Merchants, privateers and pirates Research Papers (original) (raw)

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- Maritime History, Naval Warfare, Naval History, History of Anglo-Dutch Relations

Aside from comprehensive research in the archives of the Republic of Montenegro which still needs to be completed, sources from other places make it possible to shed some light on the commercial maritime activity of people from the Montenegrin littoral (Perast, Kotor, Ulcinj, Budva, Paštrovići). On the basis of customs permits from Šibenik, Split, and Ancona, in the period from the first half of the 15th to the end of the 16th century, we can see the active involvement of people from the Montenegrin littoral in the current of maritime commercial traffic. They are present as carriers in the service of other traders or as independent entrepreneurs. In this fashion they are involved in the international trade of goods (ranging from crisp breads from Ancona to Ottoman handiworks sold for Armenians or Jews) from the East (Ottoman Empire) to the West (primarily the western coast of Italy).
Further, examining their activity in Zadar and Dubrovnik, in this case on the basis of notary records and official correspondence of the Venetian administration (from as early as the 14th century), this article attempts to clarify the contribution made by these individuals to commercial import and export in the Adriatic, alongside a brief examination of their assistance in pirate activity.

El siguiente trabajo pretende analizar de manera breve la presencia de corsarios y piratas en la isla de La Española entre los mediados del siglo XVI y los mediados del XVII, realizando una breve visión de sus actores, características y consecuencias para establecer la relación entre el desarrollo corso-pirático y la evolución de algunos aspectos de la Isla en ese tiempo. // The aim of this study is to analyze briefly the presence of piracy in Hispaniola between mid-sixteenth and mid-seventeenth centuries, giving a brief insight about actors, characteristics and consequences so as to establish a relation between the piracy’s development and the evolution of some aspects about the Island in this period.

- by Roberto Barazzutti
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- Maritime History, Naval History, Dutch West India Company, Corsairs

This work analyses the public perception of the role of privateers and their transition to pirates and examines both negative and positive outcomes in various areas like diplomacy, international trade, legal, racial and gender issues. The entire topic is examined through various cases of pirates including Bartholomew Roberts, Sir Henry Morgan, Thomas Tew, William Kid, Jack Rackham, Stede Bonnet, Edward Teach, Samuel Bellamy, Mary Read, Anne Bony or Henry Avery as well as historical records including letters, trials and pamphlets. Further, this essay discusses an interesting development of piracy from state-funded expeditions into utterly illegal activity driven by various reasons. Particularly the transition between legal, semi-legal and illicit separates England and Great Britain (from 1707 onwards) from other colonial powers such as France, Spain or Dutch. Despite the fact that they all issued privateering licenses and therefore they had to face similar problems connected to privateering, the outburst of piracy in the case of England was so dangerous that England (Great Britain) during the late 17th and early 18th century was called a “nation of pirates”. Hence, this work analyses both legal and practical actions against pirates in British colonies and their effectiveness after 1715. The last part of this essay is dedicated to piracy regarding an alternative way of life for disadvantaged social groups in the 17th and 18th century and contemporary negative or positive portrayal of piracy. The role of liberated “Negroe” and “Mullato” slaves is also examined throu

- by Martin Mares
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- Gender Studies, Multiculturalism, Latin American and Caribbean History, War Studies
- by André Ingrês
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- History of Piracy, Piracy, Pirates, Maritime Piracy

靖海孤忠：浙江提督李長庚的海上生涯... more

When in 1621 was established the Dutch West India Company, the United Provinces of the Netherlands were ready to enter in the Spanish mare clausum in the New World. Due to their traditional liberal approach to religious freedom, the Dutch... more

- by Eva Kubatova
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- Colonialism, Suriname history, Privateering, Antilles

‘This attractively-presented book is a careful and scholarly account of Rye which will prove to be the authoritative history of the town for the foreseeable future’. Professor Caroline Barron, Royal Holloway, University of London.
Visitors to Rye immediately notice its striking hilltop site, the town’s main entrance, the Land Gate, and fishing boats on the river and quayside. There are wonderful views of Romney Marsh and the English Channel. Exploring Rye’s steep cobbled streets, visitors find St Mary’s parish church surrounded by other historic buildings, and the ‘castle’, the Ypres tower. There is an ancient grammar school, a stone chapel on Conduit Hill, a wealth of inns, medieval and Tudor timber-framed dwellings and other houses with brick facades. Rye was an Ancient Town which formed part of the important Cinque Ports confederation in the Middle Ages, yet has remained a small town ‘almost suspended in time’. How did this happen?
This new illustrated history traces Rye’s origins from the Norman Conquest until beyond its period of great prosperity under the Tudor monarchs. Many inhabitants were fishermen or small-scale merchants and owned vessels which they supplied for the king’s ship-service, transporting members of the royal family across the Channel or, in wartime, carrying horses and provisions for soldiers. In times of truce Rye’s mariners turned to piracy and wrecking, disrupting the cross-channel trade on which the town’s economy also depended.
During the Hundred Years’ War the townsfolk reinforced the defences and, in response to the huge mortality of the Black Death, they endowed an Augustinian Friary so that the brothers would pray for their health and souls. But then Rye entered a period of economic stagnation which saw the disappearance of many trades and crafts which had supported the residents and supplied mariners calling at the port.
Rye’s revival came towards the end of the fifteenth century after the harbours of nearby ports such as New Romney and Winchelsea had been damaged by storms and silting. New houses, shops, fishermen’s lofts and garrets were built, public buildings were erected on the quayside and a piped water supply replaced the outlying medieval springs. A royal official, Sir Richard Guldeford, sailed from Rye on his pilgrimage to Jerusalem in 1506, and until the Reformation the townsfolk beautified the church and supported its chantries. Rye became a prosperous, if crowded, town and its Protestant sympathies and close links to the Continent ensured the arrival of many Huguenot refugees. For over a century Rye continued as the major port in south-east England but as its own harbour silted it was finally eclipsed by Dover in the seventeenth century.

- by Gillian Draper
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- History, Medieval History, Early Modern History, Medieval Studies

La course française en Méditerranée au XVIIe siècle, de la décennie 1630 à 1697 par Roberto Barazzutti. Ceci est un brouillon de l'article en cour d'écriture pour une publication prochaine. Il est mis sur le site academia.edu sans l'intégralité des références archivistiques et bibliographiques, ni toutes les corrections, à des fins d'avoir les avis et conseils des autres membres et personnes qui me suivent. Il ne doit pas être copier ni recopier. Merci d'avance pour votre aide et le respect de cette règle. This is a rough draft of the article in writing for an upcoming publication. It is put on the site acadamia.edu without full archival and bibliographic references, or any corrections, for the purpose of having the opinions and advice of other members and people who follow me. It must not be copied. Thank you in advance for your help and respect for this rule.

- by Roberto Barazzutti
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- French History, Maritime History, Naval Warfare, Naval History

Dated wrecks and other archaeological sources point to the coast of Agder as being important to the Hanse around 1400, but also to pirates, primarily the Vitaliebrüder. In this article our focus is the harbour of Skjernesund, but similar stories could probably be told about other ports and outports in southern Norway too, as evidenced both by contemporary documentary sources and archaeology – places like Egersund, Selør, Ny-Hellesund and Langesund, as well as Marstrand in present day Sweden, which were frequented by both pirates and Hanse merchants in our period.

- by Frans-Arne H Stylegar and +1
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- Maritime Archaeology, Medieval Scandinavia, History of Piracy, Scandinavian Archaeology

An entry by Thomas Benjamin and Dennis Hidalgo. "Buccaneers." Encyclopedia of Western Colonialism since 1450. Ed. Thomas Benjamin. Vol. 1. Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA, 2007. 165-168.Gale Virtual Reference Library.
Commerce raiders called privateers, pirates, buccaneers, and other such names roamed the Caribbean Sea, as well as the Atlantic and Indian oceans, in the sixteenth, seventeenth, and eighteenth centuries as the detritus of the first Western colonies. During the sixteenth and first half of the seventeenth centuries, French, English, and Dutch raiders of Spanish and Portuguese shipping and ports generally acted under the authorization of their governments. The English Crown, for example, granted merchants and captains "letters of marque and reprisal," which authorized attacks on Spanish shipping and ports. This legal document required that the privateer captains deliver to an admiralty court their captured ships, whereupon everyone would legally carve up a share of the spoils.

- by Noel Carmack
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- Historical maps, Joseph Smith, Merchants, privateers and pirates

Abstract of this book in which I participated most of dutch privateer, french privateer in the 17th century

- by Roberto Barazzutti and +6
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- Maritime History, Naval History, History of Piracy, Corsairs

A paper by Roberto Barazzutti for Quaderno Sismo 2017 Economic Warfare to be published in the next may.

- by Virgilio Ilari and +1
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- International Law, Maritime History, Maritime Law, Naval Warfare

En este segundo volumen de "Amaro Pargo. Documentos de una vida" ocupa un destacado protagonismo Amaro J. González de Mesa (1713-1778), un personaje fascinante, digno heredero de su tío Amaro Rodríguez Felipe. Se comentan aspectos familiares (su primer matrimonio en la Península del que nació una hija, que fue monja en el convento de Santa Catalina de La Laguna), la adquisición de grandes fundos como el de la Punta del Hidalgo, que ha sido erróneamente atribuido a su tío y benefactor; su papel como capitán del navío "San Judas Tadeo", alias "La Estrella de Vizcaya" en plena guerra contra Inglaterra, a mediados de la década de 1740 y en aguas del Caribe; la existencia de una especie de testamento familiar secreto o su interesante biblioteca, entre cuyos títulos no faltaban libros de esgrima, navegación, medicina, legislación sobre el corso, etc., entre otras obras de interés. Se recogen, además, otros documentos singulares sobre el clan de los Rodríguez Felipe y González de Mesa, que constituye una de las sagas familiares más interesantes de Canarias y del Atlántico medio durante el siglo XVIII.

- by Daniel García Pulido and +1
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- History of Piracy, Corsairs, Piracy, History of the Canary Islands
- by Girhan Kasap
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- Early Modern History, Naval History, Caribbean History, 17th century England

This dissertation examines the relationship between the expansion of the English colony of Jamaica and the rapid growth of maritime piracy in the second half of the seventeenth century. The work re-examines the way in which the growing political, economic and strategic importance of Jamaica as the Crown Colony had corresponded with pirate raids. It extends the area of this subject by the implementation of the complex framework of relations between influential members involved in Jamaican colonial administration and prominent individuals of pirate crews. Hence, one of the central claims of this research is that pirates in seventeenth century functioned as the integral element of British imperial endeavours. Moreover, this study argues that seventeenth-century pirates played a significant role in connecting Britain's empires in the Americas and India by forcing London authorities to impose its central policy on colonies and abandon the concept of decentralised imperial state.
While there is wide agreement that “the pirate economy” of Jamaica was replaced by the business of plantation, there is less consensus over whether or not the dominance of plantocracy was achieved through legal and ethical means. Extensive research of primary sources has shown that the hegemony of planter's class was rather the outcome of a cunning strategy of land acquisitions accomplished by privileged Assembly representatives such as Thomas Lynch, Peter Beckford or William Beeston. This research drawing on deep analysis of archival sources argues that generations of buccaneers were intentionally driven out of Jamaica by the clique of local representatives of planter’s class led by Thomas Lynch. Thus, this work seeks to clarify the nature of the transformation of Jamaican society by the end of seventeenth century, which should not be perceived as smooth and natural development.
Rather, it should be understood in terms of organised and forced replacement of one class of people with a different class of people, which was more fitting for the whole colonial project. Nevertheless, this research based on archival sources, published manuscripts and judicious use of contemporary sources claims that the abandonment of piratical activities was ill-timed and exposed The British West Indies to significant defensive risks.
The dissertation is comprised of five chapters covering five decades of Jamaica's colonial development with an emphasis on three distinct generations yet equally successful piratical societies enjoying endorsement, support, sponsorship or protection by Jamaican colonists. Chapter one looks at the aftermath of the failed Western Design in the Caribbean, expeditions led by Christopher Myngs and the first wave of buccaneers settling down in Port Royal. The second chapter is dedicated to the era of Henry Morgan and his infamous attacks on Spanish colonies. Further, the chapter investigates the establishment of the semi-legal web of interconnected communities of pirates, smugglers, wreckers and “baymen”. Chapter three considers the nature of the second wave of buccaneering framed by voyages of William Dampier, Bartholomew Sharp and John Coxon. Also, this part comments on the status of indentured servants and the turbulent changes in the composition of Jamaican society. The period of two competing Jamaican political factions of planters and merchants is discussed in the chapter four. Additionally, this section deals with the consequences of the Glorious Revolution (1688) for Jamaica, and it clarifies the link between Tories, Whigs and pirates. The key factors of Jamaica's influence behind the rise of the Red Round piracy are outlined in chapter five It also details the clash of different colonial interests epitomised by numerous conflicts between colonial authorities and the Royal Navy and discusses the impacts of the Treaty of Ryswick (1697). The last section takes the reader to the brink of the War of the Spanish Succession and re-examines the importance of legal changes emphasised by The
Piracy Act passed by the Parliament of England in 1698. Each chapter provides the reader important contextual information about relevant political, cultural, social, and military events like for instance the Anglo-Dutch Wars or the Nine Years' War.

- by Martin Mares
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- Economics, Latin American and Caribbean History, Colonialism, Caribbean History
- by Roberto Barazzutti
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- Military History, Maritime History, Naval Warfare, Naval History

The seventeenth century Mediterranean was dominated by the business of crusade. Fleets proved disastrously expensive, and few states could sustain the cost of war. Galleys may have been much more effective than the old paradigm holds, and fortresses often proved hugely ineffective. Fleets operated under the paradox that they were both a projection of the ruler’s pact with the Almighty and a business opportunity. The Mediterranean was not abandoned in the 'Seicento', although the fighting revealed the paradox that in order to campaign against the enemy it was necessary to trade with him.
Key Words: Business of war, crusade, galleys, gazi, seventeenth century Mediterranean
Nel corso del XVII secolo, il Mediterraneo fu dominato dal business della crociata. Le flotte si rivelarono enormemente dispendiose e pochi stati po- tevano sostenere il costo della guerra. Le galere risultarono ben più efficaci di quanto dicano i luoghi comuni storiografici, mentre le fortezze sovente si dimostrarono del tutto inutili. Paradossalmente, le flotte erano al contempo la proiezione del patto stretto dai governanti con l’Onnipotente e un’occa- sione per fare affari. Il Mediterraneo non fu affatto abbandonato nel Sei- cento, sebbene dal conflitto emerga il paradosso che, per poter combattere il nemico, era necessario commerciare con esso.
Key words: Business della guerra, crociata, galee, gazi, Mediterraneo seicentesco

- by Phillip Williams
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- Early Modern History, Crusades, Mediterranean Studies, Early Modern Europe

The essay focuses on mobility and identity in the Medieval Mediterranean and offers a close reading of cases of women who travel as slaves, sold and bought as merchandise and some who dress as men in order to travel safe through the sea and on the land, within a political and economical study of some text of the romance tradition such as the Old-French poems of Aucassin and Nicolette, Floire and Blancheflor, Boccaccio’s Decameron and De mulieribus and the Italian Buovo D’Antona. Starting from the case of the Christian Blancheflor who arrives in the Saracen Egypt when is sold to merchants as merchandise by Floire’s father, the essay studies in particular the disguises in male clothes as a form of gender and identity trespassing that goes along with the geographical crossings. The essay focuses at length on Nicolette and Drusiana’s cases for the gender, religious and narratological implications that their trespassing imply: the Saracen Nicolette is kindapped in the Muslim city of Cartagena in Spain and sold to a Christian family in France and kidnapped again returns to her native city, while the Christian Armenian Drusiana chose to travel in non-Christian and foreign lands. Both in the attempt to find their lovers from whom they had been separated, escape their world and cross foreign spaces by means of a coloring herb as black menestrels, and both find their lovers by singing their stories thanks to their fake identity.

- by Roberta Morosini
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- Dante Studies, Medieval Studies, Mediterranean Studies, Medieval Slavery
- by Benjamin de Carvalho and +1
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- History, Political Sociology, International Relations, International Relations Theory
- by Jess Bier
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- Critical Theory, History, Criminal Justice, Archival Studies

Αφορμή για τη συγγραφή του παρόντος άρθρου αποτέλεσε η ανασκαφική έρευνα στο Μεγανήσι, όπου κατά την περίοδο 2011-2014 ερευνήθηκαν 17 τύμβοι που, όπως κατέδειξαν τα λιγοστά, αλλά σπουδαία ευρήματα που διέφυγαν τη σύληση, χρονολογούμενα, κατά κύριο λόγο, στο τέλος της Μυκηναϊκής εποχής, ανήκαν σε πολεμιστές και μπορούν να συσχετισθούν με τους περίφημους «φιλήρετμους» και «ληίστορες» Ταφίους που αναφέρονται στα Έπη.

Documento piloto sobre John Oxenham.
Autor: Juan G. Castillo F.

- by Doug Coulson
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- American Literature, Rhetoric (Languages and Linguistics), Law, Comparative Law
- by Karine Audran
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- Shipping, Privateering, Merchants, privateers and pirates, Saint-Malo
- by Roberto Barazzutti
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- Maritime History, Naval History, Corsairs, Dutch History

Nel Quattrocento l’Inghilterra dei Plantageneti era uno tra i paesi europei più xenofobi dell’epoca; nonostante ciò, per tutto
il secolo, i mercanti italiani continuarono tenacemente a praticare la loro attività anche in un contesto così difficile. Tra
questi, la presenza più forte era quella dei Genovesi, le cui carracks, come le fonti d’Oltremanica definivano le loro navi di
notevoli dimensioni, si avventuravano in acque oceaniche fino alle coste inglesi a partire dal XIII secolo. Nella prima metà
del XV secolo, però, il sentimento xenofobo, nutrito da un sempre più crescente nazionalismo, dilagò fra la classe mercantile
londinese, rendendo l’attività commerciale dei Genovesi ancora più difficile. L’akmè di questo clima di tensione e
competizione si ebbe dal 1457, anno in cui Robert Sturmy, mercante di Bristol, tentò, con una spedizione di due navi dirette
in Oriente, di spezzare il monopolio che gli Italiani avevano sul commercio inglese col bacino orientale del mar Mediterraneo;
le navi di Sturmy furono assaltate e catturate da pirati all’epoca ritenuti legati alla Superba e questo episodio alimentò la
campagna anti-genovese che già l’atteggiamento xenofobo di cui sopra aveva contribuito a diffondere nel paese di Enrico VI.
La crisi che si aprì nel 1458 e si trascinò per circa 8 anni segnò una nuova fase dei rapporti diplomatici e commerciali
anglo-genovesi. Come si evolsero questi ultimi in tali difficili contingenze e quali furono le risposte della Superba alla politica
anti-italiana messa in atto dalla corona britannica? Come cambiò la presenza genovese sulla piazza inglese, in riferimento
soprattutto a Londra, Southampton e Sandwich, i tre principali centri frequentati dagli Italiani? Scopo di questo lavoro è
quello di cercare di dare risposte a queste domande, che ancora oggi costituiscono un problema storiografico che limita la
nostra conoscenza della storia tardomedievale della Superba.

dans Tribunali di mercanti e giustizia mercantile nel tardo medioevo (Atti della giornata di studi, Firenze, Accademia di Scienze e Lettere la Colombaria, 26 febbraio 2016), MACCIONI E. et TOGNETTI S. dir., Florence, Olschki, 2016, p.... more

- by Cedric Quertier
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- Economic History, Economics, Medieval History, Medieval Studies

This article deals with legitimizations of expansion of the Anglo-British Empire against the monarchy of Spain during the last quarter of the XVII century and the first of the XVIII century, and how they shaped British identity and a certain conceptions of the Spanish. In the first section we explain the arguments through subjects who used them, today categorized as pirates, philosophers and novelists, noticing their links to the highest institution of the Scientific Revolution: the Royal Society. In the second part we contextualize the claims of these authors in three Spanish-British discussions in which they participated, and their relationships with each other. We conclude that while the arguments respond less to original exceptionalities than to the contexts of these debates, they forged identities and material realities derived from them

- by Eva Botella-Ordinas
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- Natural Law, Spanish History, Empires, Travel Literature

This article focuses on British maritime law to discuss the challenge of transferring Admiralty law to Britain’s Atlantic colonies, considered through the lens pirate trials and executions. Colonial governors in North America and the West Indies tolerated piracy during the seventeenth century to obtain goods barred from the restrictions imposed by the Navigation Acts. These deals were largely ignored, but the increasing piratical insults against the Crown and pressure from foreign competitors, such as Spain, forced British officials to crack down on piracy. Unfortunately, years of tolerating pirates had allowed these criminals to become too numerous for British officials to transport captured pirates back to England for trial and executions. As a result, by 1700 they had to establish their maritime legal ruling body, the Admiralty Court, throughout the American colonies under the jurisdiction of local governors. However, complex geographical challenges in the Caribbean and religiously influenced social laws in North America forced colonial governors to alter the English system to fit their needs and create autonomous legal networks. This article argues that the establishment and maintenance of British Admiralty law in the Atlantic colonies led to the development of early American ideas of autonomy.

- by Rebecca Simon
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- Colonial America, Legal History, Atlantic World, Eighteenth Century History
- by Roberto Barazzutti
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- Maritime History, Naval History, Corsairs, Dutch History