Postharvest Horticulture Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Aims: The objectives of this study were to evaluate whether some mid-season table grape cultivars and types can be used as minimally processed produce and to investigate the negative effects of minimal processing on the quality of the table grapes. Methods and results: Changes in quality losses as defects, weight loss, soluble solids, titratable acidity and pH by minimally processed 13 cultivars and 4 types were recorded during a 10-day storage period at 4 °C. Browning on the stem end was the major defect followed by collapse on the stem end, decay both on the stem end and on the berry surface, and splitting on the berry surface. Big Perlon, Hatun Parmagi and Ribol among the cultivars/types were found be less prone to defects after minimal processing and storing at 4 °C. Conclusion: The defects or problems which minimally processed table grapes most likely to face are collapse, browning and decay on the stem end, and splitting and decay on the berry surface. The quality losses in Big Perlon, Hatun Parmagi and Ribol cultivars with a very large berry size were lower than other 14 cultivars/types after 10 days, suggesting that berry size is very important attribute for choosing table grape cultivars as minimally processed produce. Significance and impact of study: The study involving 13 cultivars and 4 types with different colored skin, berry sizes and types presents reliable information of suitability of the grapes for fresh-cut produce. Furthermore, the quality assessment used for this study provides a very detailed clarification what kind of problems minimally processed table grapes might face.

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- Postharvest Horticulture

White light illumination during retail has been suggested as a simple, non-chemical way to extend the shelf-life of green vegetables. Unfortunately, the influence that key factors like radiation intensity and photoperiod have on the efficacy of such treatments efficacy is barely understood. Herein, we evaluated the influence that the intensity and photoperiod of white light illumination during retail, had on the shelf-life of cold stored broccoli. Broccoli florets were stored at 5°C and illuminated with white light emitting diodes (LEDs) under three different light intensities (Low, 3.6; Mid, 9.5; and High, 19.0 W m −2). At each light intensity condition samples were subjected to four different light:darkness cycles (3h:21 h;6h:18 h;12h:12 h or 24h:0 h). One set of samples packed and stored at 5°C, but kept in darkness, was used as a control. After 0, 11 or 19 d of storage we evaluated weight loss, color, chlorophylls, total sugars, sucrose, glucose and fructose contents. We also assessed the changes in ascorbic acid, carotenoids and phenolic antioxidants. Mid-and High-intensitytreatments proved highly beneficial to delay senescence. Storage under Mid-and High-intensity white LEDs for 3-12 h per day was markedly more effective to prevent yellowing than continuous illumination. Exposure to Mid-intensity light, 3 h a day also reduced dehydration, chlorophyll, sucrose, glucose and fructose losses. In addition, broccoli maintained higher levels of ascorbic acid, carotenoids and phenolics at the end of the storage period. These results show that white LED illumination during retail may be used to extend the shelf-life of refrigerated broccoli and set the stage for proper intensity and photoperiod usage.

Resumen. Se estudió el efecto de recubrimientos a partir de mucilago de sábila (Aloe barbadensis) y mucilago de nopal (Opuntia megacantha) en frutos de chile manzano (Capsicum pubesces), los frutos se obtuvieron de un criollo producido en la Sierra Negra de Puebla. El objetivo de este trabajo de investigación fue evaluar la vida de anaquel de los frutos durante postcosecha mediante un biorecubrimiento. Se utilizó un diseño experimental completamente al azar con tres repeticiones por tratamiento, las evaluaciones de peso se realizaron durante 18 días y el contenido de solidos solubles totales al final del experimento. En base a los resultados obtenidos el tratamiento que fue recubierto con mucilago de nopal mostro menores pérdida de peso en comparación con el tratamiento que no fue recubierto. Palabras clave: Mucilago, vida de anaquel, solidos solubles totales. Abstract. The effect of biofilms from aloe mucilage (Aloe barbadensis) and nopal (Opuntia megacantha) with fruit Manzano hot chili pepper (Capsicum pubesces) was studied, the fruits were obtained from a creole occurred in the Sierra Negra of Puebla. The objective of this research was to evaluate the shelf life of fruits during postharvest with a biofilm. A completely randomized design with three replications per treatment, weight evaluations were conducted for 18 days and the total soluble solids content at the end of the experiment. Based on the results obtained that the treatment was coated with mucilage nopal showed less weight loss compared with the treatment that was not coated.

- by Gerardo Ramos Hernandez
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- Postharvest Horticulture

In developing countries, food losses occur mainly during the production, harvest, postharvest and processing phases. Because of the lack of awareness in the apple postharvest practices in Lebanon, this study was carried out to check the effect of good harvesting and handling practices, pre-storage sorting, and dipping in calcium and fungicide, on the percent losses of Golden Delicious apples during six months of cold storage. A highly significant reduction in the percent of total damages was observed during storage when good harvesting and handling practices and pre-storage sorting were applied. The magnitude of losses reduction depended on the type of damage registered and the practices performed. The presence of injuries was reduced by all types of good practices, applied alone or in combination. Where good harvesting and handling practices were performed, the incidence of bruising was reduced from 93.3% in the non-treated control to 37.7% and symptoms of rot were not detected. This study emphasized the importance of good harvest and postharvest practices in improving and maintaining the quality of Lebanese apples.

- by Paul Abi Tarabay
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- Agronomy, Sustainable agriculture, Lebanon, Food and Nutrition

- by Nazeer El-Bialee
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- Chemistry, Machine Vision, Nondestructive Evaluation, Postharvest Horticulture

This experiment was conducted to study the effectiveness of different preservative solutions on vase life and quality of angelica cut inflorescences cv. Single. The concentrations of citric acid at 100, 200 and 300 mg L-1 , sucrose at 3% and 4% and H 2 O 2 at 0.1%, 0.2% and 0.3% were used as preservatives, while distilled water was used as control. The single factor experiment was laid out in a completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications. Citric acid and H 2 O 2 solutions effectively inhibited bacterial growthrelated blockage in the vascular tissues, but had adverse effects on the vase life. The inflorescences stored in sucrose (3% and 4%) solutions remained fresh up to 10 days after preservation (DAP), maintaining good solution uptake, controlling transpiration loss and gaining higher relative fresh weight. Different quality parameters like floret diameter and number of opened florets were also significantly higher in inflorescences preserved in sucrose (3% and 4%) solution, followed by control, citric acid and H 2 O 2 , respectively, in different DAP. Overall, the inflorescence of cut tuberose preserved in sucrose, particularly at 4% solutions, showed better postharvest quality than other preservatives and maximum vase life.

- by Debasish Paul
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- Horticulture, Postharvest Horticulture, Flowers, Sucrose

This experiment was conducted to study the effectiveness of different preservative solutions on vase life and quality of angelica cut inflorescences cv. Single. The concentrations of citric acid at 100, 200 and 300 mg L-1, sucrose at 3% and 4% and H2O2 at 0.1%, 0.2% and 0.3% were used as preservatives, while distilled water was used as control. The single factor experiment was laid out in a completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications. Citric acid and H2O2 solutions effectively inhibited bacterial growth-related blockage in the vascular tissues, but had adverse effects on the vase life. The inflorescences stored in sucrose (3% and 4%) solutions remained fresh up to 10 days after preservation (DAP), maintaining good solution uptake, controlling transpiration loss and gaining higher relative fresh weight. Different quality parameters like floret diameter and number of opened florets were also significantly higher in inflorescences preserved in sucrose (3% and 4%) solutio...

- by AFIFATUJ JANNAT
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- Chemistry, Horticulture, Postharvest Horticulture, Flowers

Purpose – A major challenge facing the fresh-cut industry is maintaining and preserving the quality of minimally processed or fresh-cut produce. A low temperature regime, although insufficient, has been the main method of overcoming this challenge so far. Thus, methods preserving the quality and extending the shell life of minimally processed or fresh-cut produce are needed. This paper seeks to propose that honey could be used to preserve the fresh-like quality of minimally processed pomegranate arils and extend their shelf life. Design/methodology/approach – Manually extracted pomegranate arils were treated with water as control, 10 or 20 per cent diluted honey solution each for five minutes, then held at 48C for ten days. Changes in organoleptic and visual quality, softening, soluble solids content, pH, absorbance at 446 and 510nm, and total aerobic count were recorded during the ten-day storage period. Findings – The study found that honey solution dip treatments extended the fresh-like quality of minimally processed arils by delaying quality loss, microbial development, and pigment changes. Practical implications – The paper shows that honey dip treatment may be used, depending on commodity, to preserve quality and extend the shelf life of minimally processed or fresh-cut produce in the food-processing industry. Originality/value – The study pays particular attention to minimally processed pomegranate arils, by adapting a potentially safe organic method, the use of honey dips.

- by Muharrem Ergun
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- Postharvest Horticulture

The immense diversity in agro-climatic condition across the country enables India to produce large amount of vegetables with current production around 71 million MT, however, per capita availability is only about 180 gram as against recommended 300 gm per capita. This is due to huge losses of vegetables after harvest per year, nearly 40% fruits and vegetables are lost. Several factors are responsible for the damages & losses of the fresh produce. One of the major problems is lack of awareness and knowledge about how to handle fresh harvested vegetables. Proper postharvest handling can reduce losses of freshly vegetables and also maintained the product quality up to final consumption. Postharvest handling and losses of tomato, brinjal, okra, and leafy vegetables were evaluated from harvest to consumer market. This study was taken to identify postharvest operations followed and assessment of losses at various post-harvest handling stages; at farmers, APMC and retailers level. A standard questionnaire was prepared for collection of data and survey. At farmers level losses were observed in the range of 6-10, 2-6, 1-2, and 0.5 percent in tomato, brinjal, okra and leafy vegetables respectively. While 5-10, 5-8, 3-5 and 3.5 percent losses were observed at APMC level in leafy vegetables, tomato, brinjal and okra respectively. Whereas losses in the range of 9-16, 6-10, 2-4 and 2-3 percent were observed in leafy vegetables, tomato, okra and brinjal retailers' level. Maximum losses were observed in tomato followed by leafy vegetable, brinjal and okra. This paper describes the various postharvest handling of tomato, brinjal, okra and leafy vegetables at three different levels.

- by IJAAST Journal and +1
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- Agricultural Engineering, Agronomy, Organic agriculture, Biotechnology

A survey was conducted in the niche areas of muskmelon and found that hybrids Bobby
and Muskan were suitable for long distant transportation. 30 fruits each of Bobby and
Muskan hybrids were obtained from farmer’s field to carry out this experiment in the
Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Kapurthala laboratory during the months of May-June, 2017. This
experiment was carried out for 5 days keeping in view the maximum and after a gap of 24
hr, two muskmelon fruits each from all three treatments were weighed, cut and measured
for different parameters daily for consecutive 5 days. The data revealed that fruit weight of
Muskan on 3rd day (0.949 g) was at par with initial harvest weight of Bobby (0.933 g)
revealing that initial weight of fruit had its impact else ripening agent had no impact on
variation in fruit weight. TSS of Muskan on 3rd day (12.217 oBrix) was at par with Bobby
on 1st day (12.4317 oBrix), although on 5th day in Muskan, the TSS was significantly
higher than Bobby on 1st day, thus, genetic makeup of hybrid plays major role in
increasing TSS than ripening agents. pH in case of Bobby increased by 18.4 per cent and
14.8 per cent for Muskan with the passage of time. The pH value was maximum for both
the hybrids with calcium carbide, at par with Ethephone and statistically higher than
control in both the hybrids. In fruit diameter decrease was gradual with the duration but its
impact was more on Muskan than Bobby, which might be due to initial higher fruit
diameter of the fruit. It can be concluded that muskmelon fruits can be ripened naturally at
room temperature during the months of May-June as the day temperature exists between
40 to 45o C and there is no need to make use of any ripening agent while transporting the
fruit to the distant markets.

Bitkisel hormonlar öncelikle bitkinin bünyesinde sentezlenen, sentezlendiği yerden başka bir yere taşınabilen ve taşındığı yerlerde çok az miktarda bile olsa birtakım biyolojik etkinlikleri kontrol edebilen biyokimyasal maddelerdir. Büyümeyi düzenleyiciler ise yine birtakım biyolojik etkinliklere sebep olan fakat bitki bünyesi tarafından üretilmeyen kimyasal ve biyokimyasal maddeleri kapsamaktadır. Örneğin; bitki bünyesi tarafından üretilen ve bazı meyvelerin olgunlaşmasında görev alan etilen bir bitkisel hormondur. Diğer taraftan bu hormonun biyosentezsini engelleyen aminoetoksi-vinilglisin (AVG) bir sentetik gelişim düzenleyicisi ve yine aynı etkiye sahip bazı Rhizobia bakterileri tarafından sentezlenen rizobitoksin bir biyosentetik büyümeyi düzenleyicidir. Eski klasik değerlendirmeye göre bitkisel hormonlar oksin, gibberellin, sitokinin, etilen ve absizik asit olarak sınıflandırılmaktadır. Ancak bu gruba günümüzde brassinosteroidler, jasmonik asit, salisilik asit, nitrik asit, poliaminler, sinyal peptidleri ve oligalakturanlar dahil olmuştur.

Cold storage is an integral component of postharvest management of many fruits, vegetables and processed products. Cold storage plays vital role in reducing postharvest losses of edible commodities by enhancing their storability and shelf-life. Timely storage of highly perishable and perishable commodities helps in their regular and continuous supply either for table or processing purposes. It is also highly beneficial in price stabilization, proper distribution and marketing of commodities. Realizing the significance of proper and timely storage, a strong growth is being predicted for cold storage industry in near future. Presently, there are 6,227 cold stores in India and they provide a storage capacity of up to 30.00 million tonnes. Broadly, horticulture/agricultural produce, processed food, animal husbandry produce and pharmaceutical items are being stored in cold stores. This article highlights present status of cold stores, availability, utilization and use pattern of storage space along with major limitations. Article also suggests some of the ways in making the cold stores more effective and diversified in their use.

- by Vijay Paul
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- Food Science, Nutrition, Energy, Food and Nutrition

Avoiding mechanical damage and controlling time-temperature relationships are key factors for satisfactorily handling and storing olives during the period from harvesting to milling. A ten-point list of handling and storage practices is proposed as well as a semi-log diagram for the choice of suitable time-temperature relationship. The criteria for optimizing the harvesting-milling link are discussed.

Investigations were carried out to verify the potential of putrescine and spermidine as a postharvest dip treatment for maintaining quality and extending storage life of table grapes (Vitis vinifera L.) cv. Flame Seedless during the 2012 and 2013 seasons. Grape clusters were manually harvested at the commercial mature stage and were dipped in different concentrations (0.0, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 mM) of putrescine and spermidine, and then stored at 3-4 • C, and 90-95% RH. Evaluation of physico-chemical parameters and other fruit quality attributes were made at 0 day (before treatment) and at 30, 45, 60 and 75 days of storage. Putrescine and spermidine at the lowest dose (0.5 mM) effectively maintained berry firmness, peel colour (L*, C*, h • ) and stabilized anthocyanins as well as suppressing the activity of pectin methylesterase and reducing the rate of electrolyte leakage. The polyamines also retarded the degradation of TSS and TA while maintaining higher total phenol content and reduced decay incidence. Putrescine and spermidine at 1.0 mM exhibited almost similar effects with a 0.5 mM dose. The highest doses (1.5 mM) of both polyamines showed detrimental effects, especially on weight loss, decay incidence, rachis browning and organoleptic properties, as found in the control group, which was commercially acceptable only up to 45 days. Furthermore, analysis of linear regressions and correlations showed that many quality parameters were interdependent. The postharvest dip treatment of spermidine or putrescine at a dose of 0.5 mM for 5 min could be an effective means for prolonging storage and increasing shelf-life of 'Flame Seedless' grapes.

Die untersuchten Sorten, Bolero und Maestro, wiesen in allen drei Jahren ähnliche
Tendenzen zwischen Erntezeitpunkt und Ausfall am Lager auf. Beim ersten Ernte-
termin (Mitte September), waren die Ausfälle durch Lagerfäulnis jeweils am höchsten.
Je später die Erntetermine (2. - Mitte Oktober; 3. - Mitte November), desto geringer war
der Anteil an faulen Karotten nach einer Lagerdauer von mindestens sechs Monaten.
Der Ausfall am Lager ist jedoch von Jahr zu Jahr verschieden und ist abhängig vom
Pilzbefall und von Verletzungen bei der Ernte, wie die Ein- und Auslagerungs-Ergebnisse
2004 zeigen. Im weiteren scheinen die Bodentemperatur und die Trockensubstanz der
Karotten bei der Ernte die Fäulnisanfälligkeit am Lager zu beeinflussen.
Mit zunehmender Kulturdauer ergibt sich bei einer Saatdichte von 100 Samen/lfm (ca.
60 Karotten/lfm) auch ein erhöhter Anteil an übergrossen Karotten. Ausgehend von
den dreijährigen Untersuchungen wird empfohlen, Lagerkarotten, die Ende Juni gesät
werden, frühestens ab Mitte Oktober zu ernten.

- by roger wellinger
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- Postharvest Horticulture

In the present study, an effort has been made on pre-harvest physiology of Cymbidium orchid hyb. ‘Pine Clash Moon
Venus’ as effected by pre-harvest foliar treatments and post-harvest physiology as effected by bud opening chemicals. Pre-harvest foliar application with GA3 (50 ppm) + BA (200 ppm) increased length of spikes, rachis length, number of florets per spike and flower longevity on plants in orchids. Longest spike (60 cm), rachis (30cm), highest number of spikes /plant (4) and number of florets per spike (15) were found with GA3 (50 ppm) + BA (200 ppm). Carbohydrate content in leaf was estimated maximum with BA (200 ppm) (182mg/g) followed by GA3 (50 ppm) + BA (200 ppm) (170mg/g). Highest per cent of fully opened buds (75%) and maximum vase life (45 days) were recorded with the chemical combination of Sugar 4% + Salicylic acid 200 ppm. Highest content of carbohydrate (140mg/g) was estimated at bud stage in fresh condition. Minimum carbohydrate content (60mg/g) was observed with Sugar 4% + 8-HQS (200 ppm) followed by Sugar 4% + Salicylic acid 200 ppm) (64mg/g).

- by Prahlad Deb
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- Postharvest Horticulture

An investigation was carried out to standardize the effect of pulsing concentration on vase
life of gladiolus (Gladiolus grandiflorus L.) cv. White prosperity during the year 2017-
2018. Spikes were harvested at early in the morning having 1-2 florets showed colour from
the main experiment field. The maximum 10.33 days vase-life of flower was found with
continuous opening of florets, increase in spike length, absorption of vase solution, first
increase thereafter decreased, and moderate florets drooping could be observed, when
gladiolus spikes were pulsed in to 20% pulsing solution for 24 hours.

Grapes (Vitis vinifera L.) are amongst widely consumed fruit in the world. In Pakistan, about 66 thousand tons of grapes are produced annually from an area of 78.30 thousand hectares. Grapes are highly perishable commodity during transportation, storage, and marketing for general consumption and post-harvest losses are up to 16-23%. Numerous biotic and abiotic factors reduce the production and quality of grapes. In this study, samples of rotten grapes were collected from different fruit markets of Pishin (Balochistan) and Faisalabad (Punjab). The samples were subjected to isolate the fungal pathogens, responsible for the post-harvest decay of fruits. The fungal pathogen isolated was identified as Aspergillus flavus, and A. carbonarius causing post-harvest decay of grape berries. The pathogenicity of the two isolated pathogens was evaluated on different temperatures (5, 20, 30& 40 °C) on Thompson seedless variety of grapes. The temperature 40°C was found conducive for infection and proliferation of fungi. Five organic origin chemicals namely Neem, Castor and Clove oils, with concentrations of (500, 1000, 2000 ppm) for each oil and also Neem and Marigold Extracts with concentrations of (12.5, 25, 50%) of both extracts were used as antifungal agents. Among the tested organic compounds, Clove oil @ 2000 ppm was found better in delaying the decay process of both fungal pathogens. The decay was reduced up to 50% as compared to control. This study indicates that post-harvest application of essential oils can potentially enhance the storage life of grapes prior to marketing.

- by Ibrahim Muhammad
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- Horticulture, Pomology, Postharvest Horticulture

Roses from different continents travel long distances to reach the international flower market in Holland and result in them reaching the market while they have aged thus reducing vase life and quality which are vital for consumer satisfaction. An experiment was carried out to assess the effects of five different pulse solutions (distilled water, aluminium sulphate + HTH + V90, aluminium sulphate + pentakill + V90, 3% sucrose solution + aluminium sulphate + V90, and water acidified with citric acid to a hydrogen potential of 4.2) on preserving the vase life of three rose (Rosa hybrid L.) varieties (Amore, Escimo and Calibra). The experiment was arranged as a 3×5 factorial treatment structure laid out in a completely randomised design (CRD). There was an interaction (p<0.001) between the three rose varieties and the five different pulse solutions. Escimo and Amore recorded the highest vase life days in solution containing 3 % sucrose averaging 19 and 18 days respectively. Calibra recorded the least vase life (17 days) in water acidified with citric acid to a hydrogen potential of 4.2. It was concluded that pulsing solutions prolong vase life of roses.

- by Simbarashe Muzemu
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- Mathematics, Horticulture, Quality, Plant Physiology (Biology)

Pineapple is considered as one of the most wanted tropical fruits and it is widely taken for fresh consumption as well as their flesh and juice are used for preparation of different product in Agro-processing industries. For such industrial processes, it is important to know the information of characteristics changes of pineapple during day after storage. Four varieties of pineapple were collected from different areas of Bangladesh named Honey Queen (H.Q), Giant Kew (G.K), Asshini and Ghorasal. Some Physico-chemical properties (weight loss, moisture content, ash and edible portion, pH, TSS, titrable acidity (TA), total sugar, reducing sugar) biochemical properties (ascorbic acid) and sensorial attributes (color, odor, firmness, appearances, sweetness and overall acceptability) of pineapple juice were studied during day after storage. This study examined the Comparison of different varieties of pineapple fruit characteristics and sensory quality of the pineapple fruits during storage. It was shown that there was a significant changes between the storage periods in relation to different varieties of fruits. The firmness of pineapple fruits were in outside and inside to be 0.21 to 0.27 N/m 2 and 0.06 to 0.10 N/m 2 , respectively. The pH values of different varieties were found to be in the range of 4.30 to 4.36. The highest and lowest sweetness index were estimated to be 36.30 and 22.15 for Honey Queen and Asshini respectively. The highest and lowest magnitude of sugar contents of four pineapple varieties were found to be in the range of 14.16 to 15.8 mg/100g.The average TSS values were found to be 15.12%, 12.33%, 13.14% and 12.95% for H.Q., G.K., Asshini and Ghorashal, respectively. The comparative study indicated the characteristics of different varieties of pineapple changes during after storage. To cite this article: Ali SMY, M Ahiduzzaman, S Akhter, M A M Biswas, N Iqbal, J C Onik and M H Rahman, 2015. Comparative effects on storage period of varieties Pineapple fruits. Res. Agric. Livest. Fish. 2 (3): 395-410.

- by Jakaria chowdhury Onik
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- Postharvest Horticulture

Application of technology in maintaining the quality of mango is started from harvesting stage, preventing pest and disease where fruit flies are coming, preventing quality deterioration and increase added value by applying less-destructive harvesting machine (this should be used), packaging material, modification of micro environment etc. This paper is made to provide us insight of mango postharvest technology research in developing country at their era.

- by Ismi Edris
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- Postharvest Horticulture, Postharvest Technology

- by Tsvakai Mushayabasa
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- Mathematics, Horticulture, Quality, Plant Physiology (Biology)

Sapota is cultivated in many countries of tropical and subtropical climate. It is delicious, nutritive, and commercially grown mainly for fresh consumption. Postharvest life of sapota is very short due to its highly perishable nature and other many reasons such as quick ripening, faster senescence, rapid loss of moisture, microbial spoilage, and fruit sensitivity to cold storage. To maintain and/or increase the shelf life of sapota, proper postharvest management is required. Unfortunately, very little work has been done so far, with limited success, leaving scarce literature published on postharvest management technologies of sapota. Different pre and postharvest treatments to reduce metabolic activity and quality loss have been suggested. Moreover, proper storage temperature and packaging may be used to increase the shelf life of fruits. This review explores the postharvest technologies adopted to enhance the shelf life of sapota during storage and distribution channel.

Se determinó el periodo de desarrollo del fruto de zapote mamey [Pouteria sapota (Jacq.) H. E. Moore & Stearn], así como su patrón de crecimiento mediante el diámetro polar y ecuatorial; también se definió el periodo donde ocurre la mayor abscisión de fruto y la distribución de la masa en las estructuras del mismo. El crecimiento del fruto de mamey desde flor a fruto fisiológicamente maduro, duró entre 18 y 20 meses, con un patrón de crecimiento sigmoidal. La mayor caída de frutos (76 %) se presentó cinco meses antes de la floración siguiente. En promedio, los frutos cosechados representaron 20 % del total inicial, y la cosecha fue en los meses de febrero a mayo. La masa del fruto se incrementò después del mes de abril en un patrón sigmoidal; 60 % de la masa se asignó a pulpa, 25 % a cáscara y 15 % a semilla, cerca de la cosecha.

- by Víctor López-Martínez
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- Postharvest OF Fruit, Postharvest Horticulture

An attempt was made during 2011 to study the effect of different physico-chemical treatments on ripening behaviour and post-harvest quality of Dashehari mango with a view to improve storage quality and shelf-life of mango fruits. The experiment was designed under completely randomized design (CRD). Out of ten treatments applied the fruits treated with ethrel 750 ppm had significantly better fruit quality over other treatments in respect of physical parameters i.e., fruit skin colour, flavour/aroma, organoleptic taste, marketability, fruit firmness, specific gravity (0.87), moisture loss (12.54%), decay (3.11 %), total soluble solids (20.40° Brix), sugar content (14.69%), acidity content (0.16%) and sugar/acid ratio (91.81) followed by Ethrel 500 ppm {specific gravity (0.86), moisture loss (13.25%), decay (4.20 %), total soluble solids (TSS, 18.10° Brix), sugar content (14.61%), acidity content (0.18%) and sugar/acid ratio (81.16)}. The post-harvest treatment i.e., pedicellate fruits with ethrel + bavistin (750+1000 ppm) was found to be next best over other treatments in respect of specific gravity (0.86 and 0.83), moisture loss (14.08% and 14.02%), decay (4.80 % and 4.99%), total soluble solids (19.20° Brix and 19.00° Brix), sugar content (13.59% and 13.89%), acidity content (0.19% and 0.18%) and sugar/acid ratio (71.84 and 81.70). Based on results obtained from the present study, it can be concluded that ethrel 750 ppm was found to be best post-harvest treatment on account of physical and chemical parameters of Dashehari mango.

- by HortFlora Res. Spectrum
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- Horticulture, Postharvest Horticulture, Shelf Life Extension

Nondestructive optical methods based on image analysis have been used for determining quality of tomato fruit. It is rapid and requires less sample preparation. A samples of fresh tomatoes were picked at different maturity stages, and determining chromaticity values (L*,a*,b*,a*/b*,h˚and ΔE) by image analysis and colorimeter. Total soluble solids (TSS), were measured by refractometer, lycopene extracting and expressed as mg/kg fresh tomato (FW). Results indicated that, during ripening both L*, b*, h˚, and ∆E tendency to decline, opposite tendency was determined with a*, a*/b* ratio, TSS and lycopene content. Chromaticity values have an important impact in internal quality parameters. Where, avg. of TSS, entire class and lycopene content had a positive linear correlation with a*/b* ratio. Contrary correlation was determined between avg. of TSS, entire class and both hånd ∆E. Meanwhile, hånd ∆E, had a negative logarithmic correlation with lycopene content. On the other hand, there were positive correlation between chromaticity values performed by image analysis technology and colorimeter. Where, on determining avg. of TSS, entire class, and lycopene content, correlations were linear with a*/b* ratio, and logarithmic with ∆E. Meanwhile, h˚had alogarithmic correlation on determining avg. of TSS, entire class, and exponential correlation on determining lycopene content. Citation: Saad, AbdelGawad, Ayman Ibrahim, and Nazeer El-Bialee. 2016. Internal quality assessment of tomato fruits using image color analysis. Agric Eng Int: CIGR Journal, 18(1):339-352.

- by AbdelGawad Saad and +1
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- Machine Vision, Nondestructive Evaluation, Postharvest Horticulture, Postharvest Technology

Jackfruit is one of less-popular tropical fruit, not so many people know this fruit. Research on postharvest technology of jackfruit was in a very limited number and utmost known is that they all are in fresh cut form with coating and... more

- by Ismi Edris
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- Postharvest Horticulture, Postharvest Technology

In the present study, twelve varieties of CHRYSANTHEMUM collected from the National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow were evaluated under irrigated condition at Main Experiment Station, NDUA&T, Kumarganj, Faizabad during winter season (2011-12). A wide range of variation in the performance of the varieties were observed for various characters. Highest plant height (50.20 cm) and maximum number of florets per flower were observed in Suneel (339.67 cm). Genotype Dentiment showed maximum plant spread (34.74 cm), maximum number of flowers per plant (103.60 g), maximum flower diameter (10.40 cm), and highest weight of ten flowers (63.00 g). As for as suitability of particular genotypes is concerned, maximum number of primary branches in Jaya (10.30) and maximum flower vase life (16 days) in Jayanti was observed. Among all the 12 genotypes, few genotypes like Dentiment produced maximum flower yield (652.68 g per plant) Original Research Article

In the Philippines, consumption of fruit and vegetables is generally low, and considerable postharvest losses of fruit and vegetables not only reduce returns to growers, but also contribute to high prices. This project aimed to reduce losses and maintain quality of fruit and vegetables after harvest, thereby increasing farmer incomes and encouraging increased purchase by consumers.
Developing postharvest research capacity at The University of the Philippines Mindanao (UPMin), and Visayas State University (VSU) was another key aim of the project. Postharvest laboratories were developed at both universities, and researchers were trained in the use of equipment and in conducting postharvest research.
Major causes of postharvest losses in vegetable supply chains were due to mechanical damage from poor handling and non-rigid packaging during transport; and high temperatures. Postharvest mango losses were predominately due to bruising of fruit when harvesting, and above optimum ripening temperatures reducing shelf-life.
A range of simple and cheap interventions were tested. On mango, alternative preharvest bagging materials, improved fruit handling and desapping at harvest, and improved ripening practices were tested. On vegetables, new packaging and crates for transport; postharvest sanitisers and hot water treatments; evaporative coolers for storage; ethylene scrubbing or blocking compounds; and modified atmosphere packaging were tested. Opportunities for value added vegetable and jackfruit products were investigated.
An Australian component on mangoes made significant progress in understanding the causes of the skin disorders: under skin browning, lenticel discolouration and resin canal disorder. Susceptibility of ‘Honey Gold’ mangoes to under skin browning was reduced when harvesting at night; a practice now widely adopted by growers in Australia. Further work is required on lenticel discolouration and resin canal disorder.
The potential efficacy of Ripestuff™ as a safe source of ethylene for in-transit ripening of mango fruit was demonstrated in Australia. Its promise as an alternative to dangerous calcium carbide was introduced in the Philippines. Collaborative research undertaken at UPMin and UQ provided better understanding of ethylene release from Ripestuff™ in a Philippines wet market context. This knowledge was used to develop prototype Ripestuff delivery systems capable of ripening mango and other fruit at a rate comparable to that with calcium carbide. This will allow future commercial use in the Philippines and other Asia-Pacific countries.
Results were presented at numerous conferences, and 21 papers were published in refereed journals. Best practice and grading guides were developed for mango and vegetable crops, and presented in training to more than 1460 Filipino growers and supply chain stakeholders. Uptake of guidelines will ultimately help reduce postharvest losses and better maintain quality, increasing income to growers and supply chain members; and providing consumers with better quality fruit and vegetables at more affordable prices.
The postharvest expertise and materials developed in this project should continue to be utilised in future ACIAR projects, particularly the new GAP project: HORT2016-188. While improvements in postharvest management have been achieved in this project, increasing the use of small-scale refrigeration in the Philippines could provide the single largest reduction in postharvest losses. Further development of value-added products, alongside the private sector in the Philippines would support efforts to incorporate more fruit and vegetables into the Filipino diet.

- by Michael Adonis M . SUDARIA
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- Postharvest Horticulture

Cabai (Capsicum annuum L.) merupakan salah satu komoditas yang penting dan memiliki nilai ekonomi yang tinggi di Indonesia. Tanaman cabai berasal dari daerah tropika dan subtropika khususnya Kolumbia dan Amerika Selatan hingga Amerika Latin, kemudian disebarkan melalui perdagangan ke seluruh dunia termasuk Asia seperti Indonesia (Nurfalach, 2010). Di Indonesia, sekitar 64% dari semua cabai dihasilkan di Pulau Jawa. Cabai adalah jenis sayuran dataran rendah tropis yang khas, karena 69% dari daerah penanaman berlokasi kurang dari 200 m di atas permukaan laut (Vos, 1994).

Abstract
Postharvest losses assessment of horticultural crops in south wollo, at two districts were investigated using data
from220 farmers and 80 traders. Data were collected using structured questionnaire and focus group discussion.
The results revealed that the performance of using irrigation water is very interesting (96.4% of respondents) but
there is shortage of irrigation water (21.8%). The problem of pest and disease is one of the major production-limiting factors as replied by most of respondents (44.8%) and the problem is severe during winter. The major
causes of postharvest losses as replied by the respondents are preharvest infection (46.4%) and others (25%)
replied both infection and injury. The general postharvest losses of commodities as replied by the producers is
estimated as <5% (50% of respondents) 5-10% (34.1% of respondents) and 10-20% (13.2% of respondents). The
losses of individual crops at different stages of handling (farmers level, transportation and storage) is
summarized as banana (1.5%,1.2% and 4.5%), orange (3.04%,1.2% and 3.6%), mango (1.6%,1% and 3.7%),
papaya (1.5%,1% and 3.3%), tomato (2.5%, 2.5% and 5.9%), onion (3.3%,1.1% and 3.7%), cabbage (4.3%, 2.8%
and 4.2%) and carrot (2.8%, 1.2% and 3.8%). Awareness creation about the amount of losses, criteria to be used
during selection and other postharvest principles and operations should be given due emphasis to minimize the
postharvest losses of perishable horticultural commodities.
Key words : Postharvest, horticulture , losses, value chain

- by Sachin Tyagi
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- Agronomy, Horticulture, Crop genetic diversity, Crop Physiology

Tomato production can serve as a source of income for most rural and periurban producers in most developing countries of the
world. However, postharvest losses make its production unprofitable in these parts of the world. Postharvest losses in tomatoes
can be as high as 42% globally. Postharvest losses in tomatoes can be either quantitative or qualitative. Even though emphasis in
crop research nowadays is increasing shifting from quantity to quality of produce, there is still little improvement in the quality of
commercially produced tomato varieties, hence resulting in high quality losses. Fromthe study it was discovered that the postharvest
quality status of tomatoes partly depended on some preharvest practices carried out during production. Some of these factors
are fertiliser application, pruning, maturity stage, cultivar selection, and irrigation. Using best postharvest handling practices or
factors such as temperature, relative humidity, gases in storage, postharvest calcium chloride application, and physical handling
procedures to maintain the quality after harvest was also critical. It was concluded by this study that understanding and managing
both preharvest and postharvest factors properly will reduce the postharvest quality losses in tomatoes.

Sweet potato is one of the seventh most important crops in the world and produces over 105 hundred million metric tonnes of edible food products in the world annually. Sweet potatoes are known to be rich in carbohydrates, starch, fibers, carotenes, thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, potassium, zinc, calcium, iron, vitamins A and C and high-quality protein. The result of this review suggests that sweet potatoes can be dehydrated to prevent glut during peak season and to fetch high prices to the farmers. Sweet potatoes can be dehydrated following selection of the suitable cultivars. Sweet potatoes cultivars namely Lovers Name, ST-14 (orange flesh) and Local Lal can be used for dehydration for processing into flour. Sweet potatoes after selection, washing, peeling and slicing must be at 85°C blanched for 2 min. following pre-treatment with sulphitation (0.5%) to increase the color value and decrease the microbial counts during the storage of the dehydrated products. Thus, “Dehydration of Sweet potato” can become one of the economical and feasible methods of preservation of surplus produce for minimizing the fluctuation in the market price and preventing post-harvest losses.

- by Ashuqullah Atif
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- Postharvest Horticulture

– Vegetable production plays important role in the daily lives of smallholder farmers. Assessing the status of farmer's creating opportunity to improve their socioeconomic position in providing nutritious food for their subsistence and for the community. Thus, this study was conducted to assess the production practices and evaluate the status of farmers in traditional and modern chain. A detailed interview using a structured questionnaire was conducted. The questionnaire was pretested and refined before conducting the survey. Survey results were analyzed using the SPSS program at 95% confidence level and was reported as frequencies and averages. The result showed that both traditional and modern chain farmers were female-dominated and had an average farm size of 0.7-1.02 hectares producing more than 5 tons of cabbage per cropping. Modern chain farmers were older and had more farming experience but less educated than those in the traditional chain farmers. Modern farmers can be distinguished as more knowledgeable in growing cabbage and more observant in chemical application than that of traditional chain farmers. Traditional chain farmers had higher costs of production but incurred higher yield per hectare than modern chain farmers. However, return on investment (ROI) was higher in the modern chain farmers (341% ROI) due to lower cost of production than in the traditional chain farmers (283% ROI).

- by Leif Marvin Gonzales
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- Horticulture, Supply Chain Management, Agricultural Economics, Agriculture

A field experiment comprising five different supporting systems viz., T = vertical support system 1 by bamboo branches, T = vertical support system by rope wire, T = horizontal support system by bamboo 23 macha (trellis), T = horizontal support system by bamboo branches just lying over ground, T = control 45 (without support) was conducted at the Hill Agricultural Research Station, Raikhali, Chandraghona, Rangamati Hill District during 2012 and 2013 to find out the proper supporting system for the growth and yield of honeydew melon (chinal) in hill valley of Chittagong Hill Tracts. The number of node at 1 male (8.63) st and female flowers (17.95) were higher in control. The maximum number of fruits (9.08) was found in T that was 3

- by Shomoresh Roy
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- Agronomy, Organic agriculture, Agriculture, Postharvest Horticulture
- by Muharrem Ergun
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- Postharvest Horticulture

One of the major issues facing humankind is global food security. A changing climate, coupled with a heightened consumer awareness of how food is produced and legislative changes governing the usage of agrichemicals for improving plant health and yield, means that alternative, more integrated and sustainable approaches are needed for crop management practices. To this end, there is increasing recognition of the value of the role of microbial inoculants in agriculture. The focus of this review is to understand how plant-growth-promoting bacteria and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi can play a part in improving crop yield by promoting the health status of the plant through the sequestration of various nutrients and in the control of plant diseases.

- by Bidur P Chaulagain
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- Agronomy, Horticulture, Climate Change, Agriculture

The guava (Psidium Guajava L.) tree is extensively grown in the tropical and subtropical regions of the world. It is quite resilient, highly productive, has high economic returns and requires minimal care. The fruit is very nutritious with a characteristic flavor and has a high demand internationally especially when processed into pulp, concentrates, ready to serve beverages, wines, as well as jams and jellies. Although Kenya has a favorable climate for guava farming, the fruit's nutritional and economic potential remain highly underutilized due to low adoption of processing and preservation techniques in addition to limited research. This review focuses on guava production utilization, processing and preservation with emphasis on Kenya. There has been progressive increase in the total acreage under guava farming with various varieties of guavas being produced. The country produces as much as 11,327 tons of guava fruits worth 1.1 million US dollars although the fruit is mainly cultivated for local consumption with minimal processing. Naturalized guavas from sprouts of randomly dispersed seeds are common across all the agroecological zones both in the wild and on farms except in the arid areas. The fruit is however, climacteric and has a high rate of perishability resulting to high postharvest losses when in season. Processing of guavas into commercial products can increase the fruit's value, improve farmers' household incomes and enhance their utilization. The guava value chain also remains highly underexploited and since it is a neglected crop, there is need for a multisectoral approach in order to exploit the nutritional and economic potential of the fruit.

The main objective of the journal ‘HortFlora Research Spectrum’ is to serve as a platform to promote, publish and disseminate the R & D innovations and advances in all aspects of Horticultural Sciences and allied branches of botanical sciences & technology, and to facilitate closer interaction among the academicians, researchers and entrepreneurs at global scale.
The journal HortFlora Research Spectrum (HRS), having International impact (ICV: 27.39; GIF: 0.471, IBI Factor: 2.8; NJIF: 2.14)), publishes high quality peer reviewed/refereed original research papers, review articles and research notes on all aspects of Horticultural plants’ research including agronomic management, plant nutrition, biotechnology, crop improvement, plant protection, plant physiology, cell & molecular biology, medicinal & aromatic plants, food & nutrition science, agroforestry, environmental science, plant medicinal properties, ethno-phytomedicine, technology dissemination etc.
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We would like to invite to the researchers/subject experts to contribute original research/review paper for peer-review and the earliest possible publication in the HortFlora Research Spectrum. HRS publishes high-quality solicited and unsolicited articles, in English, in all areas of horticultural sciences. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Manuscript/paper may be submitted online as MS word attachment to the editorial office via e-mail to: submit.hortflorajournal2013@gmail.com; hortfloraspectrum.india@gmail.com.
HRS is fully committed to provide Print/PDF files of articles published to corresponding author's e-mail/address as soon as they are published. Abstracts and full texts of all articles published in the journal are also available open access online at: www.hortflorajournal.com

- by HortFlora Res. Spectrum and +5
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- Soil Science, Medicinal Plants, Plant breeding and genetics, Plant Science

ABSTRAK Mutu biji kakao kering dapat dipengaruhi oleh beberapa hal di antaranya kerusakan yang disebabkan oleh jamur kontaminan penghasil toksin (mikotoksin). Keberadaan jamur tersebut dapat dideteksi sejak kegiatan panen dan pasca panen, seperti sortasi, fermentasi, pencucian, pengeringan, dan penyimpanan. Jenis jamur kontaminan yang sering ditemukan selama tahapan ini berlangsung antara lain marga Aspergillus, Penicillium, Fusarium, Rhizopus, dan Mucor. Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi perkembangan jamur antara lain: suhu dan kelembaban, kadar air, aktivitas serangga, dan penanganan pascapanen. Mikotoksin dihasilkan dari metabolit jamur-jamur kontaminan, dan jenis yang mendominasi pada biji kakao adalah aflatoksin dan okratoksin. Kedua jenis mikotoksin tersebut selain dapat menurunkan mutu maupun kuantitas biji dan produk olahannya, juga bersifat toksik/racun yang berbahaya bagi manusia karena dapat menyebabkan gangguan kesehatan seperti kanker hati dan ginjal. Oleh karena itu, perlu dilakukan pencegahan dan pengendalian terhadap jamur kontaminan penghasil mikotoksin pada semua tahapan kegiatan untuk memperoleh biji kakao kering dengan mutu terbaik. ABSTRACT Quality of dried cocoa beans can be affected by several things, one of them is the damage caused by fungal contaminants that produce toxin (mycotoxin). The existence of these fungi can be detected from the harvest and post-harvest activities, including sorting, fermentation, washing, drying, and storage. These types of fungal contaminants that often found during those processes are genera Aspergillus, Penicillium, Fusarium, Rhizopus, and Mucor. Factors that influence the development of fungi are temperature and humidity, moisture, insect activity, and postharvest handling. Mycotoxins are generated from metabolites of fungal contaminants, in which the most dominant types on cocoa beans are aflatoxin and ochratoxin. These two types of fungal contaminants can reduce the quality and quantity of cocoa beans and its processed products. Besides, this toxin is also toxic/poison to humans because it can cause health problems such as liver and cancer. Therefore, it is necessary to prevent and control these fungal contaminants at all stages of activities in order to obtain dry beans with the best quality.

- by Tajul Iflah
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- Postharvest Horticulture, Mycotoxins, Plant Protection, Cocoa and chocolate