directors of companies listed on the Irish Stock Exchange. Based on information published in annual reports, the study found that most Irish listed... more

This paper examines the issue of independence of boards of directors and non-executive directors of companies listed on the Irish Stock Exchange. Based on information published in annual reports, the study found that most Irish listed companies were complying with the Combined Code's recommendations for a balanced board structure, albeit with only 60 per cent having majority-independent boards. The study found a lack of consistency in interpreting the definition of “independence”, a lack of disclosure of information and, by applying criteria generally regarded as prerequisite to independence of non-executive directors, certain situations which imposed upon their independence.

This article takes a look at the main results of the economic reforms in Azerbaijan since the country gained its state independence. The most important result is the country’s economic sovereignty, which is expressed, first, in sufficient... more

This article takes a look at the main results of the economic reforms in Azerbaijan since the country gained its state independence. The most important result is the country’s economic sovereignty, which is expressed, first, in sufficient independence to choose its own model of economic development, second, in the financial self-sufficiency of the national economy, and, third, in the state’s (in the form of the government and private companies) retention of its right to own most of the country’s economic potential. The transfer to mainly market methods of economic regulation is analyzed from the viewpoint of forms of ownership, the establishment of free price formation and fair competition, and the liberalization of foreign economic interactions. All of these problems are viewed in the context of interstate comparisons. The economic progress of recent years is analyzed separately.
The authors show that the main factors directly or indirectly hindering the country’s efficient economic development are related to regional political contradictions and primarily to Armenia’s occupation of part of Azerbaijan’s territory. In the immediate future, the main efforts will be put into gradually moving away from competitive advantages based on material factors of production and transferring to competitiveness based on investments and efficiency; reducing the size of the informal economy; and enhancing the sectoral and territorial make-up of the economy.

Giulio Vignoli is a leading expert in the history and present state of the Italian minorities in European and extra-European countries, including Ukraine. This book deals with the long struggle of the Italian patriots in Nizza, Mentone,... more

Giulio Vignoli is a leading expert in the history and present state of the Italian minorities in European and extra-European countries, including Ukraine. This book deals with the long struggle of the Italian patriots in Nizza, Mentone, Roccabruna, and other places, to get independence from France, and/or to become part of the Italian state created in 1861. Nizza, Mentone, Roccabruna, were part, respectively, of the Savoy Kingdom, and of the Principality of Monaco. An Italian Nizza was Garibaldi's dream, and, when during WWII both Nizza and Mentone became Italian, there was a strong revival of Italian nationalism, as the case of the poet Marcello Firpo clearly indicates.

Ostatniego ćwierćwiecza polskich przemian politycznych dotyka i niniejsza publikacja, która jest zbiorem artykułów przygotowanych przez pracowników naukowych i doktorantów z różnych ośrodków w kraju. Prace dotykają zarówno polityki... more

Ostatniego ćwierćwiecza polskich przemian politycznych dotyka i niniejsza publikacja, która jest zbiorem artykułów przygotowanych przez pracowników naukowych i doktorantów z różnych ośrodków w kraju. Prace dotykają zarówno polityki wewnętrznej, jak i zagranicznej państwa, co oznacza, że odnoszą się do stosunkowo dużego obszaru poznawczego. Zdecydowaną przewagę uzyskały w tej tematyce problemy zewnątrzpaństwowe odnoszące się do Unii Europejskiej, polityki zagranicznej, kilku aspektów bezpieczeństwa europejskiego i międzynarodowego, migracji wewnątrzeuropejskich czy Kościoła katolickiego. Wszystkie te kwestie mieszczą się w ogólnych zarysach „wybranych problemów politycznych” państwa polskiego w latach 1989-2014. Zadaniem niniejszej publikacji stało się przybliżenie Czytelnikom takich problemów politycznych Polski z ostatniego ćwierćwiecza, które wymagają dodatkowego komentarza, pogłębionych analiz podmiotowych i przedmiotowych oraz ciągle aktualnego spojrzenia metodologicznego i merytorycznego.

Independence is a central and recurring theme in Wollstonecraft’s work. This should not be understood as an individualistic ideal that is in tension with the value of community but as an essential ingredient in successful and flourishing... more

Independence is a central and recurring theme in Wollstonecraft’s work. This should not be understood as an individualistic ideal that is in tension with the value of community but as an essential ingredient in successful and flourishing social relationships. I examine three aspects of this rich and complex concept that Wollstonecraft draws on as she develops her own notion of independence as a powerful feminist tool. First, independence is an egalitarian ideal that requires that all individuals, regardless of sex, are protected to a comparable extent in all areas of social, political and economic life, no matter whether this is in the public or private sphere. Secondly, so long as this egalitarian condition is not compromised, independence allows for individuals to perform differentiated social roles, including along gendered lines. Finally, the on-going and collective input of both women and men is required to ensure that the conditions necessary for social independence are maintained. In Wollstonecraft’s hands, then, independence is a powerful ideal that allows her to argue that women must be able to act on their own terms as social and political equals, doing so as women whose perspectives and interests may differ from men’s.

Since 2012, Catalans have been working harder towards independence from Spain through the use of mass demonstrations and various referendums, both referendums deemed illegal as well as legal. Civil society movements in Catalonia have been... more

Since 2012, Catalans have been working harder towards independence from Spain through the use of mass demonstrations and various referendums, both referendums deemed illegal as well as legal. Civil society movements in Catalonia have been fighting for more and more autonomy under Spain, hoping to finally be able to form a state of their own, and as Spain has been ravaged by the economic crisis the movements have been increasingly gaining momentum in the Catalan region (Barcia, 2014). Beyond the natural right to independence, do Catalans have the right -- and the legal means -- to separate from Spain under international law? Not only does the rest of Spain not want to see Catalonia go, but Catalan independentists face two major issues: the vagueness of international law on self-determination of non-colonized groups, and the special case of self-determination under the existence of an EU system. This paper attempts to underline the ambiguity of independence under international law and suggests there should be more done to clarify the legality of independence under international law.

Scotland is not the only sub-state unit in Europe where relevant political actors make claims for independence. To generate insights on these independence demands, we compare the drivers, arguments and popular support for secession in... more

Scotland is not the only sub-state unit in Europe where relevant political actors make claims for independence. To generate insights on these independence demands, we compare the drivers, arguments and popular support for secession in Scotland, the Basque Country, Catalonia and Flanders. We argue that national identity, party politics and the economy are behind the independence requests, and the exact articulation of these elements varies from case to case. Currently, the most salient of these demands are the ones from Catalonia; Basque demands for self-determination are less prominent than in the past, whereas the demand for a vote on independence is much less articulated in Flanders. Although the Scottish independence referendum has set a precedent for solving independence disputes, we argue that the possibilities of exporting the Scottish referendum experience to other realities are limited.

"Amore, saltibarsciai e pomodori rossi" parla di Austeja, una ragazza lituana, e della sua storia d'amore, ambientata nella capitale Vilnius dopo l'indipendenza raggiunta nel 1990. Austeja parla italiano e crede di pensare italiano. E'... more

"Amore, saltibarsciai e pomodori rossi" parla di Austeja, una ragazza lituana, e della sua storia d'amore, ambientata nella capitale Vilnius dopo l'indipendenza raggiunta nel 1990. Austeja parla italiano e crede di pensare italiano. E' non solo un romanzo incentrato sulla "cronaca in diretta" di un amore, ma anche un vero e proprio saggio sulla natura stessa dell'amore: si ama come la storia e la tradizione del proprio popolo insegnano ad amare; è la prospettiva che mette a fuoco i singoli individui che i secoli dimenticheranno. Ma l'amore sotto al piano storico è anche indipendenza dalla Storia: è una forza che regola le simmetrie dell'infinitamente piccolo.
Il romanzo-saggio analizza, seziona e disseziona e rimette insieme i sentimenti dei protagonisti ad un ritmo vertiginoso che prende e coinvolge il lettore e non lo molla.

The background of this research has emerged from an interesting point of the birth of democracy and the first republican system government in the world. Methods used for this research is historical methods, that consists of heuristics,... more

The background of this research has emerged from an interesting point of the birth of democracy and the first republican system government in the world. Methods used for this research is historical methods, that consists of heuristics, critics, interpretation and historiography. The main problem of this research is, " What was the main role of George Washington in the American Revolutionary War in 1775 – 1783? " The American Revolution was generally caused by political and economy policy of British Government that has been felt unfair by the American Colony. Washington played an active role in the movement against British, through influencing the colony leaders and attending forums like the House of Burgesses, Virginia Convention and the Continental Congress. Washington was appointed Commander-in-Chief to lead American forces and had implemented a defensive strategy against the British that he managed to win the Bunker Hill (1775) Princeton (1776) battles, crossing the Delaware (1776) until defeated by the British in Yorktown (1781). The American Revolution has made Washington a hero to the United States and the world.

The article is dedicated to contemporary separatist tendencies in Catalonia with a special focus on pragmatic rather than identity-related issues. In the recent years there has been a surge of demonstrations against the central government... more

The article is dedicated to contemporary separatist tendencies in Catalonia with a special focus on pragmatic rather than identity-related issues. In the recent years there has been a surge of demonstrations against the central government and a Catalan self-determination referendum has been planned, leading to a severe conflict over its constitutionality. Whilst the political atmosphere is frequently presented in the mass media as if Spain was falling apart, the picture is more nuanced. The article presents several factors which contribute to intensification of claims for succession as well as opinion poll results on attitudes among the Catalans towards alternative forms of state governance, including maintenance of status quo, increasing or decreasing the scope of autonomy, Catalan independence and centralism.

This report details the interim findings of research into the independence of the voluntary, community and social enterprise (VCSE) sector in Northern Ireland, commissioned by the Building Change Trust in 2015. The purpose of the report... more

This report details the interim findings of research into the independence of the voluntary, community and social enterprise (VCSE) sector in Northern Ireland, commissioned by the Building Change Trust in 2015. The purpose of the report is to share early findings and to initiate debate, rather than present final conclusions. This interim report will provide a clearer understanding of the
levels of independence of VCSE organisations and the sector’s understanding of the wider environment whithin which it operates, initiating a dialogue about how the VCSE sector perceives and understands the notion of independence.

Trabajo de Fin de Máster sobre el reconocimiento de Estado desde la perspectiva de la política exterior del Estado Español hacia dos supuestos diferentes: Sudán del Sur y Kosovo. Este TFM fue realizado en el año 2013 analizando la... more

Trabajo de Fin de Máster sobre el reconocimiento de Estado desde la perspectiva de la política exterior del Estado Español hacia dos supuestos diferentes: Sudán del Sur y Kosovo. Este TFM fue realizado en el año 2013 analizando la evolución histórica y política de estos dos nuevos Estados hasta alcanzar la posición que España tomó hacia cada uno de ellos.